An African Alternative:

Transcription

1 Eero Kuparinen An African Alternative: Nordic Migration to South Africa, Finnish Historial Society / Helsinki 1991 Institute of Migration / Turku 1991

2 Contents 1. Introduction The Context of the Investigation The Research Design Sources The Applicability of Migration Statistics to the Investigation of the Migration to South Africa Migration to South Africa from the Beginning of British Rule to the First World War ( ) The Assisted Immigration Era Spontaneous Migration to South Africa Migration and the Creation of a Nation From British Settlement to International Migration: the Composition of the Migration to South Africa by Nationality of Origin The Nordic Response to South Africa in the 19th Century: Growing Interest in a Land of Growing Opportunities The Origins of Nordic Knowledge about South Africa The Role of Literature and the Press in Propagating Information about South Africa Travellers' Journals and Missionary Literature Handbooks and Travellers' Guides The Press From Etappe Contacts to Freight Trade: Nordic Marine Contacts with South Africa during the 19th Century Nordic Settlement in South Africa prior to the Rise of the Mining Industry (to 1885) 97 9

3 The First Half-Century of British Rule: The Swedish Era Jacob Letterstedt The Possible Recruitment of Swedish Immigrants to South Africa O. W. A. Forssman's Transvaal Expedition Scandinavians and Assisted Passages in the 1870s: the Danish Invasion Norwegian Settlers in Natal: from Missionaries into Settlers Early Stages of Norwegian Immigration The Marburg Scheme Nordic Late Arrivals: Finnish Migration to South Africa Regional Structure of Nordic Emigration to South Africa, Nordic Migration to South Africa from the Rise of the Transvaal Gold Mining Industry to the First World War ( ) The Availability of Information and Transport (Factors within the Nordic Countries Enabling Migration) The Expansion of Information on South Africa during the 1890s Guidebook Propaganda for South Africa The Role of the Press in Distributing Information about South Africa The Road to South Africa: Restricted Entry Fluctuations in the Migration Rate The Early Mining Industry Period ( ) From Cape Town to Johannesburg The Natal Railway Gang The Era of Technological Efficiency and Political Deadlock ( ) The Witwatersrand Tragedy 163

4 Johannesburg: the Golden Disappointment Disruption: the Boer War (1900 Ol) The British Transvaal Rise and Depression ( ) From Unregulated Settlement to Conttrolled Immigration: Immigration Legislation in South Africa, Brief Flood and Prolonged Ebb: Nordic Migration to South Africa Geographical Recruitment to the Nordic Migration to South Africa Geographical and Chronological Variation Regional Intensity Divergent Geographical Patterns of Recruitment Urban Concentration Marine Contacts The Significance of Push Factors The Significance of Migration Tradition 280 Composition of the Nordic Migration to South Africa Occupational and Social Composition Occupational Classification Occupational and Social Composition: Comparison of the Migration to South Africa with Nordic Overseas Migration Overall Class I: Agricultural Occupations Class II: Industrial and Artisan Occupations Class III: Occupations in Trade and Communications Class IV: Public Services and the Professions Class V: Labourers, Servants and Those with No Specified Occupation

5 Nordic versus International Migration to South Africa Age and Sex Composition Marital Status Return Migration Conclusions 357 Appendices 365 List of Ancillary Material and Appendices 441 List of Figures 441 List of Maps 442 List of Tables 443 List of Appendices 443 Abbreviations 446 Sources 447 Index of Names of Places