FIRE won a powerful victory QUARTERLY. Victory for Free Speech and Legal Equality at the University of Miami. Inside

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1 Newsletter of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education QUARTERLY Summer 2003 Inside Volume 1 Issue 1 Victory for Free Speech and Legal Equality at the University of Miami FIRE Declares War on Speech Codes 3 The Launch of FIRE s Guides 6 In the Mail 8 FIRE Internships FIRE s Legal Network From the Board of Advisors Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Inc. 210 West Washington Square Suite 303 Philadelphia, PA Tel: Fax: Visit us online: Victory: University of Miami students (from left) Sara Canale, Colleen Donovan, Andrea Kiser, and Nathalia Gillot FIRE won a powerful victory at the University of Miami (UM), where a student group, Advocates for Conservative Thought (ACT), was repeatedly denied approval by administrators. The administration told ACT that the group s mission, the exposition and promotion of conservative principles and ideas, overlaps with two other campus groups: the College Republicans and an explicitly nonpartisan discussion group. FIRE wrote to UM President Donna E. Shalala, pointing out that UM recognizes other student groups who have similar missions. On May 2, when FIRE s media campaign brought the matter more directly before her, President Shalala immediately repudiated the actions of her administrators and ordered a new review of ACT s application. On May 6, ACT, after five attempts, was finally approved. FIRE Victories continued on page 4 Photo by AP/Wide World Photos

2 From FIRE s Directors We do not choose our historical context, but once there, we face its moral choices. We have decided to aid the friends of liberty and the victims of abusive power on our nation s campuses. We have stood together at the side of thousands of students and faculty who, without FIRE, were helpless before the winds of insufferable coercion. Alan Charles Kors In these pages we share our victories with you. Knowing that our campuses need systemic change, we also have undertaken vital initiatives: FIRE s Guides to Student Rights on Campus Program, which already has distributed tens of thousands of guides to student rights; FIRE s Free Speech on Campus Program, shedding light on institutions that limit freedom of speech, and litigating, with our Legal Network, against the scandal of unconstitutional speech codes at public colleges and universities. Ironically, at the very time that we have set the standard for combating politically correct tyranny on our campuses, we face a crisis caused precisely by our unfailing commitment to the most fundamental American values. With each success, both our efficacy and the demand for our work increase. The two of us serve pro bono, receiving no remuneration whatsoever. All contributions go directly to FIRE s work and programs. This is a crucial moment in FIRE s and in the nation s history. Let us be your agents. Together, we can reclaim our campuses for the deepest values of American freedom. Your continued and enhanced support is crucial to FIRE s efforts. We ask that you consider using the enclosed envelope to send a contribution to sustain FIRE s work. With gratitude, Harvey A. Silverglate Alan Charles Kors Harvey A. Silverglate Expenses in 2002 Increase of Donors from 1999 to 2003 Development ($33,865.00) 5% 12% Administrative ($91,731.00) Programs 83% ($608,856.00) Number of Donors The FIRE Quarterly

3 If you re a college professor or student who has fallen afoul of your campus speech code, you look to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. The Wall Street Journal FIRE Declares War on Speech Codes Lawsuit Opens Systematic Assault on Censorship at Public Universities SHIPPENSBURG, PA On April 22, FIRE Legal Network attorneys David A. French and William Adair Bonner filed a lawsuit against speech codes at Shippensburg University, a public institution in central Pennsylvania. The suit is a crucial part of FIRE s Free Speech on Campus Program, which aims to end the nightmare of speech codes, the principal vehicle of widespread campus censorship. The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. It asserts that the plaintiffs undergraduate students at the university risk punishment up to expulsion for engaging in constitutionally protected expression. The suit is a facial challenge because it asserts that the policies threaten so much protected speech that their very existence is a violation of the First Amendment. Shippensburg University s Code of Conduct states that the university defends free speech unless it is inflammatory, demeaning, or harmful towards others. The university requires that the expression of one s beliefs should not provoke or demean effectively outlawing most forms of passionate expression, moral outrage, robust discussion, dissent, and protest. Kors noted, The expression most in need of protection, of course, is precisely provocative We are going to bring them all down. We are hereby declaring war on speech codes at public universities. Thor L. Halvorssen dissent from widely held views, even if those provoked see that as demeaning. Some individuals see criticism itself as demeaning. For more on FIRE s efforts at Shippensburg University, please visit Speech codes are a moral, educational, and legal scandal in American higher education. A nation that does not educate in liberty will not long preserve it and will not even know when it is lost. Alan Charles Kors Summer

4 FIRE Victories FIRE Victories continued from page 1 Victory for Fundamental Fairness at Harvard CAMBRIDGE, MA This year, Harvard University added a minimal preliminary review process to its student disciplinary procedures, requiring that a complainant present some evidence that a disciplinary charge can be corroborated. In June 2002, an inquisitorial Boston attorney filed a legal complaint against Harvard, challenging the change which, it was alleged, was a violation of Title IX a federal law on sex discrimination because more women than men filed sexual assault complaints. On April 1, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) of the U.S. Department of Education dismissed the complaint against Harvard. In its ruling, the OCR recognized that Harvard s policy merely allows for the dismissal of frivolous or baseless complaints, regardless of who brings them. The OCR held that Harvard s new procedures are not unlawful, observing that the law does not prohibit the use of due process. At all stages, FIRE advised various critics of the old policy on what changes were needed, and debated critics of the revision. FIRE vigorously supports Harvard s new procedures. FIRE is about the respect for freedom of speech and conscience that used to unite all Americans, whatever their political persuasion. Victory for Free Speech and Free Association at Virginia Polytechnic Institute BLACKSBURG, VA In March, the Board of Visitors of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( Virginia Tech) passed a resolution that threatened freedom of speech and assembly at that public institution. The Board banned specific viewpoints and required prior approval for all meetings on campus. The statement declared that no individuals or organizations could meet on university property if it can be determined that such persons or organizations advocate or have participated in illegal acts of domestic violence and/or terrorism. The resolution also required all individuals or groups planning to hold a meeting to seek approval from the President of the university at least 30 days in advance. It also gave the president of Virginia Tech final decision-making power to determine who can meet on university property. FIRE urged Virginia Tech to abandon the resolution, and called on Virginia s attorney general to declare it unconstitutional. The remarkably overbroad National Review Online and vague language of this resolution expands its reach far beyond campus guest speakers, to anyone, anywhere on campus, wrote FIRE s director of legal and public advocacy, Greg Lukianoff. The letter went on to remind the Board and the attorney general of the words of Thomas Jefferson: Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. Days later, State Solicitor William H. Hurd of the Office of the Attorney General advised Virginia Tech that the new regulation violates fundamental rights to assembly and speech as protected by the First Amendment. The letter concluded: A university of all places should be willing, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it. For universities to prohibit the use of their facilities for constitutionally protected speech based on the perceived illegitimacy or offensiveness of the viewpoint expressed is contrary to the role of a university as a marketplace of ideas and violates the constitutional prohibition against viewpoint discrimination. Because Virginia Tech made its policy contingent on the ruling of the state attorney general, it is no longer applicable at that institution. There are two big differences between today and the period when the [political] correctness wars raged. The first and most obvious is 9/11 The second is that there now exists an organization dedicated to rooting out and exposing assaults upon free speech, individual liberty, religious freedom, the rights of conscience, legal equality, due process and academic freedom on our nation s campuses. Its name is FIRE. 4 The FIRE Quarterly The Washington Post

5 CITRUS COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT Victory for Religious Liberty at the University of North Carolina CHAPEL HILL, NC FIRE recently drew widespread public attention to the revocation of a Christian student group s constitutional and moral rights at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (UNC). The next day, UNC folded its hand. A UNC administrator had threatened the InterVarsity Christian Fellowship (IVCF) with a loss of all privileges and funding because it required its leaders to adhere to the IVCF s Christian doctrine. Within one day of FIRE s public intervention on behalf of the embattled student group, Chancellor James Moeser ordered that IVCF be allowed to continue to operate as an official recognized student organization speaking of his great appreciation of what the group adds to campus, and restoring, for now, the rights of religious liberty, free expression, and free association to IVCF at this public institution. Halvorssen on Fox and Friends Campus free-speech zones are being eliminated, largely under pressure from the Philadelphiabased Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). US News & World Report Victory for Freedom of Conscience at Citrus College GLENDORA, CA FIRE won a crucial case at California s Citrus College, where in a required speech course at this public institution Professor Rosalyn Kahn effectively compelled undergraduate students to write anti-war letters to President George W. Bush, denying credit for the assignment to students who supported the war or who refused to send the letters. Kahn similarly required her students to write letters with a specific political viewpoint to California State Senator Jack Scott. On March 4, FIRE wrote to Citrus College President Halvorssen on MSNBC Reports Louis Zellers. After constructive conversations with FIRE, Zellers agreed to resolve the matter by appropriately sanctioning the professor (FIRE reminded him of her right to due process), apologizing to the students, reassuring them that their grades would not be affected by these assignments, and ensuring that this situation would not occur again at Citrus College. Additionally, Halvorssen on The O Reilly Factor President Zellers promised to send letters to both President George W. Bush and State Senator Jack Scott apologizing for this violation of freedom of speech and formally withdrawing the sham letters. Summer 2003 BOARD OF TRUSTEES Dr. Edward C. Ortell, President Duarte/Arcadia/Azusa/Monrovia Representative Ms. Susan M. Keith, Vice President Claremont/Pomona Representative Dr. Gary L. Woods, Clerk/Secretary Azusa/Covina/Glendora/Irwindale Representative Mr. Michael Bevilacqua, Member Glendora/San Dimas Representative Mrs. Joanne Montgomery, Member From the Desk of Monrovia/Bradbury/Duarte Representative Dr. Louis E. Zellers Mrs. Paulette Rice, Student Representative Superintendent/President Dr. Louis E. Zellers, Superintendent/President March 7, 2003 Mr. Thor L. Halvorssen Foundation for Individual Rights in Education 210 West Washington Square, Suite 303 Philadelphia, PA Dear Mr. Halvorssen: Thank you for your March 4, 2003 letter concerning the conduct of Professor Kahn, instructor of Speech 106 at Citrus College. Mr. Samuel Lee, Associate Dean for Language Arts and Foreign Languages, visited Professor Kahn s class yesterday, from 12:30 p.m. to 1:40 p.m. He met directly with the students and asked them about the allegations cited in your letter. Based on the outcome of that meeting, we believe the instructor did abuse her authority in two specific ways: 1. Professor Kahn gave students an extra credit assignment to write a letter to President George W. Bush protesting the possible war with Iraq. Students were clear in their understanding that they would only receive credit if they wrote protest letters. Students were told that those who wrote letters expressing alternate views (including support for the war) would not receive credit. At Citrus College we strongly believe that all students should have freedom of expression and equal opportunity to benefit, regardless of their political beliefs. We believe that this assignment denied students this opportunity and, further, could have encouraged some to violate their conscience in order to benefit. We are deeply saddened that this took place. We are taking the following action to bring justice to bear and mitigate the results of this abuse: I am sending a letter of apology to President George W. Bush, explaining the illegitimate nature of the assignment and requesting that all letters associated with the assignment be retracted. The extra credit for that assignment will be expunged. An alternative assignment will allow students to receive extra credit for drafting a letter to George W. Bush concerning the possible war with Iraq. Students will be encouraged to express their beliefs, and will receive credit regardless of those beliefs. Students will not be asked to send their letters in order to receive credit. 2. Professor Kahn gave students an extra credit assignment to write a letter to their local state representative, expressing an explicit political viewpoint. Because nearly all students were in the 1000 W. Foothill Boulevard Glendora, CA TEL: same district, the letters were written to California State Senator Jack Scott. Again, all students understood that they would only receive extra credit if they wrote letters expressing a specific political agenda. Our reaction to this injustice is the same as expressed in the first instance: it ought not to have happened. We are taking the following action to bring justice to bear and mitigate the results of this abuse: I am sending a letter of apology to Senator Jack Scott, explaining the illegitimate nature of the assignment and requesting that all letters associated with the assignment be retracted. The extra credit for that assignment will be expunged. An alternative assignment will allow students to receive extra credit for drafting a letter to their local state representative concerning the state s current budget situation. Students will be encouraged to express their beliefs, and will receive credit regardless of those beliefs. Students will not be asked to send their letters in order to receive credit. Further actions Citrus College will take in response to these abuses will include: Students in Professor Kahn s class will be provided with a current list of their assignment grades for Speech 106. If any student has a dispute concerning a grade, Mr. Lee will work with the instructor and student to resolve the dispute before final grades are due. While respecting the due process rights of the instructor, Citrus College will sanction Professor Kahn in an appropriate manner. At the conclusion of the meeting with the Speech 106 students on March 6, 2003, Mr. Lee apologized on behalf of Citrus College for this violation of their free speech rights. He reiterated to students that Citrus College has been, and will continue to be, a staunch defender of freedom of speech and freedom of conscience. I would like to thank the courageous students who brought this to the attention of Mr. Lee. I would like to thank Mr. Lee for following up on these concerns in a very timely and effective manner (the first he learned of these complaints was Thursday, February 27, 2003). As soon as the next day, he was working with all parties concerned to resolve the issue. I would also like to thank the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE) for working so vigorously to safeguard our liberties by supporting our efforts with additional facts and advising the college on appropriate solutions. Sincerely, Louis E. Zellers Superintendent/President LEZ/SL:cl c: Congressman David Dreier Senator Bob Margett 1000 W. Foothill Boulevard Glendora, CA TEL:

6 FIRE Launches Guides to Student Rights on Campus WASHINGTON, DC FIRE released its Guides to Student Rights on Campus five books that will arm students in the defense and exercise of their rights. Unveiled in a national press conference in Washington, DC in March, the Guides directly address the curtailment of students rights on campuses today: FIRE s Guide to Religious Liberty on Campus; FIRE s Guide to Student Fees, Funding, and Legal Equality on Campus; FIRE s Guide to Due Process and Fair Procedure on Campus; FIRE s Guide to Free Speech on Campus; and lastly, FIRE s Guide to First-Year Orientation and Thought Reform on Campus. The first three titles in the series have already been issued; they are accessible at Since the site s launch in mid-march, more than 20,000 copies of the Guides have been downloaded from the website. In addition to downloading the Guides, students may order them free of charge. The Guides are available to the public on Amazon.com. Thor L. Halvorssen introduces the authors. From left, Edwin Meese, III and Nadine Strossen An extraordinary group of legal scholars serves as Board of Editors to the series. FIRE invited significant legal thinkers from across the political and ideological spectrum, all of whom agreed to serve. The Board of Editors includes distinguished individuals like Edwin Meese, III, Ronald Reagan Chair in Public Policy, Heritage Foundation, and Nadine Strossen, president of the American Civil Liberties Union. 6 The FIRE Quarterly

7 FIRE s important Guides to various aspects of academic freedom are not only enlightening but also empowering. They should inspire all members of campus communities to defend and exercise their rights... Nadine Strossen, President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School FIRE s Guides will change the balance of power. Students are now armed with accurate information and good counsel, and campus administrators are now on notice of their responsibilities. Board of Editors Vivian Berger: Nash Professor of Law Emerita, Columbia Law School T. Kenneth Cribb, Jr.: President, Intercollegiate Studies Institute Alan M. Dershowitz: Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law, Harvard Law School Paul K. McMasters: First Amendment Ombudsman, The Freedom Forum Edwin Meese, III: Ronald Reagan Chair in Public Policy, Heritage Foundation; 75th Attorney General of the United States Roger Pilon: Vice-President for Legal Affairs, Cato Institute From left, Vivian Berger, Edwin Meese, III, Harvey A. Silverglate. Edwin Meese, III, Ronald Reagan Chair in Public Policy, Heritage Foundation; 75th Attorney General of the United States Guides Authors David French: Attorney, Greenebaum, Doll, & McDonald PLLC Josh Gewolb: FIRE Program Officer Jordan Lorence: Senior Counsel for the Alliance Defense Fund Greg Lukianoff: FIRE Director of Legal and Public Advocacy Harvey A. Silverglate: Codirector and cofounder of FIRE; Partner, Silverglate & Good Jamin Raskin: Professor of Constitutional Law, American University Nadine Strossen: President, American Civil Liberties Union; Professor of Law, New York Law School From left, Thor L. Halvorssen and Alan Charles Kors Summer

8 In the Mail FIRE Internships This year, FIRE will host a group of college and university students as part of its fourth annual summer Internship Program. This program at once teaches interns the importance of individual rights, allows them to contribute to FIRE s active defense of liberty, and gives them the opportunity to apply this knowledge when they return to their campuses. After an intensive application process, this year s interns were selected for both their academic distinction and their commitment to defending the liberties that FIRE works so diligently to protect. The interns come from the Ave Maria School of Law, Bucknell University, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, Villanova University School of Law, 2002 Summer Interns University of Virginia, Wesleyan University, Willamette University, and Yale University. FIRE interns will be conducting crucial research for FIRE s Free Speech on Campus Program. Through their work assignments, a variety of reading selections, and weekly seminars with FIRE s directors and staff, interns acquire the knowledge and enthusiasm that will, we trust, be at the center of their own advocacy of individual rights on their campuses and in American society. Back Row: Christina Rockwell, Marymount College; Roberto Arguedas, University of Pennsylvania; Anthony Dick, University of Virginia; Craig Rolle, The College of Wooster 8 The FIRE Quarterly Front Row: Alison Orendach, University of Pennsylvania; Rachel Rosenblum, University of Delaware; Stevonne Ratliff, UCLA; Denise Chaykun, Bucknell University; Pam Temolgie, Franklin & Marshall College; Alison Peet, Williams College

9 FIRE s Legal Network FIRE has intervened successfully in defense of liberty-related issues on behalf of hundreds of students and faculty at colleges and universities across America. While many of the cases we accept can be resolved quickly and amicably by our office staff, other cases require the intervention of an attorney. Because FIRE does not undertake direct litigation, these cases must be referred to FIRE s Legal Network, which consists of outside attorneys, law firms, and legal foundations that share our principles, values, and goals. Victory for Freedom of the Press at Governors State University On April 10, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld freedom of the press at Governors State University (GSU), in University Park, Illinois. FIRE had joined an amicus brief submitted by the Student Press Law Center urging the court to vindicate the basic First Amendment rights of college students. Judge Terence T. Evans, who wrote the decision, called this brief superb. The appellate court ruled that public colleges and universities cannot demand the power of pre-publication review over their student publications. The opinion rejected an attempt by Governors State University and the state of Illinois to impose the standard used to justify censorship of high school student publications on college student media. This is a crucial victory that undoes an attempt to impose a truly draconian form of censorship on college students and should serve as a warning to any university that seeks to treat their students as children. Victory for Freedom of Conscience: Rutgers University Lifts Ban on Christian Student Group FIRE helped to secure an important victory for religious liberty and freedom of conscience at Rutgers University, the flagship public university of New Jersey. Rutgers has lifted its ban on the InterVarsity Multi-Ethnic Christian Fellowship, which was banned from campus in September 2002 because of its rule that leaders must seek to adhere to biblical standards and belief in all areas of their lives. This, Rutgers had claimed, constituted discrimination. In December 2002, FIRE wrote to Rutgers, urging the administration to reinstate the Fellowship. FIRE s Legal Network attorney David A. French filed a lawsuit against Rutgers for violating the Fellowship s First Amendment rights. On April 1, Rutgers and the Fellowship released a joint statement announcing that they have amicably resolved any and all issues regarding the status and governance of the Fellowship. The lawsuit has been withdrawn; Rutgers has now formally approved the organization s constitution and assures the Fellowship that its voting members can consider both their own religious beliefs and those of candidates when selecting and voting for their leaders. This is an important event for everyone who values genuine pluralism and diversity, said FIRE s President Alan Charles Kors. Summer

10 Invest in Freedom FIRE s success is made possible by the sustained generosity of individuals who contribute to our work in defense of liberty on college and university campuses. The graphs on page 2 show the consistent growth of FIRE s contributors and FIRE s financial stability. To acknowledge the crucial support that all of FIRE s friends provide, we are pleased to announce FIRE s Tiered Giving Program. The commitment levels and associated benefits are detailed below. Please consider taking action now with a tax-deductible gift to FIRE to support the freedom of college students and professors nationwide. Your contribution at one of the indicated levels, or at any level, enables FIRE to continue its aggressive defense of liberty through the work and programs detailed throughout The FIRE Quarterly and at If you have any questions concerning donations, including details on gifts of appreciated securities, planned gifts, and our monthly giving program, please contact Robert Pfaltzgraff at rob@thefire.org or Thank you for your support. BACHELOR OF FREEDOM $1,000+ The FIRE Quarterly, updates, and releases Hardcover first edition of The Shadow University, inscribed to the the person of your choice, signed by the authors Invitation to FIRE s Annual Conference MASTER OF FREEDOM $2,500+ All benefits listed above, plus: Briefing letters from FIRE s Directors Annual report of FIRE s media impact DOCTOR OF FREEDOM $5,000+ All benefits listed above, plus: Limited edition complete boxed set of FIRE s Guides to Student Rights on Campus Complimentary Invitation to FIRE s Annual Conference and private reception Published articles by FIRE s Directors and Staff DEAN OF FREEDOM $10,000+ All benefits listed above, plus: Invitations to all regional lectures and conferences given by FIRE s Directors and Staff Invitation to President s Dinner at FIRE s Annual Conference CHANCELLOR OF FREEDOM $15,000+ All benefits listed above, plus: Video and audio tapes of FIRE s radio and television appearances Policy papers by FIRE s Directors TRUSTEE OF FREEDOM $25,000+ All benefits listed above, plus: Private meetings and discussions with FIRE s Directors Quarterly selections from FIRE s Essential Books on Freedom, chosen by FIRE s Directors 10 The FIRE Quarterly

11 From the Board of Advisors About the Publication Volume 1, Issue 1 The FIRE Quarterly is published four times per year by the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. The mission of FIRE is to defend and sustain individual rights at America s increasingly repressive and partisan colleges and universities. These rights include freedom of speech, legal equality, due process, religious liberty, and sanctity of conscience the essential qualities of individual liberty and dignity. FIRE s core mission is to protect the unprotected and to educate the public and communities of concerned Americans about the threats to these rights on our campuses and about the means to preserve them. FIRE is a charitable and educational, taxexempt foundation within the meaning of Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Contributions to FIRE are deductible to the fullest extent provided by tax laws. Managing Editor: Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, III rob@thefire.org Layout & Design: Yoonsun Chung How to reach us: FIRE 210 West Washington Square, Suite 303 Philadelphia, PA Phone Fax General fire@thefire.org On the web: Michael Meyers By Michael Meyers Irecently engaged in a feisty TV debate that probably could not happen on some college campuses nowadays. I opposed a white newspaper executive on the explosive topic of reparations for the descendants of African-American slaves; he favored them, and I, a black civil rights advocate, opposed them. That debate was an exercise in free speech, unrestrained by notions of political correctness or concerns about exploitative or insensitive viewpoints that now inhibit the free exchange of ideas about race in higher education circles. On the campus, someone in the audience might have shouted at me, Foul! Indeed, if I were white, opposed so vociferously to racial reparations to the point of invoking mockery and calling such claims on the public purse a form of begging as I did in my TV debate some student or faculty tribunal might have hauled me before them and accused me of exploitative, insensitive, incorrect views about race: My free speech rights on the subject might have been chilled, if not outright censored. The demands for free speech are increasing exponentially. Students and faculty of all colors on many campuses are demanding an end to parochialism and censorship. Indeed, as every minority must know intuitively, race relations in particular can t be debated or improved upon until there is candor, truly free speech and inquiry. We must create once again a ferment for individual freedom, in the very places where new leaders are educated. FIRE is so vital and relevant in this struggle to help today s individualists resist and defeat the freedom-smothering censors and kangaroo courts that exist on too many campuses. FIRE is providing the intellectual leadership, backed up by the club of litigation, to win victories for individual freedom on our campuses. In a uniquely American way, we re fired up and won t take any more incursions on our basic American freedoms and civil liberties. Michael Meyers is president and executive director of the New York Civil Rights Coalition (NYCRC), which he cofounded in 1986; a member of FIRE s Advisory Board; a prominent civil libertarian and vice president of the national ACLU; and a syndicated columnist. Summer

12 The Last Word Visit us online at Foundation for Individual Rights in Education 210 West Washington Square, Suite 303 Philadelphia, PA Non Profit Presorted Permit 5634 Philadelphia PA 19154