Who Have Killed Khmer People until today?

Transcription

1 Who Have Killed Khmer People until today? 17-April-1975 to 17-April

2 Khmer National Liberation Front Degnebakken 92, 3390, Hundested, Denmark (+45) Copyright 2016 Khmer National Liberation Front All rights reserved Printed in Denmark First Published in 2016 Serey Sam is a president of the Khmer National Liberation Front and is an author of this book. He is a political prisoner and was sentenced 9 years in absentia. His younger brother and his colleagues have been detained and imprisoned ranged from 5-8 years. Khmer National Liberation Front is an international democratic advocacy organization, which represents the voice of victims and has been working peacefully based on the international law and Paris Peace Agreement 1991 to find peace, freedom and democracy for Cambodia. The Khmer National Liberation Front is affiliated with the democratic countries and the human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch, UN watch, Amnesty International, UNHCR and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva. Khmer National Liberation Front have been established since 2012 in Denmark. There are around 6000 members around the globe including Cambodia, Thailand, the United States of America, Australia, Denmark, Norway, Netherland, Switzerland, Canada, South Korea, New Zealand, France and Belgium. For more information, please visit our website: or I

3 Contents Preface... 1 Acknowledgement... 5 Background... 6 Introduction Part I The Empirical Analyse of Political context concerning Genocide I. Origin of Communist in Cambodia II. Indochinese War I III. Indochinese War II or Vietnam War IV. The root of Khmer genocide V. The genocide in Cambodia VI. The Vietnamese invasion VII. The Paris Peace Agreement VIII. The democracy during UNTAC mandate IX. The democracy in Cambodia has declined X. Part II The Continuous Human Rights Violation under Hun Sen s regime 1. Crimes against humanity, Murdering and Extra judicial Killing The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 violation Repression over freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and political rights Force eviction and Land grabbing Poverty Corruption Human Trafficking Khmer Rouge Tribunal Deforestation and national resource exploitation Illegal immigrants and Vietnamese spies II

4 11. Imprisonment of KNLF s members and political dissidents The future of Cambodia Party III Recommendations toward true democracy I. What do Khmer people want? II. How can Khmer help Khmer? III. What do the people in the region Khmer, Khmer Krom, Hmong and Cham do? IV. What do EU, UN, Denmark and USA help Khmer victims? V. Khmer must lead the country through the true Principle of democracy Legislative The Court The executive power The medias Corruption elimination Increasing the standard living of people The Political Parties National Election Committee VI. Conclusion References III

5 Preface This book is a result of conducting empirical research in association with the genocide, crimes against humanity and the human rights violations in Cambodia, which have occurred since It aims to indicate the truth and the mystery, which took place in Cambodia to the people around the wold. I wish also to clarify the doubt of the people about the killing fields. Many people wonder about who have killed Khmer people and who were behind the killing field? Those victims are mostly pro-democracy Khmer people and the others such as Hmong, Cham and Khmer Krom. No perpetrators who are the top leaders or their mastermind have been brought to justice and responsible for the genocide until today. Despite ECCC has been processing the cases. Furthermore, these crimes against humanity and human rights violation continue to happen in Cambodia today. Therefore, I devoted my times to conducting this research concerning these complicated issues in this country at least to provide justice to the victims of this region who were killed, murdered, imprisoned, tortured and persecuted. Due to long-lasting controversial political conflict in this region, I have just decided to do the empirical analyse only the last three decades in association with genocide and the leadership of Hun Sen s dictatorship regime. Basing on qualitative research from the secondary data of the relevant evidences and documents together with my personal experiences in politics over 10 years found that the genocide, crimes against humanity and human rights violation were impacted by the policy of Indochinese Communist Party. China led by Mao Tze Tung and Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh, who spread their communist ideology in Southeast Asia. Firstly, they spread into Cambodia by their followers such as Pol Pot s regime and Hun Sen s regime (Leslie Fielding, 2008). Their ideology is teaching the people to use violence and repress the rights and freedom of people. Obviously, They committed crimes against humanity and genocide in Cambodia that caused more than 2 million of Khmer people deaths and hundreds of thousands of people diaspora to the world such as Australia, Thailand, Malaysia,USA, Canada, Switzerland, New Zealand, France, Germany, Belgic, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Netherland and so on. The results also indicated that they targeted on pro- 1

6 democracy Khmer or anyone who oppose against the policy of Indochinese Communist Party. The persons who oppose their policy considered as enemy, who would be imprisoned, tortured or killed. The people of this region have not yet received the justice, as they deserve so forth. On the contrary, those abusers and perpetrators are continuing to rule the country by committing crimes against humanity and violating the human rights until the present day. Those leaders are also former Khmer Rouge involved in the killing fields including Hun Sen, Hornam Hong and Heng Samrin and Keat Chhun (Human Rights Watch, 2015). By seeing the continuous repression, imprisonment, violence, corruption keep occurring in Cambodia (Human Rights Watch, 2015), I am one of the many other pro-democracy Khmer victims, who is aware all these problems, I could not ignore or close my eye to see the nonstop of their crimes against humanity, human rights violation and injustice in society. I heard the people s scream every day. They are crying and asking for help because the communist dictatorship regime Hun Sen and private companies have grabbed their land and force evicted. I just want to protect their rights and their lives as said in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We the Khmer people want to survive and live in peace and democracy like the people around the world as well. We Khmer people suffered enough under their policy. Why have they still killed and suppressed the people? The studies also found that a serious impact on the people in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia was a result of Vietnamese communist aggression supported by China, we can see that China exist huge populations (1300 millions) and they want to become a superpower in Asia and Vietnam (100 millions) want to have influence in Southeast Asia. They look at Cambodia as a good place for their citizens to live and strengthen their economy because Cambodia has a plenty of national resources (ore, woods and oil) to booster their economic development. In addition, Vietnam and China always support both regimes Pol Pot and Hun Sen s regime, which continue committing crimes against humanity, human rights violation, imprisoning, murdering, human trafficking, force evicting and land grabbing; deforestation, ore exploitation, corruption, and extrajudicial killing as happened nowadays. 2

7 I hope that this book will make our voice to draw the global attention on the human rights violation in Cambodia and the world will help and provide justice for all those victims. In particular, I pray for my younger brother and my colleagues to be released from the prison. This document will be also helpful for political actors or policy makers to consider and learn more about the strategies and tactics of Indochinese communist Party, which used to abuse the people in this region especially in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. We expect that there will be no further happened repeatedly in other countries. However, the unexpected error in this book might be existing, that only the writer myself who is responsible for it. This book divides into three Parts. The first Part I would do the political empirical analyse in particular the events involved in the Vietnam War and genocide in Cambodia. The second Part I will describes about the current human rights violation under Hun Sen s regime and the last part I will give recommendations for leading the country toward true democracy. 3

8 Map of Khmer Empire (12 th Century) Khmer National Liberation Front *Khmer Krom is also Khmer who have lived at the southern Vietnam, which is a part of Khmer empire territories. Khmer Empire divided into four parts (Eastern) Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Southern Vietnam 4

9 Acknowledgment I dedicate this book to all pro-democracy victims (Khmer, Khmer Krom, Hmong, Cham) in this region, who have been killed and under repression of Vietnamese Communist Party and its allies (Laos Communist People Party and Cambodian (Communist) People Party). A special thanks to UNHCR and Denmark and Danish citizens who have saved our lives so I can have a life to keep struggling for democracy in Cambodia. Thanks to all friends of democratic countries for their help and support. Thanks professors and friends that comment on this book and the Southern University of Denmark who provided me opportunity and documents to research. Thanks all members of Khmer National Liberation Front for their support and efforts. Finally, I want to thank to my family especially my wife and my lovely daughter for all their assistance and support. Over the years, she has devoted herself to help my work in difficult times. My father and my mother who gave me a birth. With this book, Who Have Killed Khmer People until Today I spent many years conducting research together my experiences in politics over 10 years. This book is also a key for a change to democracy in Cambodia. It is to inform the people around the world to know about the terrifying tragedy in Cambodia. It will indicate the real problems, strategy and tactics of Indochinese Communist Party and its allies that committed crime against humanity, genocide and violated human rights. Denmark, 17 th April 2016 Serey Sam 5

10 Background Serey Sam (original name was Yean Yeab) was born in 1977 in Choem Ksan village in the district of the same name. Here, when in his teens, a teacher advised him to register his birth year as 1980 for future career reasons. Serey was born into a poor farming family in isolated countryside in Preah Vihear province. In 2010, he and his family obtained UN quota asylum status as political refugees and settled in Denmark. Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979 and the Sam family fled to a Cambodian-Thai border camp because his father was in the Khmer resistance, in the Khmer People National Liberation Front (KPNLF) led by Soen Sann. At Ann Ses, Serey started primary school. In 1986, all refugees were moved to Site II camp in Thailand by the United Nations Border Relief Operation (UNBRO). There he went to junior High School and started learning English. He finished English Level VI in He was good at mathematics too. As a child, he was a hard-working student and he liked going to school very much. Sam Serey had a meeting with Danish Foreign Minister Martin Lidegaard at the Ministry of Foreign Affair on 6 June

11 In 1992, Serey and his family were repatriated to their village in Cambodia by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). After Serey worked as a farmer for a few years, he decided to go school again. He was a top student at that time. He passed the final exam in junior high school in 1995 and decided to continue his studies at high school in the capital of the province 90 km away. Here he met his wife, a classmate. He was the top student. He was awarded several prizes, so earning academic recognition in the province. At that time in 1998, he become a member of an opposition party as he wished to help the Cambodian people for democracy. He passed the High School leasing exam and moved to Phnom Penh to continue studying at the University. When Serey arrived in Phnom Penh, he went to Wat Unalom pagoda and asked the monks if he could stay while studying; he was allowed to stay in House 39 at the pagoda. Fortunately, he won a scholarship to study at the Royal University of Economics and Law. He taught English in private schools such as Hello, the New York Institute, the Asia Pacific International School, the NewTon Thilay Institute. He went to the library of the Institute for Democracy to read books; he was selected to join a course of Human Rights Law there. Meanwhile he had an idea to promote good leadership. In 2000, Serey and his friends started to organize a secret political network by planning to form an association in Cambodia with his friends. In 2002, he graduated from the University of Law and Economics. Then Serey was appointed as a lecturer at Wan Lan University, where he attended master s degree classes at the weekends in In 2003, he became the director of the International Institute for Developing Human Resources. In 2004, Hun Sen followed to arrest him in Cambodia. He escaped to Thailand in 2005, and his wife and siblings escaped later. 7

12 In Thailand, he continued his struggle to help the refugees there, although he was not safe and he had no money. He helped teach the monks who were students at Chulalongkon University. He also visited Cambodian people who had migrated to work in Thailand. After Serey set up his secret political network in Thailand and Cambodia, he and his colleagues travelled to find supporters among people in Thailand and Cambodia by asking them to sign a petition - around 6,000 people agreed that there should be a complaint to the international community and the UN about human rights violations in Cambodia. He wrote leaflets and sent copies via to people in Cambodia, and sometimes he let his friends in Cambodia distribute them to people both secretly and in public. Due to these activities, many of his friends, Vibol, Phon Samarth, Meng Hong and Khemara, were arrested and imprisoned in In 2013 and 2014, his younger brother and his around 20 members were arrested and imprisoned. He tried to bring the Cambodians in Thailand together, including refugees, monks, and migrant workers, to support freeing their country from the communist dictator Hun Sen and end Vietnamese colonisation. His political activities made Hun Sen s regime very angry and it took action against him, by charging him with treason, and they were hunting him to try to arrest him. Hun Sen s authorities tried to find him not only in Cambodia but also in Thailand. Serey did not know when he might be killed or arrested by Hun Sen s regime, so he decided to write books for the Cambodian people because he was worried about being arrested, and that there might be no one to continue the mission to free the country. If he were arrested, there would still be the books left to be read. With the help of his wife and sister, he has written five books: Khmer Leadership I and II, the Mystery of Cambodia, the Strategy of Propaganda, and Human Resource Management. Serey s case submitted to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) was rejected many times; he and his family could only survive thanks to food from monks and some aid from NGOs in Thailand. He 8

13 translated the film ( Who Killed Chea Vichea ) for Bradley Cox, US film-maker, in Bangkok. Fortunately, in 2010, the office of the UNHCR recognized the family as refugees and they were resettled in Denmark. Now that Serey is in Denmark, he continues the struggle for peace, freedom and democracy through teaching online and by posting articles on Facebook and online media and he went to learn Danish languages and study political science at Copenhagen Business School. He wishes to do a Ph.D program in Comparative Public Policy and Welfare Studies at Southern University of Denmark. He contacts Danish politicians to ask for their support by helping from his Danish friends. His friend helped him to contact Danish politicians for meetings, such as Danish parliament member Michael Aaustrup Jensen in April After that he met with Mikael Hemniti Winther, Danish Ambassador in Thailand, in On 12 December 2012, he and his groups established a registered political advocacy organization under the name of the Khmer National Liberation Front, of which he is the president. After this, he wrote letters to various leaders of democratic countries and some signatory countries to the Paris Peace Agreements, to inform them about the situation concerning human rights violations in Cambodia. He wrote letters also to the EU and the UN. Serey also filed a complaint against Hun Sen at the International Criminal Court. In 2013, Hun Sen s authorities arrested his brother and his colleagues. He sought intervention from international community for their release. However, there is no result so far. He met with the officer in the foreign ministry of Denmark responsible for Asian matters, Catherine Jensen, and met with the former foreign minister of Denmark, Per Stig Møller. He met also with a former member of the EP, Jens Peter Bonde and met with Walter Masur in Brussels in

14 On 6 June 2014, he met with the foreign minister of Denmark, Martin Lidegaard. He had a meeting with Danish ambassador to Thailand, Mikael Hemniti Winther, and a meeting with officials at the US embassy in Bangkok. He also had meetings with Phil Robertson, deputy director for Asia of Human Rights Watch, and with the senior officer of UNHCR. During his visit to Thailand. On 23 October 2014, 10 members were arrested and imprisoned. Hun Sen s agents were hunting him in Thailand. He got help from Danish embassy in Bangkok and some international organizations in order to be able leave Thailand. On 12 December 2014, by joining from other parties and KNLF has formed Cambodian National Constitutional Congress. This aims to approve new constitution in order to form Khmer Government in exile. In 2015, he wrote a letter to US ambassador in Denmark to express concerns about human rights violation and violation of Vietnam along the border. On 23 February, 2016, he attended the Geneva summit 2016 about human rights and democracy at the United Nations where he met with director of UN watch Mr. Noeil Meuller and former foreign minister of Canada. 10

15 Introduction Cambodia used to be a prosperous country in the Southeast Asian region, which was known as the Khmer empire in 12 th century. However, Cambodia has declined respectively since the 13 th century due to the policy of Chinese aggression, neighbouring invasion and internal conflict (Fielding, Leslie, 2007). Vietnam was freed from Chinese colony in 10 th century and they started to invade Champa and Khmer territories (Mitchel Hall, 2000). Siam emerged its state in 13 th century and did the same as well from the west. Cambodia left a small country like today. Cambodia is located in South East Asia, which exists approximately 181,035 square km. The western border is next to Thailand, while the northern is next to Thailand and Laos and the eastern is next to Vietnam. Cambodian population today is 15.6 million (UN, 2015) including the 4.5 million Vietnamese (33%) who are living illegally and legally in Cambodia (K.L Bindra, 2005). Some others are Vietnamese soldiers and espionages who camouflage into Khmer at the eastern part of Cambodia through the land concession in Ratanakiri (Radio Free Asia, 2016). Hun Sen also stated Vietnamese soldiers have stayed in Cambodia. Vietnamese soldiers have been controlling the important ministries of the current government in civilian, military and police. Actually, Cambodia exist a plenty of natural resources such as land, wood, minerals, ore, oil and much more. Since the Vietnamese communist has invaded and occupied Cambodia, all these resources have gone and it has almost gone out in the country. Vietnam used illegal treaties that they signed with Hun Sen, Chea Sim, Heng Samrin in 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985 and together with supplementary treaty which signed in October 2005 between Vietnam and the current Hun Sen s regime (Human Rights Watch, 2015). We can see that land conflict, land grabbing and force eviction have taken place across the country as of today. The people in Cambodia are currently afraid of the word development and investment. Due to using these words, Khmer people have faced with force evicting and land grabbing. The government provided licences to the private companies. 45% of concession land are provided to Vietnamese companies and last at least 99 years (Radio Free 11

16 Asia, 2015). It is a kind of Vietnamese neo-colony. Force eviction and land grabs seriously affect the standard living of the people, especially the poor while their lives are relying on the land. Their (farm and rice field) is the pot of the poor. Hundreds of thousands of Khmer people are forced to migrate and to work illegally in Thailand and Malaysia due to land conflict and debt. Hun Sen came into power in the 1980s and worked as minister of foreign affair. On 5-6 July 1997, Hun Sen made a bloody coup to take a power from Funcinpec Party and according to the UN reported that the extra-judicial killings were possible up to political motivated 60 persons deaths and many resulted in missing. the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Human Rights in Cambodia, Thomas Hammarberg: I strongly condemn the violent coup d'etat of 5-6 July which has displacedthe lawfully-elected government of Cambodia I am particularly concerned about the large loss of life and injury in the current violence. (Human Right Watch, 2015, p.41) In 1999, Cambodia became the full membership of ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nation), which was established on 8 August Cambodia used to be one time under Vietnamese control during the reign of King Ang Mey from 1835 to 1841 but during that time Khmer people could stand up and free themselves from Vietnam (David Chandler, 2007). Vietnamese commander-in-chief, whose name Truong Minh Giang controlled Cambodia. Later on, Cambodia was under a French protectorate from1863 to 1954; France started ruling Cambodia from 1863 to Cambodia was also under Japanese control for a short time during the Second World War in March France and allies came over again when they won the World War II. After France provided independence to Indo-China through the treaty in Geneva in 1954, Cambodia fell into the second Indochinese war known as Vietnam war while the world was falling into the cold war between the free world (United States and allies) and the communist world (Soviet Union and allies). At the meantime, Cambodia led by Prince Norodom Sihanouk had changed to a new policy, which is neutrality by turning the foreign policy to China. This was a new pole, which he claimed that Cambodia is neutral. The second Indochinese war started breaking off between the Northern Vietnam (Vietnamese communist)led by Ho Chi Minh supported by China and the Southern Vietnam led by Ngor Din Nhiem supported by USA in 1958(Mitchell 12

17 Hall, 2000). This was an aggressive war made by Vietnamese communist to expand their territories and influence to the west, which invaded Cambodian and Laos s territories. King Nordoam Sihanouk and Salot Sar (Pol Pot), who were supported by Vietnamese communist. They fought against Khmer Republic led by Lon Nol. When Vietcong assisted Khmer rouge defeated Khmer Republics in Cambodia on April 17, 1975, Vietnam transferred their victory and their power to Sihanouk and Salot Sar, who were the leaders of Khmer rouges. They were serving the policy of Indochinese Communist Party called Vietcong. Surprisingly, just only 13 days later after Vietcong defeated Khmer Republic regime, Lon Nol, on 17 April That was on 30 April 1975, North Vietnam also ended the war with Southern Vietnam (Mitchell Hall, 2000); In fact, Henry Kissinger had a secret talk with Le Duc Thu in Paris and reached to cease fired settlement to withdraw the US troops in However, Vietnamese communist continued the war into Cambodia until This was an evidence to prove that the war which made by North Vietnam was the aggressive war and its purpose was to expand their influence to the west. They wish to spread their communist ideology into Southeast Asia that caused the conflict between communism and the free world in this region. American view the struggle in Vietnam as part of new global conflict against communism, while the Vietnamese saw the war against the United States as the latest for long fight for independence (Mitchell Hall, 2000, p.1) Ultimately, Vietnam were successful in ruling over small countries such as Laos, Cambodia, and Kampuchea Krom under policy of Indochinese Communist Party. Therefore, the day of 17 April 1975 was the victory of Indochinese Communist Party. Looking at Pol Pot regime in the period of 1975 to 1979 in Cambodia, Vietnam prepared a plot according to their tactics and strategy, which have been planned for long time, to massacre the pro-democracy people in this region. Most of pro-democracy victims are supported by the United States such as Hmong, Khmer Republic and Khmer Krom (Southern Vietnam). They were using the groups of Khmer rouge, which was trained with their communist ideology in Hanoi in 1950s to do subversion in this country that caused Cambodia fall into the killing field. Vietnam took communist ideology as their way to train both Khmer Krom and Khmer to kill each other from 1975 to

18 During that time, Cambodia was led by Norodam Sihanouk and Salot Sar (alias Pol Pot)( Leslie Fielding, 2008). North Vietnam was good at using their guerrilla tactics to fight with Khmer Republics and USA during Vietnam War. They used the Norodam Sihanouk s name and his picture to convince Khmer people to support them because they understand that Norodam Sihanouk was popular among the Khmer people during these decades. Vietnamese communist troops told Khmer people that they were Norodam Sihanouk s troops. After Vietcong defeated Khmer Republic on 17 April 1975, Vietnam changed his uniform to wear a black uniform the same as the Khmer rouge; they were camouflage into Khmer rouge mixed with Khmer rouge forces who were trained by Hanoi. It is the same as today that Vietnamese soldiers infiltrated with Hun Sen regime. They killed pro-democracy Khmer people, educated men, scholars and Khmer patriots who worked in Lon Nol regime. They killed Khmer people by accusing them of enemy or the followers of USA. The country fell into turmoil and mass killing. While the information leaked to the United Nations and the international community, Vietnam tried to neglect the external intervention by saying that it was the internal affair of Cambodia. However, Vietnam sent their troops to invade Cambodia on 7 January 1979 without approval of the United Nations. They have changed pro-china Khmer rouge to pro-vietnamese Khmer rouge instead. This was due to the conflict between Vietnam and China. China had a conflict with Soviet Union. China during the mandate of Deng Xiao Ping opened their country and turned their foreign policy with the United States. Vietnam abandoned China and turned their foreign policy to have a relation with Soviet Union. Whereas the politics in Cambodia, Vietnam removed the old Khmer communist, who are pro-chinese political trend to install another Khmer communist who are a pro-vietnamese political trend such as Pen Sovann, Chan Sy, Heng Samrin, Hun Sen and Chea Sim. The Khmer Rouge who were pro-china and worked in Pol Pot regime fled to Cambodian-Thai border. Taking this opportunity, Vietnam and Hun Sen s regime arrested, imprisoned and killed Khmer people again during their occupation by accusing Khmer people of Pol Pot or enemy (HRW, 2015). Hundreds and thousands of Khmer people were deaths due to kidnapping and forcing them to work in the jungle 14

19 (plan K5), where there were land mines and malaria. There were few people who survived and could come back home. In 1979, Cambodia fell into the third Indochinese War. This war was made by Vietnam who invaded Cambodia on 7 January. Three groups of Khmer resistances along the Cambodian-Thai border fought with Vietnamese invasion and illegal regime of Hun Sen. This war had been continuing until the end of cold war while Soviet Union collapsed in Vietnam pretended to withdraw their troops from Cambodia in 1988 by having just taken off their military uniform and left them infiltrating in Cambodia by wearing in plainclothes to continue occupying Cambodia in secret. They have worked with Cambodian People Party as their cover to hide their invasion. As a result, CPP did not allow the United Nations Transitional Authorities in Cambodia to verify them after Vietnam declared that they had withdrawn their troops from Cambodia in On 23 October 1991, four Khmer factions signed the Paris Peace Agreement treaty to end the conflict in Cambodia. This agreement provided a chance to Vietnam ability to freeing themselves from condemning by the internationals in association with the invasion of Cambodia. It was due to Norodom Sihanouk and Hun Sen are the persons who were the allies of Vietnamese communist. In 1993, Cambodia gained the small light of democracy through the free and fair election organized by the United Nations Transitional Authorities for Cambodia (UNTAC). The UNTAC did not complete their mission successfully, Hun Sen established separatist army at the eastern region of the country (Preyveng and Svary Rieng). They made a secession and threatened to provoke the war while he lost the election in What Hun Sen was brave to anti-united Nations, it was because they depended on Vietnamese soldiers who have supported from the back and those Vietnamese soldiers have hidden in Cambodia. Norodam Chakropong played a role as a leader of separatists in the secession. Based on this problem, Norodam Sihanouk sacked the UNTAC to leave Cambodia and he shared the power with dictator Hun Sen. Hun Sen was appointed as a second prime minister then. This gave a chance to Hun Sen to rule the country so far. However, Khmer people did not have a luck to gain the real peace, freedom, democracy and development the 15

20 same as what the United Nations made their effort to help. Because, on 5-6 July 1997, the dictator Hun Sen made the bloody coup d état to take the power and killed many pro-democracy Khmer in the Funcinpec Party and in the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party led by Soen San (Human Rights Watch, 2015). Therefore, the respective elections later on were not free and fair but it was prepared by the Cambodian People Party. The elections are only their ways to rule the country and deceptive the opinion of the nations and internationals to see that Cambodia is a democratic country despite many parties joined in the elections. The results of the elections were found that they were a fraud and irregularity (COMFREL, 2013). The dictatorship regime via the election always exist through the normal of election process. This election is the important for the ruling parties to have ability to take the procedure of the election for their power and implement their dictatorship via their own election system, that means they used the election only for their personal power Comfrel, MICHAEL Sullivan,

21 Part I The Empirical Analyse of Political context concerning the genocide in Cambodia 17

22 I-Origin of Communist in Cambodia In the time of communism, which was spreading out in Eastern Europe and caused into the cold war after the Second World War ended in The United Nations was established by superpower countries, which are the permanent members such as United States, Soviet Union, China, United Kingdom and France in order to find out the solution for the world to live in peace. At the mean times, the world fell into the cold war due to the political conflict, military tension and economic competition. The Cold War was the result of a security crisis, (Evanthis Hatzivassiliou, 2006,p.4) The world divided into two different blocks known as the communist block and the free block. The communist countries exist 97 and some other countries were the free world. The communist originated from the Soviet Union Lenin, Stalin, which took the interpretation of Karl Max s theory and from radical Mao Tze Tung in China. The Indochinese communist party support by Chinese Communist Party Maos Tze Tung in ICP was the North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh also known as Vietnamese Communist Party. Some of Eastern Europe are also communist. Whereas the free world are USA, England and some other countries are liberal democracy. In Asia, China (Maos Tze Tung), Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) and Cambodia, which took the communist ideology to put into practices. Cambodia followed the communist ideology since Vietnam took this ideology to propagandize in Cambodia during the French colony. Actually, communist ideology was the economic theory focusing on the labour. Nevertheless, it was a wrong interpretation of Ho Chi Minh of the original communist theory for their own national interest while Ho Chi Minh made the revolution. It was a mistake. As the theory of communist did not tell the people to kill; in contrast, communist ideology of Indochinese Communist Party trained the people to use violence and kill the people. In 1945, Vietnamese King named Bao Dai abdicated his throne and delivered the position to Ho Chi Minh to lead the country. Ho Chi Minh had changed the regime from the monarchy regime to the republican social Vietnam. He continued to fight to oust France from their territories. Vietminh was formed in May Some Khmer students who studied in France such as Salot Sar, Ieng Sary and some others favour with communist ideology and participated with communist movement of Vietnam. They brought 18

23 communist ideology of Vietnam into Cambodia because they were members of Cambodia Revolution People Party, which is a branch of Indochinese communist Party led by Ho Chi Minh. The leader of Cambodian Revolution People Party was also a Vietnamese whose names was Soeng Ngoc Minh alias Achar Mean. He was camouflage as a Soeng Ngoc Thanh s brother. He did this because he wanted the support from Khmer people. He worked as the president of Cambodian Revolution People Party, which was established in Tu Samuth and Salot Sar worked as a secretary of Soeng Ngoc Minh under this communist party. Vietnam took their communist ideology to train to Khmer children who have not yet learned about their own histories and politics. They wanted Khmer people to serve their policy so that they could spread their influence in Southeast Asia by gradually enlarging into Cambodia and Laos. At the time of three countries, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos were under French colony, by assisting and supporting from the Chinese communist party COMINTERNG (communist internationals), Ho Chi Minh who became a member of international communist parties (Mitchell Hall, 2000). Vietnam organized their revolution to oust French from the Indochinese territories. Vietnam took communist ideology as their way and called for the people in the region to join with him to fight in order to oust French. Vietminh trained wrong communist ideology to Khmer people for only serving the Vietnamese communist politics. Vietnam intended to uproot pro-democracy people in this region so they can control all these countries. As a result, the groups of communist massacred and killed the pro-democracy people in Pol Pot regime. Their ambition was to take over Cambodia, Laos and spread into Southeast Asia as they have already done in Champa and in Kampuchea Krom (Southern Vietnam). Vietnam approached into Cambodia to lobby Cambodians secretly in Cambodian territories since 1946; they convinced Khmer people to be the members of Vietnamese communist parties. Whereas in Laos, Vietnam communist supported Laotian communist, known as the Pathet Laos. While the first Indochina war ended according to the Geneva agreement 1954, Vietnam kidnapped Khmer children 3500 to 4000 to train their wrong communist ideology in Hanoi. Those young Khmer communist known as Khmer rouge were sent back from Hanoi to work with Khmer rouge groups of Sihanouk and Salot Sar in Pol Pot regime. 19

24 Vietnamese leader names Ho Chi Minh during his speech in Hanoi. I. Indochinese War I The first Indochina war was the war between Vietminh with the French troops during the French colony. Vietminh fought for their independence. Vietnam formed Indochinese Communist Party led by Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong on February 3, This communist party supported by China and communist international from Soviet Union after the Chinese Communist Party led Maos Tse Tung defeated nationalism led by Chiang Kai Shek in Chinses civil war in 1949 (Mitchell Hall, 2000). China assisted with training the Vietnamese activists and provided them with financial support and military equipment. Vietminh was formed in May 1941(Mitchell Hall, 2000). Ho Chi Minh s military training bases located in the Southern of China, Northern Thailand and Laos. Whereas Soviet Union helped with training the key senior Vietnamese activists in Moscow (Cornwell University Press, 1982). When Ho Chi Minh became a member of international communist and a member of French communist, he took communist doctrine Max Lenin to educate the people who were living in these countries includes Laos and Cambodia in particular at the rural area. Ho Chi Minh had been leading the people who were in three countries of Indochina to fight for liberating their countries from the French colony. At that time, French troops were supported military and economic assistance by the United State in 1950 (Mitchell, 2000). Ho changed the leadership in Vietnam 20

25 from the monarchy regime to Social Republic of Vietnam. It was then Vietnam under the leadership of the king Boa Dai. At the end, Ho Chi Minh defeated over king Bao Dai in 1945 and changed the country to the communist regime. According to his previous name meant that Ho hated France. Ho Chi Minh continued their policy to oust French colony from Indochina. Ho Chi Minh consists of 19 names; he was one of popular person among Vietnamese people. Ho Chi Minh was born on 19 May 1890 in Kimlean village in Nhe Ann province, Vietnam. In 1911, Ho Chi Minh left for France by the ship; he worked as a chef of French. In 1914, he stayed in London and joined with labour protest where exposed to Marxist ideology there. In 1917, he arrived in Paris and joined with French social Party ( Martin Scott Catino,2010)and changed his name to be Nguyen Ai Quoc, which meant Nationalist. From , Ho Chi Minh participated in political activities of international communist and published one book which titled the revolution path in In 1923, Ho Chi Minh went to Soviet Union where he was studying there and became a member of ComIntern (Communist International). He found support from the cause of his fight among of his nations who were the opposition and lived in exile abroad including Vietnamese who lived in Norway and Denmark for three decades. Ho Chi Minh went to India, Burma, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, England and USA. Vietnamese political movement approached to work secretly in Cambodia, at that time, most of them are Vietnamese workers in the rubber plantation; they were the first communist persons called Viet Minh who approached to run the politics secretly at the rural areas inside Cambodia such as in Kampong Cham, Kom Pot and some other provinces. Vietnam started to propagandize and did the psychological propaganda among Khmer people who were the workers in the rubber plantations. They lobbied Khmer people to be members of Indochinese communist parties so that they worked for Vietnamese communist parties. Some of Khmer people fell into their trap and supported the policy of Vietnamese communist. In between , thousands of Khmer children from 3500 to 4000 were kidnapped to train their communist ideology in Hanoi, which was then called (Pramat Promong); they did it respectively later on. Ho Chi Minh struggled against French until they defeated French at Dienbienphu in Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, Vietminh military strategist, had surrender around French troops which were

26 men at Dienbienphu (Mitchell Hall, 2000). Dienbienphu fell into the Vietminh on 7 May They arrested French soldiers as their hostages and forced French to sign the Geneva treaty to deliver the independence to Indochina on 20 July 1954 in Geneva. The Geneva conference drew the participants from Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, China, the DRV, Cambodia, and Laos. The United States and representative from Bao Dai s state of Vietnam attended as observers (Mitchell Hall, 2000). Vietnam started to continue their policy to control Laos and Cambodia instead of France. Khmer Children trained by Hanoi to be Khmer rouge Khmer students who gained the scholarship to study in France such as Salot Sar, Ieng Sary, Choun Mom, Hou Nim, Hou Youn were interested in the red book of communist written by Max and Lenin. It was the time that communist theory was popular in the Europe. All those students took the communist doctrine and opposed against the Monarchy regime of King Sihanouk. Finally, Norodam Sihanouk deducted their scholarship. Salot Sar was also deducted due to his anti-norodam Sihanouk. In 1951, Salot Sar returned back to Cambodia even if he did not graduate from his study majored in electronics; he became a teacher and ran for a private school which named Kampuchea Budh. Salot Sar ran the secret political movement to anti- Norodam Sihanouk. When the information leaked to the government and Norodam Sihanouk publicly announced to arrest them. The authorities of Sihanouk followed to arrest Salot Sar and his groups; his group escaped into the jungle and joined with Cambodian revolution People Party, which was the branch of Indochinese communist party led by Vietnam. The Cambodian revolution People Party led by Soeng Ngoc Minh. In fact, Soeng Ngoc Minh is 22

27 a Vietnamese but he camouflaged into Cambodian. Why he used this name Soeng Ngoc Minh, it was because he wanted to deceive Khmer people that he was a Soeng Ngoc Thanh s younger brother. So they could lead Khmer people for their political purpose. He used the name similar to Soeng Ngoc Thanh because he acted as Thanh s younger brother. Thanh was also one of popular leaders among Cambodian people. Soeng Ngoc Thanh was considered as a Khmer Nationalist at that time. The Cambodian People Revolution Party later became the Cambodian People Party led by Heng Samrin, Chea Sim and Hun Sen today. Therefore, on 28 June 2015, it was a day of the 64th anniversary of Cambodian People Party. After the Geneva treaty, three countries, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam in Indochina gained the independence from France in Vietminh, who infiltrated in Cambodia, were required to withdraw from Cambodia. When Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia, Vietnam kidnapped some Khmer children to train their wrong communist ideology in Hanoi and some others Cambodians travelled to Hanoi through Vietnamese ship. All these Khmer people were sent back from Hanoi to kill pro-democracy Khmer in Pol Pot regime in 1975 (Human Rights Watch, 2015). All those Khmer people who were trained by Vietnam were the root of genocide in Cambodia, which caused pro-democracy Khmer people approximately 1.7million deaths during The fate of all those Khmer people were killed by Vietnamese plot subsequently because Vietnam want to eliminate the proofs and evidences to confuse the international opinion and Khmer people that Khmer killed Khmer. II. Indochinese War II or Vietnam War In 1958, Vietnam communist started breaking off the war with Southern Vietnam. The principles of their war was to unite both countries between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. In fact, the Vietnamese war intended to enlarge their territories into Cambodia, Laos and Thailand and spread their influence toward Southeast Asia during the cold war period. The United States of President Johnson decided to go war with North Vietnam based on the domino theory. They believed that the loss of South Vietnam will threaten to the countries in this region and endanger America standing in the world (Mitchell 23

28 Hall, 2000,p.13). The United States during President Nixon administration and allies ASEAN pushed back from the west. Vietnamese communist accused southern Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem of the puppet of USA. Ngo Dinh Diem was elected to be the President of Southern Vietnam on 26 October Unfortunately, Ngo Dinh Diem was killed in a coup on 1 November 1963 and he was replaced by Duoug Van Minh. Once year later, in 1964, Nugen Khanh made a coup to overthrow the Vietnamese government led by Doung Van Minh (Mitchell Hall, 2000). North Vietnam started the war by requesting Cambodia and Laos territories for providing the shelter to their troops in fighting with southern Vietnam and USA. They built the road in Laos and Cambodia, which was named Ho Chi Minh path. Vietcong sheltered in the eastern part of Cambodia to fight with Southern Vietnam and USA. Vietnam told Norodam Sihanouk that they made the war to oust USA and their followers from the Indochinese territories. Sihanouk signed the treaties secretly with Ho Chi Minh in 1965 to allow Vietcong around to troops to hiding and sheltering in the eastern part of Cambodia such as in Kratie, Mondolkiri, Preyveng, Svayrieng and Kampong Cham provinces. Whereas Khmer s soldiers existed only soldiers. Vietnam used two hands; one was to incite Khmer Rouge to oppose Norodom Sihanouk and the other hand Vietnam requested Sihanouk for providing some foods and shelter to their troops for fighting with Southern Vietnam and the United States. This war spread into Cambodia and damaged the country in1965. This was because the miscalculation of Norodom Sihanouk s policy, which cooperated with communist Indochina because he thought that communist had a strong influence during the cold war. During the cold war, there were two groups of Khmer. One group was procommunist and another group was pro-democracy. The pro-democracy was the groups who were pro-lon Nol and pro-usa and the others were pro- Sihanouk, Pol Pot and Vietnam communist. Vietcong took the picture of King Sihanouk to put on their shirts and they told Cambodians that they were the King Sihanouk s troops. They did like this because they want to be supported from Khmer citizens. In Khmer Kampuchea Krom, Vietnam also used the name of King Norodam Sihanouk in their propaganda to cheat Khmer Krom. If they supported 24

29 Sihanouk and Vietcong, they would have given back the Khmer Krom territories so some Khmer Krom served their expansionism policy of ICP. Some of Khmer Krom worked for South Vietnam (free) against with the North Vietnamese invasion. Some worked for North Vietnam. Vietnamese communist took photograph of King Sihanouk and CD record for advertising to Khmer Krom so they could believe that if they joined with Sihanouk, they could liberate Khmer Kampuchea Krom from North Vietnam. Whereas in Cambodia, Vietcong and Khmer Rouge put also Sihanouk photos on their uniform to confuse Khmer people that they were the Sihanouk s soldiers. These resulted in both Khmer and Khmer Krom who had died. One side of Khmer Krom who worked for North Vietnam and the others who worked for South Vietnam. For Cambodia, one side who were pro-khmer Rouge and the other side who were pro-lon Nol. Vietnam borrowed Khmer hand to kill Khmer. Their tactics and their plot can confuse the international and can hide their plot of aggression. Furthermore, Vietnamese troops violated the agreement and came across deeply into Cambodian territories; they did not shelter only five provinces as said in the agreement. Because of that reason, Lon Nol and Sarimatak removed Norodom Sihanouk from the power on 18 March Gen. Lon Nol supported by the United States came to the power instead of Norodom Sihanouk. Lon Nol and Sirimatak had invited all members of parliament for extraordinary session. The votes was 92 vs 0 to remove King Norodom Sihanouk from the power. Lon Nol s troops started to fight against the Vietnamese aggression who were inside Cambodia at the eastern part of Cambodia. Vietnamese militaries who based in Cambodia, it was tactics of Vietnamese communist which used to borrow the street in order to surround the country. Vietnamese communist was spreading the war into Cambodia. The battlefield was in Cambodia, Laos, and Southern Vietnam. Vietnamese guerrilla base located in Cambodia; therefore, Southern Vietnam fought into base of Vietcong in Cambodia that caused civilian Cambodians death and many injured in Chantrea village, Svay Rieng province. On the day, Vietcong pretended to be a soldiers of Southern Vietnam but at nights they became Vietcong to fight USA s troops. For this reason, thousand soldiers of USA died during the Vietnam War. 25

30 On September 2, 1969, Ho Chi Minh died and his body was kept in the good condition until the present. The leader Sihanouk and Hun Sen paid their respect to Ho Chi Minh also. In the Hun Sen s house, he respects the photos of Ho Chi Minh the same as he respects the Buddha. Norodam Sihanouk paid respect to Ho Chi Minch s photo Vietnam gained a great deal of benefits from second Indochinese war such as finance, material, weapons, Cambodian, Laos s territories and so on and it was the success of Vietnamization. Ho Chi Minh had died because Vietnam wanted to free themselves from China so Vietnam would not pay for any debt that China had assisted and supported them since Vietnam also gained the benefits from USA who supported southern Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem; Vietnam took over Cambodian territories, Khmer Krom Territories and Laos territories. To protect all their interest, Vietnam turned their foreign policy to have relation with Soviet Union. Therefore, we can see that Vietnam could gain many benefits from three superpower countries (China, USA and Soviet Union) and gained benefits from the small countries (Laos, Cambodia and Champa). Until 1995, The United States in President Bill Clinton administration started to build up their diplomatic relations with Vietnam again (Mitchell Hall, 2000). During the second Indochinese war, Vietnam had printed the fake money to buy Cambodian products and goods for feeding their troops. They shot Cambodian s animals (cows and buffalos) for their troop s food*. This destroyed Cambodian economy and caused the economy of this country faced the crises at this time. Southern Vietnam had received the assistance from USA and occupied Kampuchea Krom. Ho Chi Minh died because he wanted to keep their national 26

31 interest by ignoring all his agreements with China and Sihanouk. They did not recognize every treaties and contracts, which he had done with Sihanouk. They had a chance to manipulate for swallowing Cambodian territories. Norodam Sihanouk assisted donation to Vietcong To spread out communist in Asia, China supported Ho Chi Minh. Soviet Union delegated Ho Chi Minh to take responsibilities in setting up the branch of communist in Cambodia and Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. He came to preside in establishment another branch of his communist party in these countries. They spread their influence in South East Asia the same as Stalin and Russia did over their neighbouring countries in establishment of Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. In the second Indochina War, Vietcong were supported and permitted by Norodam Sihanouk to use Cambodian territories to fight with Southern Vietnam and USA. Vietnamese troops entered into Cambodian territories deeper and deeper; Vietnam took Cambodian territories as their battlefield. They printed the fake money to buy meat, food, rice, pig, cow to feed their troops. Sihanouk did not solve the problems and political turmoil in the country such as the demonstration, which took place at the Vietcong embassy. Vietcong troops entered everywhere into the country. In contrast, Norodom Sihanouk, his wife and his mother-in -law went to visit France instead. Two members of parliament went to invite him to return Cambodia to solve the problems, which he allowed Vietcong to shelter at the eastern part of Cambodia. Lon Nol and Sarimatak condemned Vietcong that invaded at the eastern country, in Sihanoukville and in Kampong Speu province. Yet he did not return to Cambodia although his mother, Kosamak, 27

32 made him a phone call to return Cambodia. Therefore, Lon Nol and Sirimatak decided to topple Norodom Sihanouk on 18 March 1970 by voting in the national assembly 92 vs. 0. What Lon Nol and Sirimatak made the decision to topple Sihanouk because they wanted to solve the issue of Vietcong troops who invaded Cambodia at the eastern country. After Sihanouk was removed, he did not stay silently. Sihanouk travelled to Russia for finding support but Russia did not support him then he travelled to China where he could find support from Communist China and Communist Vietnam. China and Vietnam supported him with material and weapons. They promised to take his throne back for him. They convinced Norodom Sihanouk to join with Salot Sar (Salot Sar) to set up Kampuchea United Front known as Khmer Rouge on 23 March 1970 in Beijing. It was just only five days after the Lon Nol and Sirimatak had toppled. He was a president of Kampuchea United Front and worked with Khmer Rouge, Salot Sar, Ieng Sary and Khiev Samphorn. Norodam Sihanouk is the Leader of Khmer Rouge that work for the communist Vietnam and China Whereas Vietnamese communist helped Khmer rouge such as ammunition, weapons, food, soldiers and training until they could defeat Khmer Republics on 17 April After they defeated the Khmer Republics, Vietnam installed Khmer rouge (Khmer communist) to be in power. Vietcong who were staying in Cambodia camouflaged into Khmer Rouge by wearing black shirt the same as Khmer Rouge. Some Khmer people, who were trained by Hanoi were also sent back to Cambodia, started to kill Khmer Republics in Pol Pot regime because they considered that Khmer Republics was the groups who were anti-vietnam 28

33 communist. They accused Khmer republics of the followers of USA or CIA or enemy of revolution (Human Rights Watch, 2015). Then they arrested or killed all those Khmer people who were anti-vietnamese communist. The alleged people were imprisoned and killed cruelly. This caused Cambodia to fall into genocide regime which millions of Khmer people and Khmer Kampuchea Krom were killed in Cambodia during Pol Pot regime. In 1970, the population of Cambodia existed only 6.5 millions. In Pol Pot regime, more than 2 million Khmer people were killed. Some fled diaspora to other democratic countries. After there were anti-vietnam war movements broke off. Mass demonstration took place in the United States; they protested against the war in Vietnam. The anti-vietnam war movement came from local levels, students and civil rights. Whereas in Nordic countries, the Sweden and Norway started to protest against the War in Vietnam as well and later on the social party in Denmark supported Sweden and Norway. The congress adopted to stop the war with Vietnam. The agreement between North Vietnam and President Nixon in Paris came into effect on 27-January1973. President Nixon sent a secret letters to Pham Van Dong for reconstructions the country on 1 February 1973(Mitchell Hall, 2000). The war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam ended on 30 April It was only 13 days after Vietnam communist defeated Republic Khmer on 17 April From this war, Vietnam gained a great deal of benefits from the war whereas millions Khmer Krom and Khmer had died under their policy. There were many pro-democracy Khmer people in the Khmer Republics regime were killed. This genocide regime made Cambodia notorious in the world that Khmer were cruel by blaming that Khmer killed Khmer. But Vietnam and China who still supports these both communist dictatorship regimes Pol Pot s and Hun Sen s regime. Although these two regimes committed crimes against humanity or violated human rights. 29

34 President Richard Nixon during his explanation about communist expansion in Southeast Asia IV. The Root of Khmer Genocide As mentioned above, Cambodian Communist Party in Cambodia originated from the Indochinese Communist Party in Vietnam. Indochinese communist Party was the branch of international communist established by Ho Chi Minh in Hong Kong on 3 rd February 1930 (Cornwell University Press, 1982). It was supported financially and military by Chinese Communist Party led by Maos and Soviet Union by Lenin. In fact, the root of Khmer genocide was coming from the Indochinese communist Party that was created by Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam enlarged their communist ideology not only in Indochina but also into Southeast Asia by creating another Khmer communist branch (Khmer Rouge) in Cambodia called Cambodian revolution People Party in 1951 and Laos Communist Party in Laos. After the first Indochinese war ended in 1954, Vietminh were required to withdraw their forces from Cambodia; when Vietnam had left Cambodia, they kidnapped Khmer children from to Hanoi for training their communist ideology. Vietnam trained Khmer children with their wrong communist ideology in 1950s in Hanoi and they sent all these Khmer children back to Cambodia during Pol Pot regime to implement their plot in Cambodia (Leslie Fielding, 2008). We could see that in Pol Pot regime existed many children who had a power and killed whoever they wanted by charging the people with the enemy of revolution. When Vietcong gained the completed victory on 17 April 1975, they gave their victory to Khmer Rouge led by Sihanouk and Pol Pot. Vietcong who were inside Cambodia were changing their clothes to wearing the same clothes as 30

35 their allies, Khmer rouges. They killed the pro-democracy Khmer people such as monks, educated men, teachers, scholars and soldiers who were proprevious regime in Cambodia. They dismantled all the documents of Khmer history and evidences because they did not want Khmer people to know the truth of its own history that happened in this period. Vietnamese communist was the one who made the plot to put Cambodia and the people in this region into genocide. I would argue this because referring to their ideology, they were anti-western countries in particular the United States, they considered as pro- USA or pro-lon Nol regime, followers of American as their enemy or CIA that should be killed and all the victims are those who support democracy such as Hmong, Cham, Khmer Krom, and pro-democracy Khmer. While Vietnam gained victory on both France and USA, they were proud of spreading their influence and their ambition of expansionism. The genocide and crimes against humanity happened not only in Cambodia but happened also in Khmer Kampuchea Krom where is now Southern Vietnam. Khmer Krom were killed in Southern Vietnam. Khmer Krom has been under control of Vietnam since In Southern Vietnam, there were no Khmer rouge there. Why were Khmer Krom also killed there? According to Martin Gainsborough, 2012, the collapse of communist China will affect the communist in three countries Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia and the collapse of communist in Vietnam will affect communist in Laos and Cambodia. For Cambodia, CPP could face trouble when Hun Sen leave the scene. These indicated that the communist of Indochina in these countries are linked to each to others. In the past history, Vietnam used to occupy Cambodia over again and again from 1835 to 1840 in the reign of king Ang Mey. They have already taken over Champa, Laos and Khmer Krom (Southern Vietnam). Due to detailed plot of Indochinese Communist Party, they were proud of their both victory on France and the United States. They are like a gangster in Indochina and they did what they want. Exactly, they killed millions prodemocracy people in this region cruelly. No one was responsible for this crimes and genocide. Thus, most of Khmer people have still been in doubt about the death of 1.7 million Khmer people in Pol Pot regime from 1975 to 1979 due to groups of communist dictatorship are still ruling the country nowadays. They have manipulated the information. They did not tell the truth 31

36 of tragedy because it was their weakness. Everything has been hidden in Cambodia; they did not allow Khmer people to know the truth; Khmer people were not allowed to express their opinion or their freedom and rights freely regarding the politics. They will be arrested or killed if they dare to express their opinion to criticize the ruling parties especially CPP or Hun Sen. If they tell the truth, it will affect the image of present leaders who were also former Khmer Rouge. Khmer history in the last five decades started from 1950s to 1990s during Khmer Republic regime and Pol Pot regime were changed. In sum, Vietnamese communist or Indochinese communist Party together with its allied Cambodian People Party both Pol Pot regime and Hun Sen s regime are the responsible for the genocide and crime against humanity in Cambodia. The root of Khmer genocide was the plot of Indochinese Communist Party mastered by Vietnam and supported by China, which was using their communist ideology. V. The Genocide in Cambodia On 17 April 1975, it was the victory day of Khmer rouge. 13 days later, on 30 April 1975, the Vietnam War ended as well. It was the day that Vietnamese communist or Indochinese Communist Party gained the victory. This ICP led by Vietcong transferred this victory to its allies known as of Khmer rouge led by Sihanouk and Pol Pot. At the first time, Khmer people were happy with this victory, only a few hours later, the people was shocked due to the evacuation from the city. In this period, Khmer people fell into dramatic tragedy due to the leadership of Khmer communist known as Khmer rouge. While Khmer rouge arrived in Phnom Penh. This regime started to evacuate the people from the city to the rural area. They killed the people who were pro-previous regime including monks, officials, military and intellectuals. Anyone who refused to move, they evacuated from home and shot death. They were overcrowded on the street while they were moving from the city to the rural area so they could move slowly. The people were killed if they picked up their belongings. In summer, imagine that in April, it was very hot weather, the temperature rose up until 40 degree, they did not have enough food to eat and sufficient water to 32

37 drink. Many people died of starving and deceases. The people were forced to drink the uncleaned water such as in puddles, wells, and rivers (Kimberly Ier Kem, 2011). The children from the age of 5 up were separated from their parents and sent to children's camps to work in the rice fields. Children, brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, husbands, wives, and grandparents were sent to different fields, sometime they were separated permanently. Everyone lived in a terrifying situation and no one trusted each other. Khmer people were forced to work in the rice fields without enough food to eat. They arrested pro-lon Nol Khmer to kill by saying they brought to study, or they say they would give a job to those officials in the Lon Nol if they could come out and confessed that they were officials of Nol Lon regime. The pro-lon Nol Khmer were transported with many trucks to kill and massacre. The people were afraid to talk in the family at night because their secret agent will came to investigate every house that they suspected during the night. The Khmer Rouge required that the people had to work with little food and threatened severe punishment should they refuse (Kimberly Ier Kem, 2011). At the labour camps, many people suffered because many did not know how to do the work or were too young to perform the work. They did not have enough food to eat; they were hungry. The elders were given the responsibility to care for infants or cook for the villagers. Everyday meals were watery mixtures of rice and vegetables. Many people starved to death. This regime did not allow the workers to grow their own food. Those who were unable to work either starved or were killed. If we imagined that Cambodia existed only 6.5 million people. Why there were not enough food for citizens to eat because Cambodia has a plenty of natural resources. If we compared to China and Vietnam which existed hundred millions populations. The yields of rice only in Battambang province could afford sufficiently to feed Khmer people to eat in this period. But this was the policy of Indochinese Communist to kill Khmer. It is like today, Why Khmer people were forced evicted and land grabbed; poor and migrated whiled the ruling elite party are very rich. Cambodia covered by the forest 75% in 1979 and now left only 15%. Why the people are still poor and homeless while the forest is nearly gone out due to the deforestation. Mostly, the trees were sent to Vietnam and China instead. Therefore, the rice during Pol Pot 33

38 regime was the same as tree right now. Most rice was sent to Vietnam and China. They let Khmer people die of starvation. The report claimed that the executions were carried out in a number of ways in the Killing Fields. They were forced to kneel in front of trenches before being killed. Some large groups of people were shot deaths together; other individuals were tied their head with the scarf to be killed. They are hunger and were arrested to killed by walking as a group of people on the rice fields. Hundreds of thousand were imprisoned and they were tortured and killed in the prison. It was very dramatically shocked then. Everyone was frightened days and nights. Executions were also sometimes performed publicly. Some victims were beaten to death; some people were cut by the knives on their necks. The Khmer Rouge always killed those who were against Angkar [Loeu](Senoir leaders). Infants were smashed against trees, or thrown into the air, and impaled on bayonets or bamboo stakes. According to Boehnlein et al. (2004), Marshall, Schell, Elliott, Berthold, and Chun (2005), and Neau (2003), between 1975 and 1979 an estimated 1.7 to 3 million people, from a population of 7.1 million, were killed by the hand of the Khmer Rouge during the era of the Killing Fields (Kimberly Ier Kem, 2011). A great number of intellectuals and many with a high school or higher education were killed during this period because they were believed that those were followers of USA or CIA. The most frequent causes of death were hunger, disease, execution, murdering and massacre. More than 2 million Khmer People killed in Pol Pot regime 34

39 In sum, In Pol Pot regime, there were three groups of Khmer Rouge. First group were the Khmer rouge who were mixed with Vietcong and came from Hanoi. This group were kidnapped and trained by Vietnam in Hanoi in 1950s. The second group was the Khmer rouge who were pro- Sihanouk and the third group of Khmer rouge was pro-pol Pot. Vietcong trained all three groups of Khmer Rouge while they were into Marki forest. When they want to kill Khmer who were pro-lon Nol or USA, they accused them of enemy, CIA, or followers of American (Human Right Watch, 2015). Those who made Cambodia to fall into massacre and genocide were the groups of communist who were trained by Hanoi. All those killers together with Vietcong who were inside Cambodia for controlling had been sent respectively from Hanoi to kill pro-democracy Khmer in Pol Pot Regime. They had received the direct command from Hanoi to kill Khmer who were pro-democracy; this was an Ideology of Vietnam communist, which was used to anti-western countries especially the followers of USA; they intended to destroy the root of Cambodian nation. When Cambodia fell into chaos of massacre, Vietnam had changed their policy from Khmer rouge who were pro-china to Khmer rouge who were pro-vietnam by sending military to invade Cambodia in The conflict along Cambodian Vietnam border started in On December 25, 1978, Vietnam send their troops into Cambodia approximately 150,000 soldiers and they attacked Cambodia and Pol Pot regime and took control of Phnom Penh on January 7, 1979 (Kiernan, 2002; Neau, 2003). Viet-Camb-Laos had a meeting presided by Ho Chi Minh 35

40 VI. Vietnamese invasion in 1979 On January 7, 1979, Vietnam invaded and occupied Cambodia. Vietnam made up their mind to send military into Cambodia without approval of the United Nations. Vietnam and Hun Sen s regime always claimed that they toppled Khmer Rouge regime to liberate Khmer people. However, they continue to commit crimes against humanity and violate human rights the same as their allies did in Pol Pot regime. They just changed their way to kill the pro-democracy Khmer people. Vietnam were isolated from the world due the invasion of Cambodia. The international community, ASEAN and the United Nations condemned Vietnam concerning the invasion of Cambodia. During Vietnamese occupation, they kidnapped and forced Cambodians or students to work in the jungle known as plan K5 that caused hundreds of thousands of Khmer people deaths due to landmine and malaria (Human Rights Watch, 2015). In 1979, there were Vietnamese soldiers occupying Cambodian territories. They continued to occupy Cambodia until today by just changing their tactics and by infiltrating to work in Cambodian People Party. Vietnam had changed the Khmer Rouges (communist) who were anti-vietnam to Khmer rouges (communist) who were pro-vietnam in They installed a new Khmer communist who were pro-hanoi such as Pen Sovann, Chan Sy, Heng Samrin, Chea Sim and Hun Sen. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed due to forced labour called K5 by Vietnam 36

41 Indochinese communist Party Ho Chi Minh started colonizing over Cambodia and Laos by regarding majorities of Vietnam who live in these countries as Cambodians or Laotians. They put the plan into the practice is to infiltrate the Vietnamese agents who have been trained by Hanoi to run their business or to work with its allies in these countries. The sons and daughters of Vietnam started to lead Cambodia or Laos through the communist style. For example, after the third Indochinese war ended, Vietnam left many Vietnamese troops in Laos to help Laos communist Party in Laos in order to crack down Hmong who were supported by USA. Whereas Cambodia, after the negotiation and the treaty over the Paris Peace treaties 23 October 1991, Vietnam withdrew the uniform troops but they left the plainclothes troops to infiltrate and work with Cambodian People Party in Cambodia to crack down against the oppositions, pro-democracy activists or anyone who are anti-vietnamese communist in Cambodia. Illegal Vietnamese immigrants live freely in Cambodia; they have also the Khmer identity card and the rights to vote in the national election; they are mostly living in Tonlesap, Cbar Ampov, Neak Loeurng, Kratie, Kampong Chhnang and Kampong Cham. Vietnam cooperated with the authorities of these countries and cracked down oppositions in both countries by accusing them of the followers of USA or oppositions; they killed the oppositions by different ways because they want to eliminate all oppositions or the followers of USA in this region. Now they kill the pro-democracy activists silently by using traffic accidents or poisonous. After the terrorist attacked on World Trade Center in the United State on 11 September 2001, they had the ideas to allege pro-democracy people as terrorist. Vietnam educated Cambodians and Laotians with their communist ideology that mostly Vietnam teach them to commit violence their own people because they regarded those citizens who have different opinion or criticize the communist dictatorship as their enemy or followers of USA. At the end, Vietnam is the one who gained the benefit from this region when intellectual and educated men of these countries were killed. In fact, Vietnam is afraid of the international community learning about their plot. So they approached into Cambodia in 1978 before the international intervention so they could clean the evidences in Cambodia. The conflict in 37

42 Cambodia always got the intervention from ASEAN over twenty-year period because ASEAN actually want to defend the economic and political interest in this region. Thailand supported Khmer resistance including Khmer rouge, Molynaka and Khmer People Nation Liberation Front along Cambodia-Thai border while Vietnam and Hun Sen s regime pushed them back to the border (Lee Jones, 2007). Thailand provided medical treatment, food and sent back over the border to fight Vietnamese. As we could see, the survival of the DK at the United Nations was impossible without ASEAN supporting. However, Thailand gained many dividends from this such as Chinese aid to Bangkok around $283 million from 1985 to 1989( Lee Jones, 2007). While China had a dispute with Soviet Union, so China turned their foreign policy to the United States during the mandate of Deng Xiaoping. China started to open their countries and free market. Vietnam had conflict with China and turned their foreign policy Soviet Union. Vietnam installed Khmer rouge that were pro-vietnam such as Pen Sovann, Heng Samrin, Hun Sen, Chea Sim and Chan Sy to rule the country. However, Pen Sovann and Chan Sy did not implement follow their policy; Vietnam injected poisonous medicine to Chan Sy death while he was flying to Soviet Union. Pen Sovann was arrested to imprison in Hanoi for 10 years 52 days by Hun Sen and Say Buthorng following the order of Vietnam. Fortunately, he was married to Phan Vandong s daughter, he would not be killed the same as Chan Sy. Pen Sovann was a prime minister in He was imprisoned because he did not followed Vietnamese policy. After Pen Sovann was imprisoned, then Chan Sy came instead of Pen Sovann from 1981 to 1984; Chan Sy also did not follow the policy of Vietnam like Pen Sovann. Then Chan Sy was poisonous injection and killed on the plan. Then Hun Sen was a former Foreign Minister in the Cambodian People Social Republics. Vietnam installed Hun Sen, Chea Sim, and Heng Samrin to rule the country instead. Vietnam occupied Cambodia, confiscated Cambodian wealth, and cut the trees sending back to their country and they arrested and imprisoned the persons who were anti-vietnam by accusing them of Pol Pot or accusing of agent of Khmer Resistance groups along Cambodia-Thai border called Sereyka. The man who was adult were forced to serve in army or forced to work in the forest known as plan K5; only few of them could survive due to this plan, they were died owing to malaria, 38

43 bomb and mine. The plan was to build a wall like the Berlin Wall along the Thai border. Brad Adam interviewed Sin Sen in Vietnam started their mission to fight with Khmer resistance along Cambodia-Thai border in At the end, Khmer resistance could not fight with Vietnam and withdrew to Site II and Site B camp in In 1987, the United States of America donated to Khmer Resistance 5 million dollars a year, donated the military weapons and trained cadet in Klangdong, Thailand. The Internationals community, the United Nations, USA and countries in region such as China and ASEAN condemned Vietnam because they invaded Cambodia. Only Indonesia kept silent and stayed in neutrality. The Soviet Union supported Vietnam. After Soviet Union collapsed in 1989, Soviet Union stopped donating Vietnam because they had economic crisis. They lacked the financial reserve because they focused on strengthening the military; Soviet Union lost benefit with their policy in Indochina but they gained the benefit from the policy in Eastern Europe. Vietnam was inferior to the Khmer resistance because Khmer resistance was supported by ASEAN, China and USA; but after the study on the capacity of the Khmer resistance forces found that Khmer resistance forces were not qualified and have good technique in their fight. They were inferior to Vietnamese guerrilla troops who were well trained and had enough military weapons. Then Khmer Resistances forces were sent to train in Thailand and Malaysia. Later, Khmer Resistance were superior to Vietnam and their puppet Hun Sen and Heng Samrin due to the collapse of Soviet Union. Soviet Union turned their foreign policy to have a good relation with US and opened their country in the government of Mr. Mikhail Gorbachev in order to make their economy growth. Therefore, Vietnam had changed their attitude to allow Hun Sen and Sihanouk to negotiate and signed the Paris Peace Treaties on 23 October Due to the pressure from ASEAN, China and US, so four Khmer factions reached Paris Peace Agreement in 1991; there were only four Khmer factions who signed the agreement; Cambodian civilians were collected by the UNHCR to one camp in Site II and Site B near Thailand border. After the Paris Peace Agreement 1991, they were repatriated to Cambodia. While Khmer resistances repatriated to the countries, Vietnam and Hun Sen s regime continue to imprison or kill one by one of those who are pro-democracy activists so far. Vietnam could free themselves from the international 39

44 condemnation and they could keep their image by turning the invasion war to the civil war. Photos of members of Cambodian People Party trained by Hanoi Vietnamese Communist Policy has always used Cambodian leaders who are greedy with the power as their puppet to serve their policy. It was the same as in 1970s; Vietnam and China used Sihanouk and Pol Pot as their tools to hide the internationals to understand that it was the civil war. In 1979, Vietnam used Hun Sen as their tools to serve their own policy as well. They borrowed Khmer to make the war with Khmer the same as what happened in Vietnam War during 1970s. Vietnam borrowed the hand of Khmer rouge led by Pol Pot and Sihanouk to make the war with Khmer Republics led by Lon Nol. This war called the third Indochinese war. Ultimately, this war ended after the cold war ended in The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 was created for the peace and democracy in Cambodia. Now Vietnam continued to implement Ho Chi Minh s policy by colonizing Cambodia and Laos secretly. Laos is one of the provinces of Vietnam and so do Cambodia. Vietnam left the civilian troops 3000 including the special forces and espionage, tanks and helicopters 2 kilometer and half away from Phnom Penh next to Toul Krasang in Takmao; especially, Vietnamese troops who camouflaged into the workers in the rubber plantations and the investment companies are to confiscate the land of Cambodia people( Human Rights Watch, 2015). Vietnamese troops based there because they ensure that 40

45 Hanoi s puppet Hun Sen does not betray the policy of Hanoi. They are using also mixed forces who are Vietnamese- Cambodian bodyguard led by Oeng Bun Heang. Vietnam firstly sent their troops to occupy both countries and then they took their families or relatives to resettle in new territories, which are in Cambodia and Laos. After that, those soldiers camouflage into civilian clothes as simple citizens and they changed those troops to new troops to improve their forces. Now Vietnam started to use the policy of Vietnamization in Cambodia (K.L Bindra, 2005). Vietnamese troops got married to Khmer women, whereas Vietnamese girl was married to Khmer men. There are five people among of one Khmer people in the downtown and one among of five Khmer people living in the countryside. The Vietnamization in Cambodia has taken place since Vietnam occupied Cambodia on January 7, Vietnam forced the puppet regime in Phnom Penh to broadcast the curfew 240 and the appealing curfew for Cambodia to consider about improvement the friendship with Vietnam and their duties to help Vietnamese citizens to asylum in Cambodia. In 1989, there were Vietnamese resettled in Cambodia. Later on, Vietnam set up a new map, which enlarges their border until 40 kilometers inside Cambodian, and they did the same in Lao territories. Hun Sen divided the land to Vietnam such as Koh Tral and Koh Ses through the illegal treaties in 1980s and supplementary treaties* signed on 15 October 2005 by the king Sihamoni. Most Vietnamese citizens lived at the eastern countries such as in Prey veng and Svayrieng provinces. Vietnam continued their neo-colony policy by enlarging territories along the border such as along the beach and the island according to the illegal treaties; they are trying to finish to new border demarcation in It was done by recent puppet leaders Hun Sen and it was contrary to the Paris Peace Agreement Nowadays, the friendship Cambodian-Vietnamese organization, which name United Front for development and Protect Cambodia, was the Vietnamese front. They set up this movement across Cambodia and there are 24 branches of Vietnamese association in Cambodia. This front was the same 41

46 as national liberation front, which was established by Hanoi during the Vietnamese war. Recently, in 2004, Vietnam commanded the puppet communist who worked in Cambodia and Laos to sign on the Triangle Development Zone agreement. This agreement made Vietnam expand their territory legally to the west; there were three provinces in Cambodia such as Stoeng Treng, Ratanakkiri and Modolkiri and three provinces in Laos such as Ateu, Pi Sekong and Saravann. There are 400 private companies, which are their covers to hide the illegal Vietnamese troops and immigrants in Cambodia; they are workers (Radio Free Asia, 2016). They also have Vietnamese radio broadcasting in Sihanouk Ville where is located at the Southwest of Cambodia. Although Ho Chi Minh had passed away but his ideology and his plot still continue in present time by adapting from Soviet Union. VII. The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 was prepared the international community and the United Nation to end conflict in Cambodia. 18 countries and four Khmer factions singed the agreement in Paris. This agreement was initiated by Australia and ASEAN as we could the informal meeting between Hun Sen and Sihanouk took place accordantly in Pataya, Thailand and in Jakarta, Indonesia before reaching the Paris Peace Agreement 1991, due to the weak power of ASEAN, thus the powerful countries, which are the permanent members of the UN, were also involved. The basic elements of the agreements: Total withdrawal of foreign troops, to be verified by the United Nations Appropriate measures to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law during the transitional period; Respect for the Cambodian self-determination, to be realize via democratic elections under United Nations auspices; 42

47 Repatriation rights for all refuges and neutralization of Cambodia.(Lee Jones, 2007, p.533) The agreement happened after the cold war ended in 1989 and the subsequent negotiation between Norodam Sihanouk and Hun Sen. Soviet Union was the country, which supported Vietnamese communist technique, experts approximately working in Vietnam and weapons during the cold war was no longer support Vietnam. China, USA and ASEAN supported the three groups of Khmer Resistances. US, China and ASEAN put a diplomatic pressure on Vietnam to stop invading Cambodia. At the mean times, Soviet Union collapsed so Vietnam was inferior to Khmer resistance in diplomatic relations and local politics. Vietnam withdrew their uniformed troops in However, they left their troops with plainclothes in Cambodia. They infiltrated in Cambodian People Party Hun Sen. The agreement between four Khmer factions, Vietnam could free from condemnation of the internationals because the internationals can see that the war, which took place in Cambodia, was the civil war. In fact, it was the aggressive war by Vietnamese communist. Hun Sen and Sihanouk negotiated respectively until reaching the Paris Peace Agreement on 23 October Indonesia and France were as a co-president of the conference, which were signed by four Khmer factions, KPNLF by Soen San, Funcinpec led by Norodam Ranaridh, Kampuchea Democratic led by Khiev Samphan and Cambodian People Party led by Hun Sen. France and Indonesia were a copresident because these two countries were neutral during the third Indochinese war. They did not support both Vietnam and Khmer resistances. The Paris Peace Agreement brought Cambodia to reach the ceasefire and made the country peace and democracy through the election organized by UNTAC in Then Funcinpec led by Norodam Ranaridh gained the victory in the election and gained 58 seats. Cambodian People Party failed in this election and gained only 51 seats. Suddenly, Hun Sen announced to raise army and set up separatist to make the war. In fact, it was the game of communist who want to oust UNTAC from Cambodia. Sihanouk is also a key player communist. He ousted UNTAC from Cambodia and shared the power with communist dictator Hun Sen who was backed by Vietnam to be a second 43

48 prime minister. The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 is a political key for Khmer history and it is the hope for Khmer people because this agreement brought Cambodia with peace and democracy. On contrary, this agreement was nullified because dictator Hun Sen and his master Vietnam did not respect it and furthermore, they made a bloody coup d'état to kill pro-democracy Khmer on 5-6 July 1997 and violated the agreement. VIII. The Democracy during the UNTAC mandate The democracy was reborn during the Free and Fair Election, which was organized by the UNTAC in We observed that in 1993, there were a large amount of Khmer people went to vote because they want a change and want the country to have peace, democracy and development because they have lived under the torture, persecution by the dictator Hun Sen and Vietnam communist for long times. The UNTAC spent more than 2.8 billion dollar and made the effort to find the peace and democracy for Cambodia by organizing a free and fair election. On the contrary, Sihanouk made Cambodian people hopeless again. He ousted the UNTAC from the country and shared the power with dictator Hun Sen. Despite Cambodia was led by two prime ministers and it was contrary to the constitution; first prime minister was Norodam Ranaridh and second prime minister was Hun Sen. From 1993 to 1997, Cambodia gained a short bright of freedom and democracy but communist Hun Sen made a bloody coup d'état on 5-6 th July 1997 to take power and used the fraud election to manipulate the people for their power. IX. The Democracy in Cambodia Has Declined The democracy has declined since Hun Sen made coup d'état against Ranaridh to take power from Funcinpec Party on July 5-6, 1997 (Lee Jones, 2007). Hun Sen appointed Ung Huot as a puppet prime minister instead. This coup d'état was a plot of communists that Vietnam was a master to eliminate pro-khmer democracy. During that time, it was found that there were many pro-democracy politicians and activists in Funcinpec Party and the Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party led by Son San were arrested and extrajudicial killing 44

49 such as Ho Sok, Krouch Yoeum, Choa Sambath, and around 60 others were also killed(human Rights Watch, 2015). The other who survived had left for the Osmach (next to Thailand border) and continued to fight with Hun Sen s regime. Prince Ranarid fled to Paris. He was calling for the international intervention to depose Hun Sen. Then Hun Sen was on holiday in Hanoi and installed Ung Huot as the prime minister. ASEAN s reactions was not echoing the coup by calling from Japan, EU and the United States for the peaceful resolution of the conflict (Lee Jones, 2007). It was the same as when Vietnam invaded Cambodia on January 7, 1979 and they installed Heng Samrin and Hun Sen as their puppet. When Hun Sen's forces could not defeat the resistance group around 300 forces led by Nhoek Bun Chhay and Khan Savoeun at Ousmach. The US senator named Ronald Baker came to visit directly at Osmach and he will support that resistance groups to fight with Hun Sen s regime. But Sihanouk called his son back into the country. He asked Norodom Ranariddh who lived in exile to convince Nhoek Bunchhay and Khan Savoeun to return the country by promising them with good positions in the government; however, that power was removed gradually by Hun Sen s regime. What Khmer people have still confused was that they believed that King Sihanouk is truly Khmer patriots and pro-democracy; they tried to support this king since they struggled in Maki forest and Khmer-Thai border due to misunderstanding that King Sihanouk was pro-democracy. He did everything for national interest and Khmer people. In fact, Sihanouk was a communist, who was cheating Cambodian people via to the Indochinese communist policy. Sihanouk, Pol Pot and Hun Sen are all communists called Khmer Rouge. In conclusion, we found that the elections that were done after 1993 were not free and fair and they have been organized by CPP; the result of election did not come from the true will of Khmer people. Cambodia have been falling into the communist power that caused Khmer people death over and over again. They have never found the killers or perpetrators for the punishment. The country fell into dictatorship regime of Hun Sen. Only one person can make all decisions in the country; Khmer people have no rights to express their opinion. They are living in fearful society. If they dare to express their opinion, they would be arrested to jail. For example, like the case of 10 members of KNLF, on 23 October 2014, they just came for the peaceful assembly in order 45

50 to demand Vietnam and Hun Sen to respect Paris Peace Agreement and human rights; they have been arrested and imprisoned unfairly. 46

51 Part II The Continuous Human Rights Violation under Hun Sen s regime 47

52 1. Genocide, Crime against humanity, imprisonment and Extra judicial Killing Cambodia has a long history of tragedy since the communist has taken control Cambodia since This was due to policy of Indochinese Communist Party which supported by China. In the Pol Pot regime between , approximately 3 million of pro-democracy Khmer were killed, during the Vietnamese occupation between ; Vietnam installed group of Cambodian People Party, Hun Sen, Chea Sim and Heng Samrin to be in power. In this period, hundreds of thousands of Khmer people were killed by so called plan k5. This plan forced the people of Cambodia to build the fences along Thai-Cambodian border by cutting the wood and bamboo. Vietnamese soldiers forced and kidnapped the people to work in the forest. Most of them were killed by the malaria and land mines. According to Human Rights Watch, 2015, Mr. Hun Sen was also a former cadre in Khmer Rouge regime. He has ruled the country with human rights violations the last 35 years. Hun Sen made the succession and a bloody coup e tat in July 1997 to take over the power. Human Rights violation under Hun Sen s regime the last 35 years 48

53 One of another historic tragedy which took place in front of National Assembly in Phnom Penh was the grenade attack made by Hun Sen's bodyguard. This caused 16 people death and approximately 150 people injures. In 1998, after the national election, there were a peaceful demonstration to protest against the result of election. This caused many people deaths and missing because Hun Sen's armed forces cracked down violently on the protesters. Some protesters were brought to drop at Pich Nil valley. In 2010, there was one more shocked tragedy in Phnom Penh. Around 500 people were death on the Koh Pich Bridge due to so-called stamped bridge. Since then there is no investigations to find out why this tragedy took place and if anyone mentioned the incident, they will be arrested or imprisoned people affected by the forced eviction and land grab across the country due to land concession and development. Unemployment and poverty forced the people to migrate the country to be illegal immigrants in Thailand and Malaysia. Some were trafficked to various countries like China. It is new kinds of human trafficking committed by governmental agents. In 2013, 6 people were shot deaths and around 50 people were injured by Hun Sen's armed forces. This happened while they protested peacefully against the result of elections in There were 23 people were arrested and imprisoned. In 2013, 7 members of KNLF were arrested in Thailand and extradited to imprison in Cambodia. They were sentenced to imprison range from 5-8 years in jails. In 2014, one of KNLF members arrested because he distributed the books Mystery of Cambodia". On 23 October 2014, 10 members of KNLF were arrested and unfairly imprisoned. They protested peacefully in front of Vietnamese embassy to demand that Vietnam and Hun Sen respect the Paris Peace Agreement 1991 and human rights. Members of Khmer National Liberation Front have been imprisoned and detained unfairly 49

54 2.The Paris Peace Agreement 1991 violation The Paris Peace Agreement is the key factor for solving political conflict in Cambodia to end the war during 1980s. However, this agreement has still been violated by Vietnam and Hun Sen regime. After the Paris Peace Agreement 1991 entered into force, Vietnam has not withdrawn their soldiers and forces completely from Cambodia and continues to occupy and to work secretly with Hun Sen s regime. This violated article 8, which stated Immediately upon entry into force of this Agreement, any foreign forces, advisers, and military personnel remaining in Cambodia, together with their weapons, ammunition, and equipment, shall be withdrawn from Cambodia and not be returned. Such withdrawal and non-return will be subject to UNTAC verification (Paris Peace Agreement, 1991, article 8 ) Hun Sen did not recognize the result of election prepared by UNTAC in 1993 and made a secession and made a bloody coup in 1997 to take power. The respective elections were not free and fair. When the people protested against result of elections, they were shot and imprisoned unfairly. Some were deaths and some were missing. This violated the article 14, which stated All Signatories commit themselves to respect the results of these elections once certified as free and fair by the United Nations. Paris Peace Agreement, 1991, article 14) Hun Sen s regime is a former Khmer Rouge, who is a member of communist Indochina involved in killing more than 2 million people between 1975 and He always interferes ECCC. His regime continues to violate human rights such as force eviction and land grab, murder and human trafficking. Almost 20 members of KNLF and many other pro-democracy activists have been unfairly imprisoned. These violated article and 15.2 a. b and article 21, which stated The release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees shall be accomplished at the earliest possible date under the direction of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in coordination with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, with the assistance, as 50

55 necessary, of other appropriate international humanitarian organizations and the Signatories. Paris Peace Agreement, 1991, article 15.1; 15.2 ) Vietnam and Hun Sen s regime have made a new border demarcation, which violated sovereignty of Cambodia by using illegal treaty and supplementary treaty in This violated article 1.2.d of annex 4, which stated To determinate treaties and agreement which are incompatible with sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity. Paris Peace Agreement, 1991, article 1.2.d ) 3. Repression over Freedom of Expression, peaceful assembly and political rights The freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and political rights were said only in the constitution but in the real situation it is prohibited and repressed; the people who dare to criticize the government or expression their opinion regarding the politics were imprisoned or shot death. They intimidated the people who dare to criticize their government. Therefore, the people are afraid of participating in politics or society. While they are poor, they care only earning money for daily living. The peaceful assembly and demonstrations are banned if they considered that it is contrary to their policy but if it is benefit to their policy; it can happen. Mostly if the demonstration are from the oppositions, the authorities always cracked down them violently or banned them. The people who demanded for their rights, justice, freedom and democracy were killed or arrested. Like Pang Sokhoeun and Ven.Toem Sakhorn, who dare to talk about the border with Vietnam; they were forced to live in exile. Ven Toem sakhorn were arrested in Cambodia and extradite to imprison in Vietnam. Recently, the members of parliament from CNRP names Um Soman was arrested on 11 April 2016, while he returned to Cambodia. Piseth Pealyka was shot and died in Kalmeth hospital. Touch Srey Nech, Singer, was shot severely injured owing to sing a song. Many activists of Sam Rainsy were killed. Recently, many members of KNLF who were arrested due to their distribution the books and leaflets such as Phon Samarth, Yem Mony, Lok Ty, Khemarak, Hong, Piseth, Vibol, Yan Kim Srun, Yean Yeourb, Thach 51

56 Kong Phoung, Chhoem Smak, Leav yi, Lat Ly Heng, An Chan, and many others. The executive, legislative and juridical power were under control of one man Hun Sen. Communist took the multi political parties to deceptive Khmer people that Cambodia is a democratic country. The democracy in Cambodia is contrary to the true principle of democracy in the international standard. The judicial system is not independent, they are corrupted and unjust; they are favour only the rich and elite ruling party, especially they are afraid of powerful man Hun Sen. Actually, the court was not under anyone or any political parties. Whereas, the members of national assembly and senators did not play role as representatives for citizens but they are representatives to their parties. They work for the power not for the public interest; they committed corruption. They violated the constitution as members of parliament and senator have been arrested and imprisoned. Some were beaten by plainclothes police. The senator and members of parliament from opposition were imprisoned and beaten by Hun Sen s plainclothes police Moreover, Majority of Medias (Newspaper, Radio and TV) in Cambodia except the independent Medias from abroad are not independent; they are favour of ruling Party. They do not work freely and independently but those are controlled mostly by pro-cpp. They always published the pro-cpp news that is not reflecting the real society. This is contrary to the principles of true democracy that the Medias should be independent and neutral. The information play important role in the society for making people to have a rights decision. The Medias in Cambodia dare not write anything to criticize Hun Sen s regime. It they do, they will be at risk imprisoning or killing. Many 52

57 oppositions and human rights activists or defenders and environmental activists resulted in death and imprisonment due to their criticism online or public expression. The murderers or perpetrators have never been arrested or brought to justice; exactly, many journalists were under hunt by Hun Sen authorities such as You Saravuth (Sralanh Khmer director editor), Dam Seth (Director Editor of Moneasaka newspaper), Hang Chakra who was sentenced to two years in jail. Recently, Journalist Khim Sambor and his son were shot death on 11th of July 2008 during the election campaign. The killing spread fear among journalists. Nine journalists have been killed since 1994 to date noone has been brought to justice (HRW, 2015) Journalist Khim Sambo and one son were shot death in Phnom Penh For pro-cpp Medias, they will never have problems with their security. Those pro-cpp medias such as Reaksmey Kampuchea, Kohsantepheap, DAP, and Everyday.com and so do some TV such as TV 3, CTN, Bayon, Absara station. But if the Medias that are from Radio Free Asia or Voice of America or the other sources which are not pro-cpp, they were not allowed to freely and openly criticize the government. Furthermore, they will be put in the blacklist of under their investigation. The authorities furthermore intimidated the citizens who listened to these Medias. If anyone dare to express their political opinion or dare to speak the truth about the society, they will be threatened or arrested such as Mr. Moerng Son. He expressed his opinion in the public about the Angkor renovation done by Sok Kong who is using the light; he was concerned about the effects on Angor Wat if they are using the lights; ultimately, he was accused of incitement and false information. He was 53

58 followed to arrest. Therefore, there is no safety in Cambodia to anyone who dares to tell the truth in the society or criticize the government. Sok An renovated Angkor Wat with the light by craving it Whereas the education is significantly changed after the Paris Peace Accord 1991and national election prepared by UNTAC in The enrolment has increased but the students were not qualified enough to the requirement of current labour market. They are lacking of skills and skills gap especially practical skill. We can see that the rate of enrolment of the pupils in the primary school increased until 97% and increased rapidly for lower and secondary school 9% and 5% respectively (ADB, ILO, 2014). The remarkable decline of the illiteracy was from 3.27% in 1998 to 21.6% in 2008 and it is now illiteracy 20.3%. The public expenditure is 2.6 % of GDP. It allocated 13.1% of government budget to education in 2010(ADB, ILO, 2014). Many Private Universities and state Universities took place in Cambodia but those has been evaluated not qualified enough to the international standard because the educational system are corrupted, no materials and study supplies for students to research. The salary of teachers are still worst paid. The education is also influence from the politics and shortage of freedom of expression. The teachers dare not say anything truth in the society to teach the students; if they do so, they will be sacked or under pressure by the school director. Most schools director are the members of Cambodian People Party. The real history of Cambodia are changed especially after the cold war and the Indochina war II until now; they 54

59 said something following the political ideology of ruling party. As example one teacher whose names Sunthun in Kampong Thom province was under charge of teaching the students in the wrong way and they removed him to another place. Therefore, the education in Cambodia is not equity to everyone to access to school due to financial situation. We need to improve both quantity and quality. All citizens have the right to vote. The election must be a free and fair election. Referring to political context in Cambodia, The elections are the game of dictatorship regime to driving their power legitimate to rule the country. The later elections were not free and fair election such as the elections in 1998, 2003, 2008 and The results of elections do not come from the real willing of Khmer people. Members of CPP have ruled the elections. They confused the citizens and internationals to see that Cambodia is a democratic country for donation. The National Election Committee such as Tep Nitha are members of CPP; Even though new NEC that mixed between CPP and CNRP but it is not neutral and independent via the principles of the democracy. There are many irregularities in the result of elections. The ballot boxes were thrown away into the river. Some were missing. The members of opposition party were intimidated and threatened. Their names were left out from the polling lists but instead there were illegal Vietnamese immigration eligible to vote. The people 55

60 are disappointed and unbelievable with the results of the past elections. They were fraud elections (COMFREL, 2013). The process of registration is unusual such as misspelling the names of citizens and many lost their rights to vote due to no ID and working abroad (UN, Ronha Smith, 2016). Despite the fraud elections and the result of 2013 election was in irregularity, it indicated that opposition party increased until 55 seats and the CPP decreased to 65 seats. In 2014, the people made a peaceful demonstration to protest against the result, but they were shot at least 5 people death and almost 50 people injure. 22 people were imprisoned ( HRW, 2015). The senior officials of Hun Sen s regime do not respect the law; They used the power to repress the citizens. The law exist only on the paper; Some factory owners violated the rights of workers in many ways. They forced to work overtime with a limited salary. Sometime they did not pay for the workers and escaped from the factory. Most of the factories owners are from China. The government does not seek the justice for workers. In 2014, they had a peaceful demonstration for demanding the increase of their salary until 160$ but they were shot death at least 5 person and 50 injured. The workers were shot death by the Vietnamese soldiers infiltrated as the Hun Sen s authorities Law does not protect the rights of people or serve the public interest. On contrary, law is for protecting the power and interest of elite ruling party. The 56

61 court is not independent. Law is under only one powerful man. In the case of Hun To, who is Hun Sen s nephew, shot the people along the street death but no one can bring him to the justice. The killer and perpetrators are free to live in Cambodia whereas the victims are imprisoned. It is very unjust in Cambodia. Two unknown men shot Chea Vichea, who was a leader of labour union, death in the morning of 22 January They were riding a motorbike to shot Mr. Chea Vichea, who was reading a newspaper near Wat Langka. He was shot in his head and in his left side of chest causing him immediate death. The two men were commanded by the powerful men of ruling party Hok Londy who is the right hand of Hun Sen. On the 24th of February, 2004, Hy Vuthy, a factory president of the Free Trade Union of Workers (FTU), was shot dead, the third FTU official to be killed since Leader of labor union names Chea Vichea was shot dead in Phnom Penh in Forced evicting and land grabbing Force eviction and land grabbing is the big crises in Cambodia. By using the picture of company and the word investment and development, Hun Sen s regime gave the land concession for 99 year to private company mostly from Vietnam. This policy has a serious impact on the standard living and interest of citizens because they are losing the land and their shelters; they has lost the jobs and careers. These caused Khmer people to get poorer and poorer. In January 2009, 400 families from Dey Krahom community in Phnom Penh were 57

62 forcedly evicted. In January 2010, company guards and marine troops wounded at least four people when they forcibly evicted 116 families from their land in Preah Sihanouk province for a Chinese-owned company (Amnesty International, 2013). Also in 2010, a Singaporean concession holder collaborated with Hun Sen's sister take over the farmland belonging to indigenous Suy people in Kampong Speu province, threatening the resource base of 350 families. Authorities continued to arrest community activists who were protesting forced evictions and land grabbing, often on unfounded charges, such that more than 60 people were imprisoned for their involvement in land conflicts (Amnesty International, 2013). The group of elite ruling party are richer and richer because they are corrupted and selling off the states asset. The land conflict occurred across the country, depriving victims of the basic bare essentials of food and shelter. If the people that live on the land did not comply with the orders to leave, the authorities beat and shot them.420,000 people had been affected in areas covering approximately half of the country monitored since In another estimate, 10 per cent of the population of Phnom Penh had either been forcibly evicted or, in some cases, evicted through voluntary planned resettlement since 2001 (Amnesty International, 2013). 118 other households in Bos village, Oddar Meanchey province, were forcibly evicted in October of 2009 by a group of security forces, they granted to Angkor Sugar Company. Their homes were burnt down and they lost all of their belongings and farmland. Some 150,000 Khmer people were estimated to live at risk of forced eviction, including over 20,000 residents around Phnom Penh s Boeung Kak 58

63 Lake (Amnesty International, 2013). Several evicted communities in Phnom Penh were resettled in areas that lacked basic infrastructure, water, electricity and sanitation. The distance from their former homes and to the city meant that many lost access to their livelihoods. On the 6th of June several hundred security officials armed with rifles, tear gas and electric batons began the forced eviction of Sambok Chab village in central Phnom Penh. Thousands of people were forced to live around 20 kilometers away from the city centre, an area which lacked clean water, electricity, health clinics and schools. The lack of basic amenities at the relocation site led to increased prevalence of diarrhoea, skin infections, malnutrition and respiratory infections, particularly among children and the elderly.(ai, 2013) Thousands of forcibly evicted people did not receive an effective remedy, including restitution of housing, land or property. At least 27 forced evictions affected some 23,000 people. Around 150 land activists and affected people were arrested during the year, many of them facing prosecution on spurious criminal charges. (AI, 2013) Forced evictions continued to affect the lives of thousands of Cambodians. At least 26 forced evictions displaced around 27,000 people, the vast majority from communities living in poverty. The elite ruling party continued to abuse the criminal justice system to silence people protesting against evictions and land grabs. Police arrested at least 149 activists, for their peaceful defence of the right to housing. (AI, 2013) On the 22nd of March, security forces shot at unarmed villagers in Siem Reap province, injuring at least four people. The villagers, from Chikreng district, were protesting against the loss of farmland that had come under dispute. By the end of the year, no authority had investigated the shooting, but police had arrested at least 12 of the villagers, two of whom were subsequently convicted of robbery for attempting to harvest their rice on the disputed land. Seven were acquitted but remained in arbitrary detention pending a prosecutorial appeal. 59

64 Crimes against humanity and human rights violation in Cambodia the last 35 years They evicted people from one place to another or evicted them from their house and left them without proper shelter, some are risking their lives to come across borders and become illegal immigrants abroad. Hundreds of thousands of Cambodians have been trafficked to become slaves on the sea and forced labour in Thailand. In May of 2012, 15 women were arrested and sentenced to two years imprisonment because they protested peacefully. On the 17th of September 2013, the authorities cracked down violently against peaceful demonstrators. They shot at the demonstrators causing one death, injuring 25 people and 6 people were arrested and imprisoned. On the 22nd of September 2013, they cracked down violently on the peaceful demonstrators by using the electric batons and stones. This caused many people to be injured including one foreign journalist. On the 22nd November 2010, around people were killed on Koh Pich Bridge because of electric shock and poison but the authorities closed the case immediately and did not allow further investigations to find the true cause of the tragedy. Instead, the dictator regime turned to threatening and arresting whoever dared to mention the incident. 60

65 There is much injustice for millions of innocent Khmer people, who have been persecuted and killed. Nearly 500 Khmer people were killed on the bridged in Phnom Penh on November 2011 by the poison and electric shock then there was not allowed anyone to investigate this case. Approximately Khmer people deaths on the Koh Pich bridge during water festival 5-Human Trafficking Due to the land grabbing, forced evicting and unemployment in Cambodia, many Khmer people have been forced to leave the country to find jobs with neighbouring countries and South Korea. Some girls were forced to marry Chinese men due to their poverty. Among of those people were facing with human trafficking, which were committed by governmental agents (Interviewed with detainees in Thailand). At least half millions Khmer people became illegal immigrants in Thailand and hundred Khmer people became slaves in the sea. Hundreds of thousand people were sent to work in South Korea. Some women were forced to work in the house like slave in Malaysia. Many workers in Thailand were not allowed to use their passport to travel in Thailand despite they have passports. Their passports have been taken by the Thai owners and some workers have not been paid properly. Many people have been detained in Sounplu prison due to no legal documents. 61

66 *It is a treaty that fulfil the illegal treaties that Vietnam and illegal Hun Sen s regime signed in 1980s Khmer immigrants were deported by Thai authorities 6.Corruption The corruption is the main factor that affects the economic development. Cambodia was given a score of 20, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean (Transparency International Cambodia, 2014). Corruption is a huge problems in Khmer society. This corruption is at all level of public sectors. They sold the national property like national resource especially ore and forest for their personal interest. The national budget is lost around million dollar every year; according to the ambassador of The United State of America Ms. Carol Rolly. We must consider the Cambodian People Party that how much is their salary why they have so much money (millions of dollar) to put in the banks abroad including Hun Sen and many ministers (Panama, 2016). Is this wealth belong to our country or to them? Actually, they got it from the corruption or stealing from the national properties. The corruption widely spread all over Khmer society such as in the educational system, judicial system and in ECCC as well. 62

67 6.1.Corruption in Education Due to corruption and financial problems, many students drop out school from the elementary to secondary school. The rate of students who dropped out from primary school is 51.1%; the rate at lower secondary school is 31.8% and the rate at higher secondary school dropped out is 10.1% (ILO, 2013). This is because the salary of teacher is low and could not afford with their daily living because of the inflation and high prices of the goods and products in the market. So many teachers forced to commit corrupted. Especially in the secondary examination known as baccalaureate exam, some students have to bribe to pass the exam. Therefore, the students are not qualified to work. They are shortage of skills and skill gap. They have learned only the theory but lacked practice. The key skills that the people of Cambodia have lacked in the present labour market are technical and practical skills 45.3%, job specific skills 43%, foreign language skills 40.1%, oral communication skills, 29%, computer base literacy, 24.4%, problem solving skills 23.8% and team working skills 23.3% (ILO, 2013). According to CIPS data, 2013, the unemployment rate is 2.3% and among those 3.7% of youth are unemployed (ADB, ILO, 2015) Corruption in Court The people who have power and money are the winner in Cambodian society. The person who is no money is the victims. The Cambodian society now is valuing the money and materials. They honour those who rich but they do not know where the money from; like the group of leader of CPP where the money are from; they money are from corruption and stealing from the country and the nation. The court is listening to the powerful man and the persons who have a lot money therefore; the Cambodian society is suffering, unjust and unfair for the victims. 7.Poverty Khmer people especially in the rural area are living the poverty mostly in Preah vihear, Rotanak kiri and Kompong Thom provinces. The poor people in rural area are 52.2% and the poor in the urban area are 28.5% in 2004 (ILO and ADB, 2015). 85% of population are farmers; they grow rice and work for only their family. Most of them are low educated. There are not enough 63

68 hospital for the poor in rural area; they had to pay for the treatment if they go to hospitals sometime they died because they have no money to pay for the medical treatment and the doctor did not treat them. In this case, one woman in Battambang province were died together with her child due to the poverty when she had no money to pay the doctor for delivering her childbirth. What will the future of Khmer children be? 8.Khmer Rouge Tribunal The Khmer rouge tribunal is a produce of political priority from the negotiation of Cambodian government while Norodom Ranariddh was a Prime Minister with the United Nation, the United States together with the officials of several nations. In 1997, Norodam Ranaridh and Hun Sen send a joint letter to UN General- Secretary Koffi Annan asking for assistance to the international community to bring to the justice who are responsible for the crimes against humanity and genocide during the Pol Pot regime. It came into force in According to the report of Human Rights Watch which released in years of Hun Sen, the Khmer rouge trial was under control of Cambodian People Party because the international judge has only a minority role in the court. Hun Sen did not allow further investigation to the senior officials due to 64

69 impact on himself and other senior in CPP. They are former Khmer Rouge especially Hun Sen himself. Hun Sen, by now the sole prime minister, rejected the UN's recommendations, declaring that Cambodian courts were competent to conduct their own trials, saying that foreign judges and prosecutors could only participate in trials if they played a secondary role in the domestic judiciary. Hun Sen and the CPP controlled the Cambodian judiciary. (Human Rights Watch, 2015, p.61) Actually, the leaders of Khmer Rouge both Norodam Sihanouk and Hun Sen including many other senior official in the CPP must be brought to the justice because they are also the senior leaders of Khmer rouge during Pol Pot regime. Norodam Sihanouk, Salot Sar and Hun Sen are the leaders in Khmer Rouge regime by taking model from radical Mao Ze Tung; they were allies of Indochinese Communist Parties. Khmer people are waiting for the true justice from this tribunal. Hun Sen s regime and Vietnam does not want the world to know the truth of killing field. That is why there are trying to control ECCC. While the top leaders died respectively such as Norodam Sihanouk died in 2013 and Pol Pot died, under mysterious circumstances, in April 1998.Recently, Hun Sen stated that he would rather let the tribunal fails if it has to get involved with other people in his government. The establishment of the Khmer rouge tribunal is benefit to Vietnam communist and Hun Sen s regime as Khmer images are notorious to the world and to make stable for the their power. If Khmer Rouge Tribunal wish to find the true justice for Khmer citizens, they should not be involved in Cambodian court, the court should be process at international level that they are neutral and independent. It can provide true justice for the victims. Vietnam has changed their form from the direct colony as they occupied Cambodia in 1979 to use neo-colony by camouflaging from Vietnamese citizens to Khmer citizens. Vietnam used private company and investment to cover their invasion. They can hide Khmer people not to see that Cambodia is under occupation of Vietnam. Through the terms Development and Land Concession Vietnam used money to buy the land. They grabbed Khmer people s land to sell that caused the land conflict. 65

70 Vietnam used different tactics to take over Cambodia and the other countries in this region as such Laos, Khmer Krom and Champa. Khmer people already used to have past experiences of Vietnamese occupation. Therefore, when Hun Sen s regime provided the concession land of 99 years to Vietnamese company, in the future Khmer people will become a small ethnic group of Vietnam just like Champa and Kampuchea Krom. As you know that the people of Vietnam are 100 millions and the people of China is 230 million people ( UN, 2015). 9. Deforestation and National Resources Exploitation Cambodia exists a plenty of national resource, forest, mine, fish, oil and ore. Cambodia is covered 73% of forest. However, only 25% of forest left due to deforestation committed by the Hun Sen s regime and Vietnam. Mine, Mountain and ore have been taken by the Vietnamese and Chinese company such as in Orklor village, MondolKiri and take the gold in the mountain in Kampong Speu. Fish in Tole sap have been illegal equipment. The large deforestation caused a drought in Cambodia and change in the environment. In May 2012, Hun Sen s authorities shot an activist whose name was Chhut Vuthy to death; he was a president of environmental protection organization. President of environmental organization names Chhut Vuthy was shot death Vietnam used company to carry wood, logs and exploited all types of mine to their country. Vietnam and Chinese companies used various ways to destroy Khmer natural resources. As you can see in the picture, some mountains were exploited by private company and affect the beauty of the country. Some places such as in Rovieng district, Oklor in Mondolkiri Province, which has Chinese company exploit to find the gold at 1 kg a day. They do not 66

71 allow Khmer to exploit this gold while Khmer people is native nationality. Whenever Khmer finds the places, which exist mineral and gold, Vietnam and China grabbed it for themselves. Cambodian natural resources were destroyed by corrupted officials who sold to private company 10. Illegal Vietnamese Immigrants and Vietnamese Spies Immigrants must respect the law of immigration and Khmer law. Immigrant who does not respect Khmer law must be sent back to his or her homeland. Immigrants who has Khmer nationality with a completed characterization of Khmer nationality, he has also equal rights as other Khmer people. Every Vietnamese espionages either civilians or military polices must be sent back to their native country. 11. Imprisonment of members of Khmer National Liberation Front, brother and other political dissidents Eight members of KNLF including my younger brother name Yean Yoeurb were arrested and extradited from Thailand to imprison in Cambodia in They were imprisoned range from 5-10 years. Ten other members of KNLF were arrested on 23rd October 2014 because they made a peaceful demonstration in front of Vietnamese embassy to demand a respect of Paris Peace Agreement 1991 and respect human rights. Not only members of KNLF but also 11 other opposition activists and including one senator names Hong Sok Hour were arrested and imprisoned. Recently, member of parliament from CNRP names Um Sam AN were arrested on 11 April 2016 while he came back from USA. The imprisonment of KNLF s members and other political prisoners is the violation of Cambodian constitution and human rights as provided in article 38.3 and in article 41 of the constitution because KNLF has officially 67

72 registered in Denmark. We have been working peacefully for peace, freedom and democracy referring to international law and Paris Peace Agreement in Members of KNLF distributed the books and leaflets It is also the violation the international law of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. What they have charged against KNLF s members to incite violence is a false accusation. 12.The Future of Cambodia Sooner or Later, the policy of Indochina Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh will be achieved successfully in Indochina by putting multi-nations under one state. Vietnamese communist is now colonizing Laos and Cambodia under the picture of ASEAN integration. Khmer people will become the ethnic minority of Vietnamese people like Champa, Laos, Khmer (Kampuchea Krom). China will have influence in Asia especially in the ASEAN community. They will continue to spread their influence to the countries around the world in the future. 68