Facts About the Civil Rights Movement. In America

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1 Facts About the Civil Rights Movement In America Republicans and Civil Rights Democrats and Civil Rights Democrats like to claim that they were behind the movement to bring civil rights to minorities in America. While everyone is entitled to their opinion, facts are facts. Following are facts that cannot be disputed: Election of President Abraham Lincoln The election of Abraham Lincoln as President and Commander in Chief of the military forces of the United States on March 4, President Lincoln assumed office and presiding over the government and the military, saved the nation and brought freedom to the slaves. Dred Scott Decision Dissent In 1857, Republican Supreme Court Justice, John McLean issued a strenuous dissent from the decision of seven Democrats in the infamous Dred Scott case. In that case, the Democratic majority decided that people descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States and had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. Slavery Abolished Washington D.C. On April 16, 1862, Republican President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. Ninety nine percent of the Republicans supported the bill. Eighty-three percent of the Democrats opposed the bill. Slavery was abolished by the Republicans over the objection of the Democrats. Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by Republican President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, It changed the legal status of more than three million black slaves held in the ten states controlled by the Confederacy by declaring that they were free. As soon as a slave escaped control of the Confederate government by escaping, or through the constant advance of the Union Army, a slave realized actual freedom.

2 Thirteenth Amendment The passage and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865, which abolished slavery. The U.S. Senate passed the law by a vote of 38 to 6 with only 2 Democrats in favor. The House of Representatives passed the law 119 to 56 with only 16 Democrats voting in favor. The Thirteenth Amendment was a Republican victory. Fourteenth Amendment The passage and ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 9, 1868, overruling the Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. The case held that people descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States and had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. The U.S. Senate passed the law 33 to 11. The U.S. House of Representatives voted 120 to 32 in favor. Not a single Democrat voted in favor of making black slaves citizens of the United States. Passage was a Republican victory. Fifteenth Amendment The passage and ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on February 3, 1870, which gave black citizens the right to vote. The U.S. Senate passed the law 39 to 13. All 39 votes in favor were from Republicans. The U.S. House passed the law 144 to 44. All 144 votes were from Republicans. Not one Democrat voted in favor of giving black citizens the right to vote. Civil Right Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (CRA 1866) was the first federal law designed to protect the rights of former slaves, providing that all citizens are equally protected by the law. The proposed law was passed by the Republican controlled U.S. Senate and the Republican controlled House of Representatives and then vetoed by Democratic President Andrew Johnson. The Republicans overcame the veto by a two-thirds majority in each chamber, making the law effective. The bill was introduced in the Senate by Republican Senator Lyman Trumball and in the House of Representatives by Republican Congressman James Falconer. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson On March 30, 1868, Republican Senators began the impeachment trial of Democratic President Andrew Johnson who declared: This is a country for white men, and by God, as long as I am President, it shall be a government of white men. The 1868 Democratic Party campaign theme was This is a white man s country: Let white men rule. He was acquitted by one vote.

3 Civil Rights Act of 1870 The Enforcement Act of 1870 was a bill passed by the Republican controlled Congress and signed into law by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. It was directed at the Ku Klux Klan. The law made the use of terror, force, or bribery for the purpose of preventing people from voting, based on their race, a federal crime. President Grant used the law to inflict damage on the KKK whenever possible. Hundreds of KKK members were arrested, tried, convicted, and imprisoned. Establishment of the DOJ On June 22, 1870, the Republican Controlled Congress created the United States Department of Justice in order to protect the civil rights of black Americans. The bill was signed into law by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. Civil Rights Act 1871 The Enforcement Act of 1871 was a bill passed by the Republican controlled Congress and signed into law by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. It permitted federal oversight of local and state elections if only two citizens in a town of over 20,000 people requested federal oversight. Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed by the Republican controlled United States Congress and signed into law by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant. The law guaranteed black Americans equal treatment in public accommodations and public transportation. It also guaranteed they would not be excluded from serving on a jury. In 1883, the Supreme Court of the United States declared much of the law to be unconstitutional. Booker T. Washington to White House Against all advice and popular opinion, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington and his family to dine at the White House in 1901, igniting violent protests by Democrats, including the KKK, across the nation. The reaction was so extreme that no other black American was invited to dinner at the White House for nearly thirty years. Womens Right to Vote Nineteenth Amendment Republican Susan B. Anthony and Republican Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote the basic text of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which was introduced in Congress by Republican Senator Aaron A. Sargent of California in The proposed amendment was finally adopted in 1920 giving women the right to vote.

4 Republican Party Plank 1940 In 1940, long before the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision by the United States Supreme Court making racial segregation unconstitutional, the Republican Party presidential platform contained the following plank: Discrimination in the civil service, the army, navy, and all other branches of the government must cease. Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic Party controlled Congress did not offer a similar plank and ignored the existence of segregation until they were forced to do so long after President Roosevelt was out of office. Desegregation of Army Units 1944 In 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, later President Eisenhower, was the first to desegreate U.S. Army units under his command by having black soldiers join what were previously all white Army units during the invasion of Europe. Integrating the army units worked so well that President Truman issued an executive order abolishing racial discrimination in all United States Armed Forces, but he did little to implement the order. When General Eisenhower became president, he made clear his intention at his first state of the Union address saying: I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation Later he said: We have not taken and we shall not take a single backward step. There must be no second class citizens in the country. Vote Against Korematsu Decision In 1944, Owen Roberts was the lone Republican Justice on the nine member Supreme Court of the United States. As the lone Republican, he voted against the decision of the court which ruled that the infamous executive order issued by Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 ordering the internment of all Japanese Americans on the West Coast into concentration camps was constitutional. The infamous order was issued notwithstanding that not even one of the nearly 120,000 people of Japanese heritage incarcerated had been accused of disloyalty. While America was at war with Japan in 1942, it was also at war with Italy and Germany. Italians and Germans were not incarcerated by the Roosevelt administration, only the Asians. Brown v. Board of Education Decision On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren, three-term Republican Governor of California and Republican vice presidential nominee, won support of the court, and wrote the court s landmark opinion, making racial discrimination unconstitutional. Civil Rights Act of 1957 The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was proposed by the administration of Republican President Dwight D Eisenhower who signed the bill into law. The bill was approved in the United States House of Representatives 285 to 126 (Republicans , and Democrats ) and in the United States Senate 72 to 18 (Republicans 43-0 and

5 Democrats 29-18). The goal of the law was to ensure that all Americans could exercise their right to vote. Prior to its passing, only about 20% of black Americans were registered to vote. Little Rock 1957 In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to comply with a federal court order to integrate their public schools. Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower demanded that Democratic Governor Orval Faubus obey the law. When Governor Faubus refused and sent Arkansas National guard troops to Central High to prevent black students from entering, President Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered the troops to leave the school grounds. He then sent a United States Army Division to Arkansas to make certain that all Arkansas schools were desegregated. The act was unprecedented. Civil Rights Act of 1960 The Civil Rights Act of 1960 was signed into law by Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It established federal inspections of local voter registration polls and established penalties for anyone obstructing someone who was attempting to vote. It was designed to combat state Jim Crow laws enacted and enforced in the Solid South controlled by the Democratic Party. Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and ended unequal application of voter registration requirements. It also ended racial segregation in the workplace, in schools, and at facilities that served the public, known as public accommodations. Republican Senate Minority Leader, Everett Dirksen helped write and pass the law. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the law by 289 to 126, a vote in which 79% of Republicans and 63% of Democrats voted "yes". The U.S. Senate passed the law 73 to 27, with 21 Democrats and 6 Republicans opposed to the law. Some members of Congress voted "no" because they believed the law, as drafted, was unconstitutional, not because they opposed the intent of the law. The bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Visit: AboutTheGop.com

REVIEWED! APUSH PERIOD 5: KEY CONCEPT 5.3 3/29/17 MOBILIZING ECONOMIES & SOCIETIES FOR WAR: Why does the Union win the war?

REVIEWED! APUSH PERIOD 5: KEY CONCEPT 5.3 3/29/17 MOBILIZING ECONOMIES & SOCIETIES FOR WAR: Why does the Union win the war? 3/29/17 APUSH PERIOD 5: KEY CONCEPT 5.3 1844-1877 REVIEWED! Why does the Union win the war? Confederacy early success (Battle of Bull Run, Peninsula campaign) Southern advantages: Fighting defensive war,