Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction

Transcription

1 Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction Matusitz, J ISBN-13: Table of Contents 1. What Is Terrorism? Terrorism: Origin of the Word Terrorism: Definition Definitions from Various Scholars & Institutions Most Universally Accepted Definition U.S. Department of State's List of Current Terrorist Organizations Brief History of Terrorism Statistics on Present-Day Terrorism RAND Corporation Muslim Support for Terrorism in the U.S. Old Terrorism vs. New Terrorism Classical, Modern, and Postmodern Terrorism Four Waves of Terrorism Clash of Civilizations New Organizational Structures Why Does Terrorism Exist? Fifteen Causes Case Study: Anders Behring Breivik's Manifesto The Terrorist Identity Ascribed Terrorist Identity Self-Ascribed Terrorist Identity Terrorists' Educational and Family Backgrounds The Gender of the Terrorist The Age of the Terrorist 2. Terrorism as a Communication Process: Tactics Communication: Definition Berlo's Model of Communication Terrorism as a Communication Process Communicating Terrorism: A Model Collective Communication Model of Terrorism Communication of Terrorism: Social Noise Propaganda by the Deed Martyrdom Communication of Terrorism: The Signature Method Signature Methods in History The IRA's Signature Methods Suicide Bombings Kidnappings and Hijackings Beheadings Underpublicized Signature Methods Communication of Terrorism: The Conduit Metaphor Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Osama bin Laden Videotapes 3. Terrorism as a Communication Process: The Media Media: Definition Terrorism and the Media: A Symbiotic Relationship Media as Amplification Effect Media as a Fickle Friend Osama bin Laden: A Household Name Examples of Terrorists' Exploitation of the Media Problems with Media Coverage of Terrorism Media Terrorism Terrorism and the Media: A Semiotic Perspective Saussurean Semiotics Peircean Semiotics The Signal-Index Paradigm Media Portrayals of Female Terrorists 4. Terrorism as a Communication Process: The Audience The Audience: Definition Terrorism and the Audience: From Intimate to Public Distance Beyond the Immediate Targets of Terrorism An Audience Already Established Yale Model of Persuasion Uses and Gratifications Theory Audience for Jihadist Terrorists 9/11 and Its Eight Types of Audiences Measures of Audience Effectiveness Emotional and Attitudinal Impacts of Terrorism on the Audience Fear and Trauma Tertiary Identities Impacts of Media Exposure of Terrorism on the Audience Managing Citizens' Fears

2 Remarks on Israelis' Reactions Affecting Memory Perception Is Not Reality Gradual Lessening of Interest Terrorism as Spectacle: It's All for the Audience Commanding the Audience's Gaze The Medium Is the Message Dawson's Field Hijackings Culture of Terror Terrorism as Spectacle: Analyzing 9/11 A Disaster Movie A Horror Movie A Speech Performance Terrorism as Spectacle: Dramaturgical Analysis 9/11 as Performance as Political Action 9/11 as Script 9/11 as Mise en Scene 9/11 as Choreography 5. Framing Terrorism Framing: Definition Framing vs. Agenda Setting Types of Framing Framing through the Power of Television Emotional Cues in Television Coverage Media Dependency Theory Framing Terrorism One-Sided vs. Two-Sided Coverage "Sound-Biting" the Audience Keeping the Audience Interested Media-Military Collaboration Media-Government Collaboration A Clash of Civilizations in Media Framing of Terrorism Framing the Image: Durrah vs. Norzich Framing for Censorship Framing Reporters for Censorship Freedom of Information (FOI) Act Visual Determinism Arguments for and against Censoring Media Coverage of Terrorism Framing the Media as Janus-Faced Means 6. Terrorism as Social Construction of Reality Social Construction of Reality: Definition Terrorism, Language, and Co-Construction of Reality Discourse Narrative Social Construction of Terrorism in the West Symbolism American Collective Identity United States vs. Europe Social Construction of Fear Social Construction of Emotions Definitions of Emotions Collective Emotional Orientation Emotion and Interpersonal News Diffusion The Role of Culture in Terrorism Three Levels of Mental Programming Collective Level of Mental Programming and Terrorism Cultural Worldview (CWV) Belief in a Just World Symbolic Interactionism Uncertainty Avoidance Collectivism Ethnography of Terrorism 7. Stereotyping Terrorists Stereotype: Definition Stereotyping the Enemy Diverse Ways for Stereotyping the Enemy Collective Unconscious Stigmatization Three Forms of Stigma Racial Profiling The Case of Liban Hussein Stereotyping Arabs, Islam, and Terrorism American Stereotypes of Arabs and Islam over the Years Western Stereotypes of Arabs and Islam over the Years Perspectives on Racism McLuhan's Tetradic Framework First Step Second Step Third Step Fourth Step Sterotyping Terrorism in Hollywood and Movies Jack Shaheen's Studies Narrative Transportation Cultivation Theory 8. Interpreting Terrorism through Rhetoric

3 Rhetoric: General Perspectives Three Modes of Rhetoric Propaganda Pro-War Rhetoric in the George W. Bush Administration President Bush's Address to a Joint Session of Congress Pro-War Rhetoric in the Media The Propaganda of "World War" Propaganda Content Analysis Categories and Descriptors Dehumanizing the Enemy Dehumanization during the Bush Administration Boomerang Effect The "Us vs. Them" Dichotomy Cultural Hegemony Occidentalism Free Speech about Terrorism Anti-Semetic Rhetoric Terrorism Slogans Counterterrorism and Antiterrorism Slogans Anti-Iraq War and Anti-GWOT Slogans Rhetoric of Islamist Terrorist Groups Case Study: Osama bin Laden's Speech (10/29/2004) Selective Moral Disengagement 9. Euphemisms for Terrorism Euphemisms: Definition It's Not Terrorism; it's the T-Word Distancing Language No More Bombing? No More Killing? Terrorism Euphemisms in the Bush Era The Patriot Act Unknown Unknown Euphemisms for Torture Terrorism Euphemisms in the Obama Era Bluespeak Euphemisms Used by Terrorists Themselves Effects of Terrorism Euphemisms Obscurantism Glossocracy Solutions 10. Terrorism and Group Dynamics Groups: Definition Group Norms and Group Commitment Primary Groups Group Socialization and Terrorism Trust and Support Community of Practice (CoP) Group Roles Terrorism and Social Identity Theory (SIT) Description of SIT Social Identity of Terrorists SIT and Hezbollah SIT and Competition between Terrorist Groups SIT and Group "Mortality Salience" SIT and Forgiveness Small-Group Radicalization Jihadization Halaqa and Usroh Groupthink Risky Shift in Terrorist Groups Consequences of Groupthink Recruitment of Terrorists The Importance of Identity Models of Recruitment "Staircase to Terrorism" Model Ground Floor and First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Fourth Floor Fifth (and Last) Floor Five Phases of Social Psychological Conditioning Phases 1 and 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 The Pyramid Model Levels of Involvement of Female Terrorists Group Failure Symbolic Convergence Theory The Role of Myth in Terrorist Groups Symbolic Cue, Fantasy Type, and Saga Symbols in Terrorist Groups Symbols and Terrorism Symbolism in Shi'ite Terrorism Symbolism in Hezbollah Social Marginalization

4 Social Marginalization of Future Jihadists "Damascus Road" Conversion 11. Organizational Structure and Leadership in Terrorism Traditional Organizational Structure in Terrorism Pyramidal (or Hierarchical Structure) Horizontal Structure Traditional Leadership in Terrorism Leadership Influence Authoritarian Leadership Charismatic Leadership Social Networks of Terrorists Social Network: Definition The Al Qaeda Network Types of Social Networks Financial Networks in Terrorism Hawala System Difficulties in Dismantling Terrorist Financial Networks Safe Havens Collaboration Models in Terrorism Physical Exchange Information Exchange Knowledge Exchange Action Exchange Miscellaneous Types of Collaboration Mexican Drug Cartels and Terrorists: A Collaboration Terrorist Cells: General Outlook Clandestine Cell Structure Al Qaeda Cells Self-Starter Cells The "Lone Wolf" Cell Structure Leaderless Resistance Lone Wolf Terrorism in the U.S. 12. Diffusion of Innovations (DoI) and Terrorism Diffusion of Innovations (DoI): Definition Introduction to DoI and Terrorism DoI, Terrorism, and Social Movement Theory Spillover Effect Opinion Leadership Jihad Diffusing through Muslim Countries Diffusion of Hamas and Its Ideas Diffusion of the Muslim Brotherhood in Indonesia Diffusing Suicide Terrorism DoI and Mimetism: Definition Vertical vs. Horizontal Transmission Meme Replication DoI and Mimetism: Terrorism The Al Qaeda Memes Suicide Terrorism and Social Proof Mirror Neurons Social Learning Theory Meme Antibody Radical Islam British Islamic Schools U.S. Islamic Schools Indoctrinating Palestinian Children DoI and Response to Terrorism 13. The Globalization of Terrorism Globalization: Definiton Global Transnational Terrorism (GTT) Violent Non-State Actors (VSNAs) Hezbollah and GTT New Weapons and Better Technologies Parallel Globalization of Terror and Ontological Insecurity Parallel Globalization of Terror Ontological Insecurity Terrorism in Cyberspace Cyberspace: Definition Terrorists Exploiting Cyberspace Communicating Jihadist Terrorism through Cyberspace Online Do-It-Yourself Jihad Terrorists and Online Social Media Virtual Community Terrorists as Online Social Communicators Motives for Online Terrorist Recruitment The Terrorists' Online Audience Four Types of Online Audience Hamas Audience Online Radicalization The Public Sphere (Habermas) Stages of Online Radicalization Steganography: Covert Communication Cryptography Examples of Steganography in Terrorism Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism Different from Hacking and Cyberwar

5 The Postmoder Condition 14. One-on-One with the Terrorist: Interpersonal Perspectives Interpersonal Communication: Definition Six Assumptions Negotiation Hostage Negotiation Terrorist-Negotiators Dyadic and Triadic Hostage Negotiation Levels of Negotiation Behavior Relational Development Relational Development in Hostage Negotiations The Role of Language Moluccans' Hijacking in the Netherlands Hostage Negotiation Fiascos Hostages Interacting with Terrorists Uncertainty Reduction Theory Stockholm Syndrome Interrogation as an Interpersonal Form Interrogation: Definition Interrogation of Suspected Terrorists Deceivers among Suspected Terrorists The Most Likely to Deceive among Suspsected Terrorists Intercultural Complications Analyzing Deception in Interrogations Microexpressions and Leakage Facial Action Coding System 15. One-on-One with the Terrorist: International Perspectives International Communication and International Dialogue Definitions At the Negotiation Table with Terrorists? Negotiation Theory Tactics and Strategies in Negotiation Third-Party Intervention Strategic Ambiguity as a Communication Strategy The Role of Diplomacy Definition Intercultural Competence Multi-Track Diplomacy Track I Diplomacy Track II Diplomacy Track III Diplomacy Track IV Diplomacy Track V Diplomacy Voice of America (VOA) Dialogue among Civilizations Global Opinion Theory Kissing the Enemy? Schmoozing with Terrorists 16. Crisis Communication and Intelligence Crisis Communication: General Perspectives Crisis Management Crisis Communication: Definition Crisis Communication: Indicators Differences with Risk Communication Ten Practices in Crisis Communication Improving Terrorism Preparedness: Interorganizational Communication Five Reasons Why Hospitals Are Not Prepared Interorganizational Communication as the Main Remedy Crisis Respons through the Web Crisis Response as Restorative Rhetoric Counterterrorism vs. Antiterrorism Intelligence: Know Thy Enemy Definition Signal Intelligence Information Environment: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Rumors Disinformation Rumors Fusion Centers Color-Coded Terrorism