TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS

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1 Governance and Democracy TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS Characteristics of regimes Pluralism Ideology Popular mobilization Leadership Source: Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

2 Types of Governments Pluralism Authoritarian: limited political pluralism- disconnected from rulers, economic and civil society pluralism survives. Totalitarianism: No significant political, economic or civil society pluralism. Official party has legal and actual monopoly on competition and economy. Sultanistic: Economic and political plurality limited and subject to arbitrary actions of leaders no rule of law. Source: Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

3 Types of Governments Ideology Authoritarian: No ideology, just methodology or mentality. Totalitarianism: One true path. Mobilizing ideology with clear telos. Sultanistic: Symbolism, methods and goals tied into the person of the leader. No consistent ideology economic, political or otherwise. Source: Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

4 Types of Governments Democratic Government Consolidation Behaviorally, a democratic regime in a territory is consolidated when no significant national, social, economic, political, or institutional actors spend significant resources attempting to achieve their objective by creating a non-democratic regime or turning to violence or foreign intervention to secede from the states. Attitudinally, a democratic regime is consolidated when a strong majority of public opinion holds the belief that democratic procedures and institutions are the most appropriate way to govern collective life in a society such as their and when the support for anti-system alternatives is quite small or more or less isolated from the pro-democratic forces. Constitutionally, a democratic regime is consolidated when governmental and nongovernmental forces alike, throughout the territory of the state, become subjected to, and habituated to, the resolution of conflict within the specific laws, procedures, and institutions sanctioned by the new democratic process. Source: Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

5 Political Parties and Democracy Political parties provide a crucial link between elites and masses and between the government and public. Functioning democracies need parties to fulfill a number of important tasks: organizing public participation in politics, control and recruitment of elites, conflict management, competition management, policy innovation, and socializing the public to system consensus.

6 Political parties Given the central role parties play in modern democracies it is crucial to note that their survival depends on the ability of party elites to successfully adapt to their changing environment and electoral realignment. In other words, party adaptation and voter realignment are at the heart of how and why some parties succeed and others fail.

7 Political Parties and structural Constraints Party adaptation Driven and constrained by a political structure that forces party adaptation, not structure adaptation (rewriting, or circumventing the rules). Is shaped internally by structure and patterns of recruitment Hierarchical party structure, disciplined, organized, candidate recruitment by selection not emergence. Elite turnover within party Activism and engagement of party among street-level party members.

8 Political Parties and structural Constraints Party adaptation Leadership of Party and candidates offered. Organizational Form: it is shaped internally by structure and patterns of recruitment Hierarchical party structure, disciplined, organized, candidate recruitment by selection not emergence. Elite turnover within party Versus democratic structure activism and engagement of party among street-level party members. recruitment from activists to leadership. Social Base of Support, the character of its supporters. ideological line of the party and supporters. tactics of campaigns the working elites activists in the middle and base who interact with larger public and inform leadership.

9 Political Structure? Nature of the political system (democracy) Unitary system Consociational democracy Pillar system, similar to Millet system. Confederalism A confederation makes decisions through a process of intergovernmental bargaining between states Federalism a federation has decision-making bodies that are independent of the member states or provinces

10 Political Structure? Separation of Government Power, Geographic or Pluralist Federal Unitary U.S.A Turkey 1980 Constitution Electoral Rules Proportional First Past the Post Great Britain Separate Executive/Legislative Unitary Parliamentary

11 Political systems Parliamentary system or semi-parliamentary system: In such a system the head of government and the ministers (department heads or cabinet) chosen by the head of government are responsible to a majority in the legislative body, or parliament. If the government in power loses a vote of confidence in parliament, it means that its members no longer have the support of the majority, and they must resign in order to allow the parliament to choose a new government. In some parliamentary systems, such as Britain, they may instead call new elections in order to get the support of the electorate for a new parliament with a favorable majority.

12 Presidential system An example of this is the United States President is the Head of State as well as the Chief Executive Selects the cabinet Legislative branch is separate Judiciary is separate

13 Mixed systems They have mixed features, elements of both presidential and parliamentary systems These countries have directly elected presidents, like the U.S. president. They also have premiers who, like the British prime minister, rely on the support of majorities in directly elected legislative bodies Examples: Austria, Finland, France, Ireland, and Portugal. Also called weak presidential systems.

14 Political development: interest representation Pluralism (Liberal representative democracies) a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into an unspecified number of multiple, voluntary, competitive, non-hierarchically ordered and selfdetermined (as to type or scope of interest) categories which are not specially licensed, organized, subsidized, created or otherwise controlled in leadership selection or interest articulation by the state and which do not exercise a monopoly of representational activity within their respective categories.

15 Political development: interest representation Corporatism (Bureaucratic-Authoritarian regimes like those found in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s): a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into a number of singular, compulsory, non-competitive, hierarchically ordered and functionally differentiated categories, recognized or licensed (if not created) by the state and granted a deliberate representational monopoly within their respective categories in exchange for observing certain controls in their selection of leaders and articulation of demands and support.

16 Governance and Democracy Evaluation of Turkish Republic 9 7 AKP Victory 5 Coup 2 CUP Imposed Constitution 1923 Constitution Democratic Opening Coup Coup exrec exconst polcomp

17 Governance and Democracy Evaluation of Turkish Republic Growth Rate Turkey GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) Democracy Scores

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