Religious Credibility under Fire

Transcription

1 Religious Credibility under Fire

2 Leif-Hagen Seibert Religious Credibility under Fire Determinants of Religious Legitimacy in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina

3 Leif-Hagen Seibert Bielefeld, Germany Dissertation Bielefeld University, 2014, Germany ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer VS Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer VS imprint is published by the registered company Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Abraham-Lincoln-Str. 46, Wiesbaden, Germany

4 Acknowledgements The survey data and interview material used within this text has been collected during the field studies of Heinrich Schäfer s project The ethos of religious peace builders in a joint effort of the Bielefeld University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies from Sarajevo. In this sense, this work is the result of my commitment to a group effort, and as such it is as much a team achievement as an individual one and numerous people have, in one way or another, contributed to this text. This book is a revised version of my doctorate thesis in sociology at Bielefeld University, so naturally I want to extend my thanks to everybody who supported me during my doctorate: Most importantly, I thank Heinrich Schäfer for his support, trust, and inspiration and an overall doctorate supervision that by far exceeds the standards. My best thanks also go to Zrinka Štimac, the best colleague and field work pseudowife that one could wish for. I thank the Stockmeier foundation and the Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology for their support of my doctorate and the German Research Association and the Buhmann foundation for sponsoring our project. Many thanks to Jens Köhrsen, Elena Rambaks, Axel S., and Adrián Tovar for the great teamwork and together with Anika Hennings (who gets extra credit for proofreading) and Adriana Bustamante for being an altogether great bunch of friends to procrastinate with. Thanks and best wishes go to Naida Pekmezović, Marija Grujić, Zilka Spahić-Šiljak, and Dino Abazović, as well as their colleagues and students from the CIPS in Sarajevo for the cooperation during the field studies. I thank Andreas Zick who, despite being constantly overworked, agreed to be my second assessor on short notice, as well as Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka and Volker Kruse. In no particular order I thank Heinz Streib, Christian Scharff, Ina Wunn, Kurt Salentin, Göran Kauermann, Nina Stricker, Carsten Gennerich, Tania Wettach-Zeitz, Jürgen Stockmeier, Tobias Reu, and the whole team from K6 and from our colloquia for their help and advice. Best thanks also go to Rory Tews for proof-reading and Sebastian Schlerka for helping me with the technical preparation of the final manuscript. Moreover, I want to thank many people from BiH and around for

5 VI Acknowledgements their hospitality, friendship, and support, most importantly Rubeena Esmail-Arndt, Nenad, Zlatko, Mile Babić, Milan, Izet, Maida, Srđan, as well as Marija s and Nenad s families. I thank the members of the ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen), especially Ronald Grätz and Gudrun Czekalla, for awarding my dissertation the research prize in international cultural politics. In this regard, I also thank the honorary speaker Konrad Raiser for his kind and perceptive laudation. Huge thanks go to my parents for their loving support and for being patient with me when I neglected family meetings and phone calls in favor of working on this project. Last but not least, I thank all participants of our study: It has been both a pleasure and an honor to profit from their experience and insights into this matter, and I hope that this book does justice to their efforts.

6 Contents 1 Introduction Structure The ethos of religious peace builders Religion, war and peace Religion, war and peace: Explications and conventions Performance and performative violence Phenomenology and epiphenomenology of religion The contrastive harmony of the sacred Ethnic conflict and religion Working concept of religion Religion, war and peace in BiH The breakup of Yugoslavia and the Bosnian war Dayton and the post-war situation Religion in BiH Problems and questions Credibility without trust? Credibility without charisma? Religious credibility Theory and methods Epistemological considerations Normativity First-order and second-order observations Determinism Controllability Structure, agency, meaning a praxeological approach Position and disposition Field theory Habitus analysis Residues in our praxeological methodology Data assessment and evaluation Quantitative data Qualitative data Religious credibility in BiH Preliminary considerations Three kinds of discourse

7 VIII Contents Four million reasons why nationalism is stupid Integration or cooperation The religious field of BiH Constructing the field model Analyzing the field model Conclusion Religious habitus of BiH Habitus analysis of the MRV Comparative habitus analysis Conclusion The religious nomos of BiH The soul of soulless conditions The methadone of the people Conclusion Summary and conclusion Summary Conclusion and outlook Literature

8 Diagram of logical structure Figure 1: Diagram of logical structure See subchapter 1.1. Structure for an explanation of this diagram.

9 Table of figures Figure 1: Diagram of logical structure...ix Figure 2: Influence of religion on society Figure 3: Influence of religion on private life Figure 4: Interreligious relations Figure 5: Praxeological square Figure 6: Square of opposition Figure 7: Truth table (equivalency) Figure 8: Truth table (subaltern opposition) Figure 9: Truth table (contrary opposition) Figure 10: Exemplary praxeological square Figure 11: Show card G Figure 12: Technical information, survey municipalities Figure 13: Technical information, response rate Figure 14: Informative missing values Figure 15: Screenplot factor analysis Figure 16: KC Credibility Figure 17: JZ Credibility Figure 18: Model of the religious field Figure 19: IZ / confession Figure 20: SPC / confession Figure 21: KC / confession Figure 22: JZ / confession Figure 23: IZ / education Figure 24: IZ / income Figure 25: MRV sample overview Figure 26: MRV: Central praxeological square Figure 27: MRV: Religious relations Figure 28: MRV: Pictures of the enemy Figure 29: Caritas, Merhamet, SOZ sample overview Figure 30: Caritas: Central praxeological square Figure 31: Merhamet: Central praxeological square Figure 32: SOZ: Central praxeological square Figure 33: Forms of religious authority Figure 34: Religious violence and the deficit of religion All tables of operators of practical logic are sorted in the subchapters Operators and Operators.

10 List of abbreviations AA AI arab ArBiH bhs BiH BMZ bos CIA CIPS CIRRuS cro DAC DFG DFID EC EIU eng EU FBiH FBO FriEnt Frist FZS ger GFAP GIZ German Federal Foreign Office (Auswärtiges Amt) Amnesty International Arabian Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine) Bosinan, Croatian, Serbian (bosanski, hrvatski, српски) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosna i Hercegovina, Босна и Херцеговина) German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) Bosnian (bosanski) Central Intelligence Agency (United States of America) Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies (Centar za interdisciplinarne postdiplomske studije), University of Sarajevo Center for the Interdisciplinary Research on Religion and Society, Bielefeld University Croatian (hrvatski) Development Assistance Committee German Research Association (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Department for International Development European Community (forerunner of the EU) Economist Intelligence Unit English European Union Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) Faith based organization Working Group on Development and Peace (Gruppe Friedensentwicklung) Research project»the Ethos of Religious Peace Builders«(Das Ethos religiöser Friedenstifter) Federal office of statistics (Federalni zavod na statistiku) German General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (also: Dayton Agreement) German Corporation for International Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

11 XIV GTZ HDZ HDZBiH HV HVO IBRD ICTY IDA ifa IFOR IMF IMIC IZ JMO JNA JZ KC KSA KSS LB MAR MFB MM MRI MRV NATO NGO OECD OED OSCE OHR RS RSK RZS rus SFOR List of abbreviations German Technical Cooperation Enterprise for Sustainable Development (Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit) Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica) Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica Bosne I Hercegovine) Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska) Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Development Association Institute for foreign relations (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen) NATO-led Implementation Force International Monetary Fund International Multi-religious Intercultural Center (Zajedno) Islamic Community of BiH (Islamska zajednica) Yugoslav Muslim Organization (Jugoslavenska Muslimanska Organizacija) Yugoslav People s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) Jewish Community of BiH (Jevrejska zajednica) Roman Catholic Church in BiH (Katolička crkva) Bread of St. Anthony (Kruh svetog Ante) Circle of Serbian Sisters (Коло Српских Сестара) La Benevolentia (La Benevolencija) Minorities at Risk dataset International Forum Bosna (Međunarodni Forum Bosna) Club of Young Muslims (Mladi Muslimani) Interreligious Institute (Međureligijski Institut) Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Međureligijsko vijeće u Bosni i Hercegovini) North Atlantic Treaty Organization Non-governmental organization Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Operations Evaluations Department (of the World Bank) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office of the High Representative and EU Special Representative Serbian Republic (Република Српска) Republic of Serbian Krajina (Republika Srpska Krajina) Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (Republički zavod za statistiku) Russian NATO-led Stabilization Force

12 List of abbreviations XV SBiH SDA SDP SDS ser SF SKS SNSD SOZ SPC StatBeCe TOS UN UNDP UNPROFOR UNSC USIP WB WCC WCRP WVS WW Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Stranka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu) Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije) Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne i Hercegovine) Serb Democratic Party (Српска демократска Странка) Serbian (српски) State Failure dataset League of Communists of Serbia (Savez komunista Srbije) Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Савез независних социјалдемократа) St. Sava Youth Community (Светосавска омладинска заједница) Serbian Orthodox Church (Српска Православна Црква) Statistics Consulting Center (Statistik Beratungs Centrum), Bielefeld University Territorial Defence of Slovenia (Teritorialna obramba Republike Slovenije) United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations Protection Force United Nations Security Council United States Institute for Peace World Bank World Council of Churches World Conference of Religions of Peace World Value Survey World War

13 Stylistic remarks and citation styles Idiosyncrasies Attentive readers will quickly notice the ongoing use of first person plural, for instance in sentences like we have to ask or in our study. Despite the fact that such wording is sometimes considered problematic in academic writing it is assumed to be patronizing or suggestive, it is the author s style of choice insofar as it marks a decent middle ground between German and English styles: Presumably in tribute to a rationalist approach to knowledge, the subject of German academic writing tends to be science itself, whereas in English texts, maybe due to the stronger roots in empiricism, the subject is a person. This peculiar difference is perhaps most obvious where axioms are formally introduced in German by it be (ger: Es sei), in English by assume that. In German, phrases that literally translate as this paper argues or the model proves are perfectly appropriate; in English, they usually are irritating because ever since the demise of metaphysics papers and models are no longer considered to be self-conscious. On the other hand, a literal translation of in this paper, I argue or using this model, I prove into German often appears overly bold and showman-ish given that a scientific argument is supposed to be sound for everybody. Second, our use of or and either... or as different connectors is very strict: When we write a or b, the or is adjunctive; when we write either a or b, the either... or signals a disjunction. For example: Adjunction: I will meet you on Friday or on Saturday. = I will meet you on Friday or on Saturday or on Friday and on Saturday. Disjunction: I will meet you either on Friday or on Saturday. = I will meet you on Friday or on Saturday but not on Friday and on Saturday. Thus, we avoid expressions like and/or or a or b or both altogether if or stands alone, these are already implied. Third, we use a serial comma in coordinating conjunctions to resolve ambiguity. For example, in a structure like religion, war and peace, and inequality, war and peace are meant to be grouped together.

14 XVIII Stylistic remarks and citation styles Fourth, when we refer to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the form of an adjective, we write Bosnian instead of Bosnian and Herzegovinian. While this use of Bosnian is inaccurate, it makes the text much more readable. To reiterate, this only concerns the use of Bosnian as an adjective. For the substantive, we are generally using the abbreviation BiH when referring to the country and Bosnia only in regard to the region. Citation styles References to data from the Frist-surveys use the questionnaire ID, e.g. (q007), (q123), (q438) or the number of the question, e.g. (S1), (S4a), (G1), (G12), where S stands for the sociodemographic part of the questionnaire and G for the part on credibility (ger: Glaubwürdigkeit ). References to interviews of representatives of the Frist-focus groups use the interview ID and a time stamp. The ID consists of the name of the respective organization in short form where applicable and a serial number indicating the specific representative, e.g. (IZ 4), (SPC 2), (KC 2), (JZ 7). The time stamp will be given in the form of (min:sec) where appropriate, e.g. (12.32), (02.05), (45.33). A full reference will look like this: (Frist-JZ 3:03.00). Interview citations include standarized transcription symbols. Quotes will be given either in English for interviews where an official translation is available (members of Frist-MRV) or in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (bhs) where this is not the case (members of Frist-Caritas, Frist-Merhamet, and Frist-SOZ). All interviews were analyzed in their original language(s), so the primary codes and quotations lists in the habitus analysis codebooks (Seibert 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, 2014e) always refer to documents in bhs. References to semantic fields and categories of praxeological operators are given in SMALL CAPITAL LETTERS. For example, RELIGION stands for a concept of the actors at stake, which might cover only a subset of what we think of when we talk about religion. It is worth noting that we are not visually differentiating between semantic fields and categories, and we also do not rely on visual aids to relate specific praxeological operators to their respective focus groups; instead, these connections are usually obvious and otherwise will be made clear in

15 Stylistic remarks and citation styles XIX context so as not to overburden the text everywhere with methodological insignia that are only helpful in a few selected cases. Moreover, since the categorical classifications are unambiguous, the names of the categories already indicate which group they belong to (and if the same name is used for categories from different groups, it deliberately indicates similar connotations and denotations). For all other sources, the ASA citation style is used.