Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities

Transcription

1 Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities Series Editor: Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, University of Bristol, UK Worldwide migration and unprecedented economic, political and social integration in Europe present serious challenges to the nature and position of language minorities. Some communities receive protective legislation and active support from states through policies that promote and sustain cultural and linguistic diversity; others succumb to global homogenization and assimilation. At the same time, discourses on diversity and emancipation have produced greater demands for the management of difference. This series publishes new research based on single or comparative case studies on minority languages worldwide. We focus on their use, status and prospects, and on linguistic pluralism in areas with immigrant or traditional minority communities or with shifting borders. Each volume is written in an accessible style for researchers and students in linguistics, education, anthropology, politics and other disciplines, and for practitioners interested in language minorities and diversity. Titles include: Jean-Bernard Adrey DISCOURSE AND STRUGGLE IN MINORITY LANGUAGE POLICY FORMATION Corsican Language Policy in the EU Context of Governance Nancy H. Hornberger (editor) CAN SCHOOLS SAVE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES? Policy and Practice on Four Continents Anne Judge LINGUISTIC POLICIES AND THE SURVIVAL OF REGIONAL LANGUAGES IN FRANCE AND BRITAIN Yasuko Kanno LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION IN JAPAN Unequal Access to Bilingualism Janet Muller LANGUAGE AND CONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND AND CANADA A Silent War Máiréad Nic Craith EUROPE AND THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE Citizens, Migrants and Outsiders Máiréad Nic Craith (editor) LANGUAGE, POWER AND IDENTITY POLITICS Bernadette O Rourke ATTITUDES TOWARDS WEAK AND STRONG MINORITY LANGUAGES Galician and Irish in the European Context

2 Anne Pauwels, Joanne Winter and Joseph Lo Bianco (editors) MAINTAINING MINORITY LANGUAGES IN TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXTS Australian and European Perspectives Susanna Pertot, Tom M. S. Priestly and Colin H. Williams (editors) RIGHTS, PROMOTION AND INTEGRATION ISSUES FOR MINORITY LANGUAGES IN EUROPE Miquel Strubell and Emili Boix-Fuster (editors) DEMOCRATIC POLICIES FOR LANGUAGE REVITALISATION The Case of Catalan Linda Tsung MINORITY LANGUAGES, EDUCATION AND COMMUNITIES IN CHINA Glyn Williams SUSTAINING LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN EUROPE Evidence from the Euromosaic project Forthcoming titles: Durk Gorter MINORITY LANGUAGES IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE Dovid Katz YIDDISH AND POWER Ten Overhauls of a Stateless Language Peter Sercombe (editor) LANGUAGE, IDENTITIES AND EDUCATION IN ASIA Graham Hodson Turner A SOCIOLINGUISTIC HISTORY OF BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities Series Standing Order ISBN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Democratic Policies for Language Revitalisation: the Case of Catalan Edited by Miquel Strubell Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain and Emili Boix-Fuster Universitat de Barcelona, Spain

4 Editorial selection and matter Miquel Strubell and Emili Boix-Fuster 2011 Chapters their individual authors 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Democratic policies for language revitalisation : the case of Catalan / edited by Miquel Strubell, Emili Boix-Fuster. p. cm. Includes index. Summary: A collection of studies offering an up-to-date analysis of official policies to promote Catalan in a democratic framework in each of the main Spanish regions where it is spoken: Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands Provided by publisher. 1. Catalan language Social aspects Spain. 2. Language policy Spain. 3. Language planning. 4. Sociolinguistics. I. Strubell i Trueta, Miquel, 1949 II. Boix, Emili, 1956 PC3814.D dc

5 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors viii ix x xi 1 Introduction 1 Miquel Strubell and Emili Boix-Fuster Notes 15 References 15 2 La Catalanofonia. A Community in Search of Linguistic Normality 17 Miquel Àngel Pradilla Cardona 2.1 Introduction The Catalan-speaking community Corpus planning Status planning Conclusions 50 Notes 53 References 55 3 The Legal Systems of the Catalan Language 57 Jaume Vernet and Eva Pons 3.1 General characteristics of the legal system for languages The legal systems of the Catalan language in the various regions Final considerations 73 Notes 76 References 82 4 Policies Governing the Use of Languages in Relations between the Authorities and the Public 84 Isidor Marí Mayans 4.1 Introduction Territories in which Catalan is not an official language 84 v

6 vi Contents 4.3 Territories in which both Catalan and Castilian are official languages Catalan as the sole official language: the case of Andorra Relations with Spanish state institutions Supranational institutions Some conclusions 112 Notes 114 References Language-in-Education Policy 119 F. Xavier Vila i Moreno 5.1 A large field with many players Policies with a long history behind them Language policy in education since Language-in-education policies in Catalan-speaking territories: a summary 143 Notes 144 References Policies Promoting the Use of Catalan in Oral Communications and to Improve Attitudes towards the Language 150 Emili Boix-Fuster, Joan Melià and Brauli Montoya 6.1 Introduction The problem The beginnings of official language policy ( ) The changes in language policy in the second phase (from 1995) Conclusions 178 Notes 179 References Language Policies in the Public Media and the Promotion of Catalan in the Private Media, Arts and Information Technologies 182 Josep Gifreu 7.1 Introduction The general framework in Spain Policies on Catalan in the media The outlook for Catalan s communicative space 193 Notes 197 References 199

7 Contents vii 8 Language Policy in the World of Business and Consumer Affairs: from Non-Existence to Ineffectiveness 201 Albert Branchadell and Joan Melià 8.1 Introduction Catalonia The Balearic Islands Other territories Conclusions 218 Notes 220 Bibliography An Overview of Catalan Research into Language Policy and Planning 224 Elena Heidepriem Olazábal 9.1 General introduction The Catalan language: the state of affairs at the start of the twenty-first century Language education and learning: the two keys to linguistic change in Catalonia in the final third of the twentieth century The legal and judicial fields: the framework for the development of the language 238 References 245 Index 247

8 List of Figures 2.1 Map of Catalan-speaking territories Geographical varieties of the Catalan language Let s speak in Valencian Encomana el català ( Pass on Catalan ) En Valencià, naturalment ( In Valencian, naturally ) Catalan is a language for everyone 176 viii

9 List of Tables 2.1 Understanding and speaking skills: territories, population and percentages Official population in Catalan-speaking territories Origin of immigrant population Geographical varieties of the Catalan language Development in the use of languages with the public authorities between 1995 and 1999 in Andorra Language used in documents and communications by the central authorities, Rulings in the courts of Catalonia, by language, School language models prevalent in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencia and eastern Aragon (la Franja) Students in public and private schools by language in which classes are taught, Catalonia: infant and primary, and secondary education, Language of teaching in infant and primary schools, Balearic Islands, Schools with programmes in Valencian and students following the PEV or PIL in Valencia, academic year Catalan language taught in la Franja, Status and use of Catalan in the universities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia Language of teaching in master s and postgraduate courses in universities in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia 139 ix

10 Acknowledgements The editors are grateful to Elena Heidepriem, who runs the Documentation Centre of the Catalan government s Secretariat for Language Policy, for helping the authors to update their bibliographic sources. We are also grateful to the Secretariat for Language Policy of the government of Catalonia for providing us with both some funding and for high-quality maps and illustrations. We would like to thank the Societat Catalana de Sociolingüística for their financial support as well, which allowed us to cover the costs of translations. We would like to thank the Linguamón- UOC Chair in Multilingualism which has covered the costs of indexing the book. Finally, though they remain anonymous, we would like to thank the reviewers of earlier drafts of the book for their helpful and stimulating remarks and suggestions, nearly all of which have led to what the authors hope are improvements in the text. x

11 Notes on the Contributors Emili Boix-Fuster is full Professor of Sociolinguistics, Department of Catalan Philology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He regularly teaches sociolinguistics, language planning and applied linguistics. He is editor of the academic journal Treballs de Sociolingüística Catalana and a steering committee member of the University of Barcelona Centre of Sociolinguistics and Communication (CUSC). Albert Branchadell is a Doctor in Catalan Philology (Autonomous University of Barcelona) and in Political and Administration Sciences (Pompeu Fabra University). He is currently Professor in the Faculty of Translation and Interpretation of the Autonomous University. He is a member of the Catalan Sociolinguistics Society, a society attached to the Institute of Catalan Studies. His publications include The Catalan Language. Its Past, Its Present Reality, Its Literature (with Vicent de Melchor) and Less Translated Languages (co-edited with Lovell M. West). Josep Gifreu is emeritus Professor of Communication at the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona), where he was the founding Dean of the Faculty of Audiovisual Communication ( ) and where he founded and coordinated the UNICA research group. He is director of the journal Quaderns del CAC. He is a full member of the Philological Section (Language Academy) of the Institute of Catalan Studies. A consultant in communication policies, he has written numerous books and articles on this issue, and regularly contributes to newspapers and magazines. Elena Heidepriem Olazábal holds degrees in modern history (University of Barcelona) and in documentation (Open University of Catalonia). She has contributed to a number of Catalan and international publications specialising in social aspects of language. She is currently responsible for the Documentation Centre of the Secretariat for Language Policy of the government (Generalitat) of Catalonia, the leading centre in Catalonia and in Spain devoted to sociolinguistics, language policy and language planning. xi

12 xii Notes on the Contributors Isidor Marí Mayans is Professor at the Open University of Catalonia, where he has been Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Philology and has held the Linguamón-UOC Chair in Multilingualism. He coordinated the Scientific Committee of the Universal Declaration of Language Rights (1996). He has been a full member of the Philological Section (Language Academy) of the Institute of Catalan Studies since 1989, and currently chairs the Section. Between 1980 and 1996 he held several posts, including that of Deputy Director General, in the Directorate General for Language Policy of Catalonia. Joan Melià is Professor of Sociolinguistics and Catalan Language at the University of the Balearic Islands. His research and publications are chiefly in the fields of sociolinguistics, language teaching and language planning, especially focusing on the situation in the Balearic Islands. From 1999 to 2003 he was Director General for Language Policy of the Government of the Balearic Islands. Brauli Montoya is full Professor of Catalan Philology at the University of Alacant. He is a full member of the Philological Section (Language Academy) of the Institute of Catalan Studies. His publications are mainly in the fields of the history of Catalan, sociolinguistics and language planning. Eva Pons is tenured Professor in Constitutional Law at the University of Barcelona. As well as publications on public law, she has co-authored the book Dret linguistic and has written L estatut jurídic de les llengües a Catalunya, El principi de respecte de la diversitat lingüística i la seva projecció sobre les institucions de la Unió Europea and International Legislation and the Basque Language, among other articles. She belongs to the Editorial board of Revista de Llengua i Dret, where she is responsible for the section on jurisprudence. Miquel Àngel Pradilla Cardona is a Doctor in Philology and is a tenured Professor at the Rovira i Virgili University. His areas of research are basically variation, sociolinguistics and language policy and planning. He is a full member of the Philological Section (Language Academy) of the Institute of Catalan Studies, and currently directs the CRUSCAT network of the Institute of Catalan Studies. Miquel Strubell worked for 19 years in the Catalan government s language promotion department, before moving to the Universitat

13 Notes on the Contributors xiii Oberta de Catalunya, Spain. He is director of the Linguamón-UOC Chair in Multilingualism there. He has coordinated seven projects cofunded or commissioned by the EU on minority languages and foreign languages, and is a member of the Catalan Sociolinguistics Society. Jaume Vernet is full Professor of Constitutional Law at the Rovira Virgili University and was previously Professor at the University of Barcelona. He has contributed to training courses at the universities of Florence, Vienna and Salzburg. He has over 100 publications, mostly in language law and on the study of compound states. He is Secretary of the editorial board of Revista de Llengua i Dret. He is currently a member of Catalonia s Council for Statutory Guarantees. Francesc Xavier Vila i Moreno is a Doctor in Linguistics by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and tenured Professor of Catalan Language and Sociolinguistics at the University of Barcelona. Director (2004 9) of the CRUSCAT network of the Institute of Catalan Studies, he is currently director of the University s Centre of Sociolinguistics and Communication (2010 ) and also director of the Master s degree in Language Counselling, Management of Multilingualism and Editorial Services of the University of Barcelona. He is a member of the Catalan Sociolinguistics Society.