United Nations University Series on Regionalism

Transcription

1 United Nations University Series on Regionalism Volume 12 Series Editors Philippe Lombaerde, United Nations University (UNU), Brugge, Belgium Luk Van Langenhove, Grootseminarie, United Nations University CRIS, Brugge, Belgium International Editorial Board members include Louise Fawcett, Oxford University Sieglinde Gstöhl, College of Europe, Bruges Henryk Kierzkowski, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva Fukunari Kimura, Keio University, Tokyo Edward D. Mansfield, University of Pennsylvania T. Ademola Oyejide, University of Ibadan Jacques Pelkmans, College of Europe, Bruges Joaquin Roy, University of Miami Ramón Torrent, University of Barcelona

2 The United Nations University Series on Regionalism, launched by UNU-CRIS and Springer, offers a platform for innovative work on (supra-national) regionalism from a global and inter-disciplinary perspective. It includes the World Reports on Regional Integration, published in collaboration with other UN agencies, but it is also open for theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions from academics and policy-makers worldwide. Book proposals will be reviewed by an International Editorial Board. The series editors are particularly interested in book proposals dealing with: comparative regionalism; comparative work on regional organizations; inter-regionalism; the role of regions in a multi-level governance context; the interactions between the UN and the regions; the regional dimensions of the reform processes of multilateral institutions; the dynamics of cross-border micro-regions and their interactions with supranational regions; methodological issues in regionalism studies. Accepted book proposals can receive editorial support from UNU-CRIS for the preparation of manuscripts. Please send book proposals to: pdelombaerde@cris.unu.edu and lvanlangenhove@cris.unu.edu. More information about this series at

3 Carlota Solé Sonia Parella Teresa Sordé Martí Sonja Nita Editors Impact of Circular Migration on Human, Political and Civil Rights A Global Perspective

4 Editors Carlota Solé Department of Sociology Autonomous University of Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Teresa Sordé Martí Department of Sociology Autonomous University of Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Sonia Parella Department of Sociology Autonomous University of Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Sonja Nita Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS) United Nations University Brugge, Belgium ISSN ISSN (electronic) United Nations University Series on Regionalism ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is Published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

5 Foreword Circular migration is a term that has relevance stretching from premodern times to the present day. Once linked to the seasonally oriented patterns of nomadic movements, its application today relates more to the forces of global and regional economics than to nature. Nor is it any longer confined geographically to specific regions. There is little doubt that the emergence of patterns of contemporary circular migration is closely related to the economic, technological, and geopolitical changes of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. As Europeans move freely within the Schengen space, often cultivating dual or more ties and affiliations, or as transient migrant groups move between the Gulf states, there emerges indelible proof that migration is neither linear in this day and age nor necessarily between one place and another. Migration can be a way of life spread across different places. The idea of circular migration puts to rest, once and for all, the early assumptions of migration studies, that migratory patterns were linear and unidirectional. The implications of circular migration on questions of citizenship, identity, culture, and belonging are enormous. In keeping with the scattered and shifting realities of postmodernity, circular migration forces a rethinking of the conceptual and methodological approaches conventionally used in the social sciences to study migration. Circularity confounds the linear space/time axes upon which such studies are based. A better understanding of circular migration is crucial in order to be able to rethink these concepts in terms no longer of linearity and relocation but of continued mobility. By extension, the study of circular migration will impact on methodologies and concepts in the social sciences and humanities, forcing renewal and revision in academic practice. Circular migration is both an aspect of transnationalism and a challenge to the epistemological premises of the latter. The ease of long-distance travel means that, today, circular migration, understood as the movement of migrants between places, regions, and continents, is more common than ever, with concomitant impact on questions of transnationalism. Furthermore, circularity and mobility challenge the very role and imagination of the nation-state, so that life lived in transit becomes the norm. Numerous, sociological, political, legal, and cultural questions come to light in the wake of this realization. v

6 vi Foreword One important aspect to bear in mind is the upstaging of assumptions that migration takes place from the global south to the global north. What becomes evident here is the ubiquity of migration in the developing world, where uneven development leads to new patterns and routes of migration. Perhaps what is most striking in the global reach of the studies that follow is the fact that development, as practiced, establishes migration, mobility, and transnationalism as features of everyday lived experience. This volume gathers together the work of a team of scholars, led by Professor Carlota Solé, in order to present a coherent and incisive analysis of circular migration as it appears across the globe. It is the fruit of collaboration between the Autonomous University of Barcelona and two institutes of the United Nations University: UNU-CRIS, located in Bruges, which focuses on regional integration studies and, albeit while still at an incipient stage, UNU-GCM, located in Barcelona and focusing on globalization, culture, and mobility. As a collaborative project, it helped to spur the conceptual genesis of UNU-GCM, for which I thank the scholars involved. As a project largely led from Barcelona, it also reminds us that the Mediterranean is a region where circular migration is both age old and contemporary, without doubt tangibly present in the everyday. Barcelona, Spain December 2013 Parvati Nair

7 Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Carlota Solé, Sonia Parella, Teresa Sordé Martí, and Sonja Nita Part I Its Policy Dimension and the Ways Circular Migration Are Currently Being Promoted as a Policy Tool 2 Circular Migration Within the EU-Moldova Mobility Partnership Sonja Nita 3 Circular Migration and the Gulf States Zahra Babar and Andrew Gardner 4 Mexican Immigration to the United States and the Vulnerability of Migrants and Their Circularity Jorge A. Bustamante 5 Explaining the Impasse of Circular Migration in Southern Africa Aurelia Segatti Part II Circular Migration from the Perspective of the Agency of Migrants and Its Transnational Dimension 6 Thinking Circularity and Gender Transversality in Contemporary Migration Natalia Ribas-Mateos 7 Freedom Against Control: Bolivian Circular Mobility Tradition in the Spanish and International Migration Policies Context Leonardo de la Torre Ávila vii

8 viii Contents 8 Temporary Migration and the Shortcomings of Citizenship Valeria Ottonelli and Tiziana Torresi Part III Circular Migration and Its Multiple Impacts on Human Development and Citizenship Rights 9 Incomplete Subjects: Circular Migration and the Life and Death Struggles of the Migrant Workers in China Pun Ngai 10 Democracy on the Move? Stefan Rother 11 From the Brain Drain to the Brain Circulation: Typology of a Romanian Brain Network Alisa Petroff 12 Circular Migration and Entrepreneurship Development in Ghana Clement Adamba and Peter Quartey 13 Concluding Remarks Carlota Solé, Sonia Parella, Teresa Sordé Martí, and Sonja Nita Index

9 About the Editors Carlota Solé Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). The founder of the Group of Studies on Immigration and Ethnic Minorities (GEDIME), and currently the director of the Centre of Studies and Research on Migrations (CER-Migrations) both based at the UAB. She has published more than 38 books, 11 special issues in international and national journals and more than 200 articles on modernization, migration, transnationalism, ethnic enterprises and citizenship among many others. She was awarded with the CIS National Prize of Sociology and Political Sciences (1991) and the Mary Parker Follett Award from the American Political Sciences Association. Sonia Parella holds a PhD in Sociology (2002) and is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). She is the director of the GEDIME/CER-Migracions (UAB). Her current research focuses on the link between return migration and transnational mobility. She has published on a wide range of issues including gender, migration and domestic work; ethnic entrepreneurship; transnational families; and cross-border social practices in journals like Journal of Migration and Ethnic Studies, Revista Internacional de Sociología, Migraciones Internacionales, among others. She has been a visiting scholar at the University of Princeton (USA), University of California-Irvine (USA) and Universidad Arturo Prat (Chile). Teresa Sordé Martí doctorate from Universitat de Barcelona (2004) and from Harvard University (2007), is a Serra Hunter associate professor at the Sociology Department in the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and senior researcher at GEDIME-CER-Migracions. Her research work has focused on social inclusion and inequalities faced by migrants and ethnic minorities, particularly in the case of Roma, and the role played by Romani women. She has participated in different European Commission funded research projects (FP5 WORKALO, ; FP6 INCLUD-ED, ; FP7 IMPACT-EV, ). Her work has been published in Qualitative Inquiry, Ethnicities and European Journal of Women s Studies, among others. ix

10 x About the Editors Sonja Nita is a former Project Researcher at UNU-CRIS in Bruges, where she focused on global and regional migration governance. She conducted a joint research project with UNESCO on the free movement of people within regional integration processes. Since February 2011, she coordinated a research project in cooperation with the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) in the framework of the United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility (UNU-GCM). She is a graduate in Political Science and Law at the University of Hamburg and holds a Master s degree in European Studies from the Center for European Integration Studies at the University of Bonn.