Migration and Remittances Profiles

Transcription

1 Discussion Document MiRPAL and World Bank Migration and Remittances Profiles Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan October

2 Summary The profiles of migration and in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan have been prepared as part of the Migration and Remittances Peer Assisted Learning Network (MiRPAL). These profiles attempt to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and as well as information on regulations on migration and. The goal of these profiles is to promote improvement in data collection, monitoring of migration and remittance trends, as well as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders working on migration and. The country profiles cover the following areas: (1) Migration stocks and flows; (2) Remittances flows and channels; and (3) Regulations and institutions pertaining to migration and. These profiles will be updated annually using the latest available national and international sources. This profile was developed with support by the World Bank s Europe and Central Asia Region Migration and Remittances Peer Assisted Learning (MiRPAL) Network. Thanks to Ani Silwal for excellent assistance in preparation of the country profiles. We are grateful to MiRPAL participants during workshops conducted during MiRPAL video conference of July 11 for inputs into the profiles. Thanks to staff who provided country specific comments: Tigran Kostanyan (Armenia), Maryna Sidarenka (Belarus), Ilya Sarsenov (Kazakhstan), Bakyt Dubashov (Kyrgyz Republic), Iaroslav Baclajanschi (Moldova), Olga Emelyanova (Russia), Salman Zaidi (Tajikistan), Svetlana Budagovskaya (Ukraine). In addition we acknowledge comments and suggestions by Borko Handjiski, IIulia Mironova, Dilip Ratha and Sanket Mohapatra. Editorial support for this report was provided by Mismake Galatis and Helena Makerenko. Any questions regarding this profile should be directed to R. Sudharshan Canagarajah (scanagarajah@worldbank.org) who task managed this product. 2

3 Preface The Europe and Central Asia region is the largest migration hub in the developing world, with an estimated 43 million migrants living outside their countries of birth in Several countries in the region, including Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova, are among the top 10 countries in the world in terms of ratio of to GDP. Despite of the large volumes of migration and remittance flows and their importance for poverty reduction, labor markets and macroeconomic management, severe gaps continue to persist in the availability of reliable and high frequency data on migration and for both migrant sending and receiving countries in the region. Previous efforts to create migration profiles by various national and international agencies have typically been one off (mostly donor funded) efforts that relied on different methodologies and collected data that are often not comparable across countries or over time, and do not have any institutional mechanism for regular updating. The World Bank supported the Migration and Remittances Peer Assisted Learning (MiRPAL) knowledge partnership to compile Migration and Remittance Profiles for nine countries in the CIS region (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan). The country led approach for this study leverages upon the well established MiRPAL network that brings together various government and non government actors that involved in migration in the CIS region. The MiRPAL participants include ministries and departments responsible for labor, employment, migration and diaspora affairs, central banks, statistical bureaus, research institutions, private sector, and civil society, among others. The profiles will provide the latest available data and information that could potentially result in a comprehensive and policy relevant knowledge base on migration and for the CIS region. The objectives of this exercise are several: (a) to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and that are updated at least annually; (b) to use a variety of national and international sources, both within and outside the CIS region; (c) to provide a means to reconcile data on migration and within CIS countries including data collected by government agencies, censuses, household surveys, balance of payments statistics, reporting by commercial banks and money transfer companies; (d) to promote bilateral exchanges of information between migrant sending and receiving countries; and (e) to provide regular updates on the regulatory regime for migration and in both sending and receiving countries in the CIS region so as to better inform policy makers. The country led migration and profiles for the CIS regions include three major components: (i) Migration data; (ii) Remittances data; and (iii) Regulations and institutions for migration and. Each component includes several sub components that include quantitative indicators and tables that can be integrated into a common database; a clear description of each data source reported ( metadata ); and the flexibility to include alternative data sources when available. In cases where there is a disagreement among two different data sources that are considered reliable, both sets of estimates are presented in the profile. Descriptive questions, for example, on regulations governing migration and, are harmonized to the extent possible to ensure comparability across the nine MiRPAL countries, but are sufficiently flexible to accommodate more detailed information (for example, on the profile of immigrants and emigrants from household surveys). The information has been collected using a harmonized data collection template to ensure consistency, coverage and comparability across countries and eventually over time. 3

4 We hope that the first version of the Regional Migration and Remittances Profiles released in October 2011 will serve as a first step in improving the reporting and availability of data and information on migration and for the CIS region in future. We welcome your comments to improve the quality and coverage of information reported in this document. These will be incorporated to the extent feasible in this document, and in future versions of the regional migration and profiles. Sudharshan Canagarajah MiRPAL Coordinator Lead Economist, ECA Region The World Bank 4

5 Armenia (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation Ukraine 53.2 Azerbaijan 42.6 Georgia 17.8 EU Germany 15.5 France 14.5 Spain 12.4 Greece 8.8 Other United States 77.2 Israel 16.5 Other countries Total Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Stock of emigrants from Armenia by destination and educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total America 4,009 18,170 23,737 45,915 Europe (including EU15) 7,239 3,684 5,544 16,467 EU15 6,812 2,960 4,784 14,556 Asia and Oceania Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March

6 Table 3: Emigration of physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Armenia Medical Brain Drain , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration ( ). February Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign born, thousands) Origin Immigrant stock CIS Azerbaijan Georgia 75.8 Russian Federation 33.0 Ukraine 4.9 Uzbekistan 2.2 EU Greece 3.4 Other Iran, Islamic Rep Syrian Arab Rep. 6.1 Turkey 3.7 Lebanon 2.1 Other countries 10.5 Total Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook Note: This data is based on Armenia Census 2001 (via UN Population Division) 6

7 Table 5: Gender and age distribution of immigrants in Armenia, 2001 (persons) Age Group Male Female Total 0 9 4,710 4,342 9, ,097 11,426 22, ,017 14,395 25, ,813 22,254 37, ,673 35,214 59, ,649 24,709 41, ,367 56,039 90,406 Total 117, , ,705 Source: Armenia Census 2001 (via UN Population Division) Migration flows Table 6: Migration flows (annual) (thousands) Year Immigrants Emigrants Total CIS Other countries Total CIS Other countries Total CIS Other countries Total CIS Other countries Total CIS Other countries Source: Statistical Yearbook of Armenia 2010, National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. 7

8 Table 7: Age and gender of migrant flows (percent) Immigrants Emigrants Year Age Male Female Male Female Total Total Total Total Total Source: Statistical Yearbook of Armenia 2010, National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. Refugee population Table 8: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Armenia Country of origin: Armenia Refugees 3,607 18,000 People in refugee like situations Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 3,607 18,000 Asylum seekers (pending cases) 39 4,081 Returned refugees IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations Returned IDPs Stateless persons Various 82,231 82,231 Total population of concern 85, ,312 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010). 8

9 (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 9: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Workers' Compensation of employees Inflows Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Outflows Compensation of employees (US $, millions) Migrants' transfers Migra nt remitt ances 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 10: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows Workers' Compensation Migrants' Migrant of employees transfers Workers' (US $, millions) Outflows Compensation Migrants' of employees transfers Migrant , Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 9

10 Table 11: Non commercial money transfers including non repayable transfers of individuals which are used for current needs as well as salary sent to and received from abroad (US$, millions) Non commercial inflows Non commercial outflows Total Russian Fed. USA Total Russian Fed. USA Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Source: Central Bank of Armenia. Table 12: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Outflows Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Armenia * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world. Channels of remittance flows Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable. 10

11 Remittance costs Table 13: Cost of sending to Armenia (percent) Cost of sending $200 Cost of sending $ Q Q Q Q Q Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database. (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and Table 14: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Territorial Administration; Passport and Visa Department of the Police Immigration regulations and laws Not available Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants Visitor visa (V), Official visa (O), Diplomatic visa (D), Transit visa (Tr) Types of occupations in which immigrants Not available are allowed Immigration regulations and laws Nationals of the following countries can apply for a visitor visa by invitation only: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, except for Hong Kong and Macao, Egypt, India, Iraq, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Viet Nam. Emigration topic Monitoring and registration systems for emigration Emigration laws Restrictions on emigration Cost of passports and visas Dual citizenship Regulation Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Legal Department, Consular Department, Migration Desk) The Government Programme for 2007 addresses the issues of migration and diaspora in Sections Diaspora and Migration. Not available Visa cost depends on visa type: sa_fee.pdf Allowed ( eng.pdf) 11

12 Table 15: Regulations pertaining to migration Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and Final compiler of in BOP is National Statistical regulating Service (NSS). But data is collected by Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Some part of surveys are also conducted by CBA. All this data is sent to National Statistical Service for inclusion into BOP. Types of private sector firms allowed to banks, money transfer agencies perform inward and outward remittance transactions Reporting requirement for data by commercial banks and other types of remittance service providers Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Anti money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements Total remittance transaction amount; country of source/destination of Only money transfer operators, commercial banks, and post offices are allowed to send/receive money transfers Compliance with AML/CFT regulation introduced in September

13 Belarus (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation Ukraine Kazakhstan 55.6 Lithuania 35.5 Latvia 11.5 Estonia 10.8 EU Poland Germany 29.1 Other Israel 49.2 United States 32.0 Other countries 0.2 Total 1,765.9 Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook Table 2: Stock of Belarussian emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total America 2,613 6,984 21,712 31,308 Europe (including EU15) 64,050 31,548 21, ,146 EU15 5,424 2,322 3,706 11,452 Asia and Oceania Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March

14 Table 3: Emigration of Physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Belarus Medical Brain Drain , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Bhargava, Alok, F. Docquier and Y. Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration ( ). February Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign nationals, thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation Ukraine Armenia 6.1 Georgia 1.8 Other countries Total 1,090.4 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook Table 5: Immigrant stock in 1999 by gender and age group (foreign born, thousands) Age group Male Female Total Total ,140 Source: Belarus Census 1999 via UN Global Migration Database. 14

15 Migration flows Table 6: Flows of international migrants, persons Immigrants Emigrants Age group , , , ,020 1,112 1,645 1, ,756 1,475 2,856 1,694 1,766 1, ,531 1,106 1,980 1,616 1,666 1, , ,519 1,214 1, ,367 1,035 1,325 1, , , , , , , , ,324 1,081 1, Total 25,943 13,031 19,892 13,812 11,082 7,643 Source: Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus ( Belarus in Figures Refugee population Table 7: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Belarus Country of origin: Belarus Refugees 589 5,743 People in refugee like situations Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 589 5,743 Asylum seekers (pending cases) Returned refugees IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations Returned IDPs Stateless persons 7,731 Various Total population of concern 8,386 6,482 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010) 15

16 (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 8: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees (US $, millions) Outflows Migrants' transfers Migrant 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions) Inflows Outflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 16

17 Table 10: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Outflows Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Belarus * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world. Channels of flows providers Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable. Remittance costs Table 11: Cost of sending to Belarus from Russia (percent) Amount sent=> $200 $ Q Q Q Q Q Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database. (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and Table 12: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Department of citizenship and migration Immigration regulations and laws Law of the Republic of Belarus # as of On legal status of foreign citizens and persons without citizenship in the Republic of Belarus Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants B transit visa C short term visa (valid for 90 days) D long term visa (valid for 1 year allows up to 90 days of stay) Types of occupations in which immigrants Yes are allowed 17

18 Emigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for emigration Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Department of citizenship and migration Restrictions on emigration Law of the Republic of Belarus # 49 3 as of On procedures of entry and exit of citizens of the Republic of Belarus from the Republic of Belarus Cost of passports and visas Not available Dual citizenship Not allowed Table 13: Regulations pertaining to Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and National Bank of the Republic of Belarus ( regulating Types of private sector firms allowed to Money transfer firms (Western Union, MoneyGram, etc) perform inward and outward remittance transactions Reporting requirement for data Reporting requirements exist but are different by type of by commercial banks and other types of provider. remittance service providers Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Not available Anti money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements Law of the Republic of Belarus # as of On anti money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism 18

19 Kazakhstan (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation 2,648.3 Ukraine Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 18.8 Kyrgyz Republic 6.2 Latvia 11.1 EU Germany 75.1 Other Israel 79.3 United States 11.9 Canada 7.5 Other countries Total 3,719.8 Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Emigrants from Kazakhstan by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total Emigrants (America) 39 1,512 7,187 8,738 Emigrants (Europe) 12,526 4,458 10,596 27,580 Emigrants (EU15) 11,370 2,492 8,988 22,850 Emigrants (Asia and Oceania) Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March

20 Table 3: Emigration of Physicians, stocks Number of physician Year emigrants Number of physicians in Kazakhstan Medical Brain Drain , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration ( ). February Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock as of 2010 (foreign nationals, thousands) Origin Immigrant stock CIS Russian Fed. 2,226.7 Ukraine Uzbekistan Belarus 55.6 Azerbaijan 38.9 Tajikistan 12.8 Moldova 9.7 EU Germany Poland 23.5 Other Turkey 37.7 Other countries 42.6 Total 3,079.5 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on the 1999 Kazakhstan Census. Kazakhstan conducted a census in 2009, whose results on migrants are not yet available. 20

21 Migration flows Table 5: Migration flows (thousands) Year Immigrants Emigrants Source: Statistical Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Refugee population Table 6: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Kazakhstan Country of origin: Kazakhstan Refugees 714 3,640 People in refugee like situations 3,692 0 Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 4,406 3,632 Asylum seekers (pending cases) Returned refugees 0 0 IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations 0 0 Returned IDPs 0 0 Stateless persons 7,966 0 Various 0 0 Total population of concern 12,686 4,378 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010) 21

22 (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 7: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees (US $, millions) Outflows Migrants' transfers Migrant 2008 Q Q Q , Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 8: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions) Inflows Outflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,021.0 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 22

23 Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Outflows Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Kazakhstan * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world. Channels of flows providers Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable. Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending to Kazakhstan (percent) Cost of sending $200 Cost of sending $ Q Q Q Q Q Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database (3) Regulations pertaining to migration & Table 11: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan (portal.mfa.kz) Immigration regulations and laws Not available Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants Transit, tourist, diplomatic/official, business, private visa for prospective adoptive parents. Types of occupations in which immigrants Not available are allowed Emigration topic Institutions responsible for emigration Restrictions on emigration Cost of passports and visas Dual citizenship Regulation Not available Not available Not available No 23

24 Table 12: Regulations pertaining to Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and National Bank of Kazakhstan (nationalbank.kz) regulating Types of private sector firms allowed to Not available perform inward and outward remittance transactions Reporting requirement for data Not available by commercial banks and other types of remittance service providers Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Not available Anti money laundering and combating the Not available financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements 24

25 Kyrgyz Republic (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation Ukraine 30.1 Kazakhstan 5.4 Tajikistan 3.6 Latvia 2.8 EU Germany 11.4 Other Israel 21.4 United States 3.1 Turkey 2.0 Canada 1.4 Other countries 65.0 Total Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Stock of Kyrgyz emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total America ,307 1,555 Europe (including EU15) 1, ,532 3,862 EU15 1, ,437 3,672 Asia and Oceania Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March

26 Table 3: Emigration of physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Kyrgyz Republic Medical Brain Drain , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration ( ). February Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign nationals, thousands) Origin Immigrant stock CIS Uzbekistan 96.7 Russian Federation 87.8 Ukraine 7.3 Kazakhstan 6.2 Tajikistan 6.2 EU Germany 3.1 Other Turkey 4.8 Other countries 10.5 Total Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on the 1999 Azerbaijan Census. 26

27 Table 5: Immigrant stock in 1999 by gender and age group (foreign born, thousands) Age group Male Female Total Total Source: Kyrgyz Republic Census 1999 via UN Global Migration Database. Migration flows Information on arrivals and departures of migrants for Kyrgyz Republic is currently unavailable. Refugee population Table 6: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Kyrgyz Republic Country of origin: Kyrgyz Republic Refugees 508 2,744 People in refugee like situations 1,950 0 Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 2,458 2,744 Asylum seekers (pending cases) 554 1,575 Returned refugees 0 0 IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations 80,000 80,000 Returned IDPs 200, ,000 Stateless persons 21,157 0 Various 0 0 Total population of concern 304, ,319 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010). 27

28 (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 7: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Workers' Compensation of employees Inflows Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Outflows Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers (US $, millions) Migrant 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 8: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows (US $, millions) Outflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant , , , , Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 28

29 Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Outflows Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Kyrgyz Republic * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world. Channels of flows Table 10: Remittances made through the money transfer systems* (US $, millions) Inflows , ,253 CIS countries Kazakhstan Russia , ,164 Others Foreign countries Belgium Great Britain Germany USA Others Outflows CIS countries Kazakhstan Russia Others Foreign countries Belgium Germany USA Others * Аnelik, Blizko, Contact, Migom, MoneyGram, Western Union, Unistream, Zolotaya Korona, Leader, Bystraya pochta, Allure and other transfer systems and transfers through the State Enterprise "Kyrgyzpochtasy". Source: International transactions reporting system, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic ( 29

30 Remittance costs Table 11: Cost of sending to Kyrgyz Republic from Russia (percent) Amount sent=> $200 $ Q Q Q Q Q Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and Table 12: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic ( Immigration regulations and laws Not available Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants Not available Types of occupations in which immigrants Not available are allowed Emigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for emigration Not available Restrictions on emigration Not available Cost of passports and visas Not available Dual citizenship Yes (since 2007) Table 13: Regulations pertaining to Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic ( regulating Types of private sector firms allowed to State owned banks, private commercial banks, and post perform inward and outward remittance offices. transactions Reporting requirement for data by commercial banks and other types of remittance service providers Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Anti money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements Monthly reports on the amount of total flows, country, instrument, and code of correspondent bank. Not available Not available 30

31 Moldova (1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation Ukraine Kazakhstan 9.7 EU Italy 89.2 Romania 39.1 Spain 17.6 Germany 17.4 Greece 7.4 Other United States 25.3 Israel 21.3 Other countries 91.0 Total Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Stock of Moldovan emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons) Destination Low Medium High Total America 1,641 4,185 9,813 15,639 Europe (including EU15) 6,834 4,546 4,547 15,927 EU15 6,605 4,004 4,214 14,823 Asia and Oceania Note: Low primary or 0 8 years of education; Medium secondary or 9 12 years of education; High tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment Release 1.1. March

32 Table 3: Emigration of physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Moldova Medical Brain Drain , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Bhargava, A., F. Docquier and Y. Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration( ). February Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign born population, thousands) Origin Immigrant stock Ukraine Russian Federation Bulgaria 42.9 Belarus 2.6 Others 25.1 Total Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook Note: This data is based on nationality data in the Moldova Annual Statistics Table 5: Immigrant stock in 2004 (foreign born persons) Country Male Female Total CIS Ukraine 32,241 49,064 81,305 Russian Federation 28,209 47,047 75,256 Kazakhstan 2,785 3,800 6,585 Belarus 1,465 2,760 4,225 Romania ,716 Uzbekistan ,343 Azerbaijan ,252 Georgia ,185 EU 53.2 Germany ,142 Italy Other 3,378 3,237 6,615 Total 71, , ,935 Source: Moldova Census 2004 (via 32

33 Migration flows Table 6: Emigration flows to OECD countries (annual) Destination Spain 1,250 9,094 16,846 United States ,293 Sweden Norway Finland Australia Other OECD Source: OECD s International Migration Database. Accessed: June 2, Table 7: Emigrant flows by country of destination, persons CIS Ukraine ,067 Russia 1,161 1, Belarus Kazakhstan EU Germany Czech republic Italy Romania Others USA Israel Other countries Total 2,968 3,093 2,193 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova ( Note: flows data appear to severely underestimate emigrant stocks Table 8: Immigrant flows by year and purpose of arrival, persons For work For studies Family immigration Total , , , , , , , , , , ,100 2, , ,512 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova ( Note: flows data appear to severely underestimate emigrant stocks 33

34 Refugee population Table 8: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Moldova Country of origin: Moldova Refugees 141 5,925 People in refugee like situations Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 141 5,925 Asylum seekers (pending cases) Returned refugees IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations Returned IDPs Stateless persons 2,014 Various Total population of concern 2,207 6,664 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010). (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 9: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees (US $, millions) Outflows Migrants' transfers Migrant 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 34

35 Table 10: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions) Workers' Compensati on of employees Inflows Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensati on of employees Outflows Migrants' transfers Migrant , , , , , , Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database. * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 11: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Inflows Outflows Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Moldova. * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world. 35

36 Remittances flows through different types of remittance service providers Table 12: Money Transfers from Abroad Made in Favor of Natural Persons (US$ million) Quarter I Quarter II Quarter III Quarter IV Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS Note: IMTS International Money Transfer Systems operating in Moldova. Money transfers made to residents and nonresidents via banks in Moldova. Source: National Bank of Moldova ( Remittance costs Table 13: Cost of sending to Moldova from Russia (percent) from Germany (percent) from Italy (percent) Amount sent=> $200 $500 $200 $500 $200 $ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database. (3) Regulations pertaining to migration & Table 14: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Monitoring and registration systems for immigration: Bureau on Migration and Asylum, Ministry of Interior ( Immigration regulations and laws Not available Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants Diplomatic, Business, Simple, Tourist, Transit ( Types of occupations in which immigrants Foreign citizens and stateless persons who want to engage in are allowed employment in the Republic of Moldova must obtain work permit from the National Agency for Employment of the Ministry of Economy. ( 36