CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY Define relevant abbreviations at top: o o Crimes Act = Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) o D = accused, V = victim

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1 CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY Define relevant abbreviatins at tp: Crimes Act = Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) D = accused, V = victim All statutry sectins refer t Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) unless therwise stated. Prsecutin has legal burden t prve all elements f ffence beynd reasnable dubt (Wlmingtn v DPP) PHYSICAL ELEMENT What is the kind f the physical element? Cnduct: Omissin? Results f Cnduct: Causatin! Vlitin (Ryan) is presumed in absence f cntrary evidence (R v Falcner) T displace: Accidental Reflex actin Autmatism (state f impaired cnsciusness)! sane v insane Self-induced intxicatin (s 428G Crimes Act) FAULT ELEMENT Intentin t bring abut the results r cnsequences f the cnduct. (La Fntaine) Small chance f causing result (Lenard v Mrris) Nt intended victim (R v Saunders) Crime taking effect in unfreseen r unintended manner (R v Michael) Mtive nt intentin, but can frm part f circumstantial evidence establishing it. Actual knwledge required? Recklessness: fresight that a cnsequence is pssible (prbable fr murder) result f cnduct (Pemble). Negligence: Seriusness f ffence v standard f care (NSW Sugar Milling C-p v EPA) Intxicatin Dutch curage (R v O Cnnr) s 428C intxicatin nly relevant fr specific intent s 428D self-induced intxicatin is irrelevant fr ffences f basic intent s 428E if acquitted f murder but still ptentially liable fr manslaughter s 428F reasnable persn test refers t sber reasnable persn Strict and abslute liability Presumptin f fault element (Sherras v De Rutzen) Displaced? (He Kaw Teh) Strict liability: mistake f fact (Prudman v Dayman), if nt mere ignrance (Maher v Mussn) hnestly held, based n reasnable grunds (Prudman v Dayman) regarding fact, nt law (He Kaw Teh) Mistake renders act inncent Abslute liability requires clear legislative intentin (R v Wampfter). CONCURRENCE Fault can be impsed: upn cntinuing act (Fagan) series f acts (Thab Meli) s nearly cntempranus (Jiminez)

2 HOMICIDE *Define relevant abbreviatins at tp: All statutry sectins refer t Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) unless therwise stated. Crimes Act = Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) NAI = nvus actus interveniens GBH = grievus bdily harm UDA = unlawful and dangerus act D = accused, V = alleged victim MURDER s 18(1) Crimes Act: Act/missin causing death f victim, with reckless indifference t human life, r with intent t kill r inflict grievus bdily harm. (life imprisnment (s 19A Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)) A. Intrductin Prsecutin must prve beynd reasnable dubt (DPP v Wlmingtn) that D intentinally/ recklessly cmmitted a vluntary act/missin causing V s death under s 45(1) Crimes Act; jurisdictin is NSW, given incident ccurred in, B. Actus Reus Prsecutin must prve D s act/missin f caused V s death (s 18(1)) Fr Taktak situatins, cause is cntinuing missin under duty t act. 1. Human being? Death? 2. Causatin (Expiratin perid f 1 year & 1 day after date f receiving injury) Substantial cause test is starting pint (Ryall) Reas. freseeable and nat. cnseq. test if pssible NAI.! free, deliberate and infrmed Pagett self preservatin r legal duty! Cnduct accelerating death Evans (N 2)! Ordinary natural frces Hallett! Victim s self cntributin Escaping vilence Ryall Refusing medical advice R v Hlland! Negligent medical treatment 3. Vlitin (Ryan) D must have caused V s death with reckless indifference t human life, r intent t kill r inflict grievus bdily harm (s 18(1)) Intxicatin: legislature shuld be taken as having intended that murder, in all f its frms, shuld cme within the peratin f s 428C (R v Grant) Intent t kill Need nt have intended exact mde/manner f death (R v Demirian) Transferred intent (s 18(1)(a)) sme persn Deceased need nt have been intended victim Intent t inflict grievus bdily harm Jury decides whether harm intended amunted t GBH (R v Watsn) GBH includes (s 4): destructin f fetus permanent r serius disfiguring grievus bdily disease Pemble really serius bdily injury, need nt be life-threatening Reckless indifference t human life (s 18(1)(a)) Knew/fresaw death was a prbable cnsequence f their actins must be substantial r real and nt remte ; likely and a gd chance are gd synnyms fr prbable (Bughey) Requirement f indifference unclear in NSW D. Cncurrence E. Defences

3 Prvcatin, Self-defence? HOMICIDE MANSLAUGHTER A. Intrductin Prsecutin must prve beynd reasnable dubt (DPP v Wlmingtn) that caused s death via UDA/CN (Wilsn); given incident ccurred in, jurisdictin is NSW. B. Actus Reus: Only the fault element f manslaughter differs frm murder (see s 18(1)(a)) Vluntary Manslaughter Due t partial defence fr murder, mitigating circumstances: Infanticide (s 22A) Prvcatin (s 23) Substantial impairment by abnrmality f mind (s 23A) Invluntary Manslaughter Entirely gverned by cmmn law in NSW (R v Lavender). Tw kinds f invluntary manslaughter, UDA, and criminal negligence. (Wilsn) Unlawful and Dangerus Act Unlawfulness Must prve each element, inc. requisite fault, f alleged unlawful act (R v Lamb). Sufficient Unlawfulness Includes: Attempted assault (Pemble), rbbery (Dawsn) Burglary (Watsn) Unlawful wunding (McCallum) Arsn (Gdfellw) Discharging firearm in a public place (Pemble) Supplying and aiding injectin f dangerus drug causing verdse (Cat) Breach f statutry r regulatry prhibitin must be illegal in itself (R v Pullman) Brader interpretatin, fcusing n element f danger (R v Cat) Dangerusness Must be frm the standpint f a reasnable persn in accused s psitin, an act carrying with it an appreciable risk f serius injury (Wilsn) Criminal Negligence Duty f Care General duty nt t cause harm (R v Dherty, implicit in Nydam) Omissins under duty t act: Family relatins (parent-child: R v Russell) Vluntary undertaking t care fr ne incapable f self-care (Taktak) Cunteract danger neself has created (R v Miller 1983 AC) Cntractual bligatin (Dytham [1979] Eng). Duty t prvide necessities (s 44) Breach! N requirement f maliciusness (R v Lavender)! Questin f fact fr the jury (Nydam) Grssly failed t uphld the standard f care f a reasnable persn in? s circumstances (R v Lavender) Omissins in undertakings t care A duty t care may be vluntarily assumed twards helpless persns (Taktak) If s, must take reasnably expeditius steps t btain lifesaving treatment (Taktak)

4 ASSAULT * Define relevant abbreviatins at tp: All statutry sectins refer t Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) unless therwise stated. Crimes Act = Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) ABH = actual bdily harm GBH = grievus bdily harm D = accused, V = alleged victim COMMON ASSAULT s 61 Crimes Act: Assault, nt ccasining actual bdily harm Liable t imprisnment fr tw years. " As n actual definitin f assault given in Crimes Act, must use cmmn law A. Intrductin Prsecutin must prve beynd reasnable dubt (DPP v Wlmingtn) that D recklessly/ intentinally: caused t apprehend immediate and unlawful vilence (Fagan) ; OR used unlawful frce against (Fagan); (agg. assault: + in circumstances f aggravatin) given incident ccurred in, jurisdictin is NSW. B. Actus Reus Define cnduct cnstituting assault Prsecutin must prve s caused/was Either by threat f frce r by use f frce (Fagan) Assault by threat f frce Cause V t apprehend immediate and unlawful persnal vilence (Fagan) Mde f making threats Victim s apprehensin Immediacy Cnditinal threats Assault by use f frce Use f unlawful frce against V withut cnsent (Fagan) Frce need nt be vilent (Cllins v Wilcck) Directness Using bjects, tuching clthes, spitting? Vlitin (Ryan) D s must have intentinally (Fagan) r recklessly (MacPhersn v Brwn) perfrmed the cnduct cnstituting the cmmn assault Intentin: Accused meant t perfrm the specified cnduct (eg. act creating apprehensin ) Recklessness: Fresight f pssibility f apprehensin /unlawful frce (R v Cleman) Intxicatin: s 428; cmmn (& ABH) assault is crime f basic intent (R v O Cnnr) AGGRAVATED ASSAULTS Remember t mentin alternative verdicts in cnclusin Particular class f peple? Plice fficers MP s public service, judiciary, thse serving curt dcuments Children, the helpless, clergy Aircraft crew, thse prtecting wrecked vessels Particular intentin? Discharging firearm etc. (s 33A) (specific intent (428B)) with intent t cause GBH

5 with intent t resist arrest ASSAULT Using r pssessing weapn (s 33B) (specific intent (428B)) t resist arrest r hinder investigatin with intent t cmmit indictable ffence Assault during large-scale public disrder (s 59A) either ccasining ABH r nt Causing dg t inflict ABH/GBH (s 59A) either ccasining ABH r nt With intent t cmmit murder (s 27) (specific intent (428B)) Intent t kill recklessness (Belfn) r intending GBH (Whybrw) insufficient Particular harm? ABH (s 59) Actus Reus Assault ccasining actual bdily harm (s 59) Ordinary meaning; mre than merely transient r trifling (Dnvn) Psychiatric injury must be identifiable clinical cnditins (R v Chan Fk) Occasining? Mens Rea Same as fr cmmn assault (Culter) N need t intend the specific injury r ABH, just unlawful frce. GBH s 33 causes GBH/wunding with intent s 35 Recklessly causes GBH/wunding aggravatin fr in cmpany s 54 causing GBH by any unlawful/negligent act/missin Actus Reus Wunding Breaking thrugh bth dermis and epidermis (R v Smith) Internal bruising insufficient (Eisenhwer) GBH Matter f fact fr jury (R v Watsn) Includes destructin f fetus, any permanent/serius disfiguring (s 4) Really serius bdily injury (DPP v Smith) Recgnisable psychiatric illness: (R v Chan Fk) IRELAND?? Causing Mens Rea s 33 intent t cause GBH r resist arrest (specific intent (428B), s intxicatin relevant) s 35 Reckless GBH/wunding fresight f pssibility that sme physical injury wuld result (Cleman; R v Stkes and Diffrd ) s 54 causing GBH by any unlawful r negligent act/missin Negligence: same as fr CN manslaughter (R v D) Unlawful act: same meaning as in manslaughter (R v Pullman) DEFENCES Self-defence Pwer f arrest Lawful crrectin Cnsent with gd reasn (eg. sprt, surgery, persnal adrnment, hrseplay)

6 SEXUAL ASSAULT * Define relevant abbreviatins at tp: All statutry sectins refer t Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) unless therwise stated. Crimes Act = Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) ABH = actual bdily harm GBH = grievus bdily harm D = accused, V = alleged victim SEXUAL ASSAULT s 61I Crimes Act: Sexual intercurse with anther withut their cnsent, knwing the ther persn did nt cnsent. Liable t imprisnment fr 14 years. A. Intrductin Prsecutin must prve beynd reasnable dubt (DPP v Wlmingtn) that had sexual intercurse with withut her/his cnsent, knwing that she/he did nt cnsent (s 61I); given incident ccurred in, jurisdictin is NSW. B. Actus Reus Sexual Intercurse (s 61I) Sexual cnnectin t any extent (s 61H) Except penetratin fr prper medical purpses Includes ral, anal sex and using bjects r any bdy part Includes cntinuatin f sexual intercurse Withut Cnsent (s 61I) Cnsent = freely and vluntary agrees t sexual intercurse (s 61HA(2)) Irrelevant: being married (s 61T), nt ffering actual physical resistance (s 61HA(7)) Autmatically negated by: (s 61HA(4)) Uncnscius/asleep, under-age, cgnitive incapacity Threats against any persn; unlawful detaining Mistaken belief as t identity, being married, abut nature f act (eg. fr medical purpses) induced by fraudulent means! Des nt include matter antecedent t sex r an inducing cause (Papadimitrpuls) May be negated by: (s 61HA(6)) Substantial intxicatin by alchl r any drug Intimidatry/cercive cnduct, r ther threat, nt invlving frce Abuse f a psitin f authrity r trust Evidence abut sexual reputatin is inadmissible (s 293 Criminal Prcedure Act) Exceptins: evidence directly relevant t ffence itself rather than t character f V Vlitin (Ryan) D must have knwn that V did nt cnsent t sexual intercurse (s 61I) Jury must cnsider all circumstances f the case: (s 61HA(3)) Including any steps taken t ascertain whether ther persn cnsents Nt including any self-induced intxicatin Requisite knwledge if: (s 61HA(3)) Reckless as t whether ther persn cnsents! Fresight f pssibility (Cleman)! Includes culpable inadvertence (R v Tlmie) Has n reasnable grunds fr believing ther persn cnsents! DPP v Mrgan has been reversed

7 SEXUAL ASSAULT AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ASSAULT Remember t mentin alternative verdicts in the cnclusin Definitins ABH: Must be mre than merely transient r trifling, thugh nt permanent (Dnvn) Weapn: Includes any bject threatened/used by D fr ffensive purpses (s 4) In cmpany: Must share cmmn purpse and have cercive effect (Buttn & Griffen) Cgnitive impairment: requiring supervisin r scial habilitatin with regard t daily life activities (s 61H) Under authrity: In the care, r under the supervisin/authrity, f the ther persn (s 61H) Circumstances f aggravatin Intentinally/recklessly inflicts ABH n anyne present/nearby at the time f, r immediately befre/after, the cmmissin f sexual assault Use ASSAULT summary t prve help prve this (equivalent t s 59) Threatens t inflict ABH by means f an ffensive weapn/instrument n anyne present/nearby at the time f, r immediately befre/after, the cmmissin f sexual assault D deprives V f their liberty fr perid befre/after cmmissin f the ffence In the cmpany f thers D breaks and enters int any building with intentin f cmmitting ffence r any ther serius indictable ffence (sentence > 5 yrs: s 4) V under authrity f D (either generally r at time f ffence) V has serius physical disability V has cgnitive impairment V under 16 yrs f age Offences s 61J Aggravated sexual assault Cmmitting sexual assault in circumstances f aggravatin (20 yrs) s 61JA Aggravated sexual assault in cmpany * Cmmitting sexual assault bth in the cmpany f thers and ne f the first 3 circumstances f aggravatin abve (life sentence) s 61K Assault with intent t have sexual intercurse One f the first 2 circumstances f aggravatin abve with intent t have sexual intercurse (20 years) Child sexual abuse Cnsent nt a defence (s 77) s 66A Sexual intercurse with child under 10 (25 years; aggravated, s 66A(2): life) s 66C Sexual intercurse with child btw (p. 93; yrs) s 66EA Persistent sexual abuse f a child (25 years, p. 95) 3 r mre ccasins f sexual ffences twards particular child s 73 Sexual intercurse with child btw under special care (4 8 years) Fr step-parent, schl-teacher t pupil, instructr with persnal relatinship, health prfessinal t patient, custdial fficer t inmate (s 73(3)) s 66F Cgnitive impairment (p. 96) Cnsent nt defence, unless D married t V r unaware f cgnitive impairment (ss 6, 7) Indecency Fr cgnitively impaired (s 66F(6)) r under-aged (s 77), cnsent is nt a defence s 61L Indecent assault Assaulting smene and cmmitting an act f indecency (5 yrs) s 61M Aggravated (7 /10 yrs) s 61N Act f indecency Cmmits an act f indecency, r incites V t an act f indecency with/twards D! V under 16 yrs f age (2 yrs); therwise (18 mnths) s 61O Aggravated (3/5 yrs)