Table of Contents. 1 Crime and Corrections 1. 2 Corrections and Criminal Justice: An Overview 13. xvii. Preface

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1 Table of Contents Preface xvii 1 Crime and Corrections 1 Corrections and Criminology... 1 A Profile of Crime in the United States... 3 Uniform Crime Reports... 4 Victimization Studies... 5 Nonreporting and Underreporting of Crime... 6 Society s Historical Reaction to Crime... 8 Retaliation... 8 Retribution... 9 Reformation... 9 Prevention Goals of Corrections Summary Key Terms Corrections and Criminal Justice: An Overview 13 Social Functions of Criminal Justice Role of Law in Society Substantive and Procedural Law Sources of Law Legislatures Constitutions Case Law Administrative Law... 19

2 x Contents Components of the Criminal Justice System Law Enforcement Judicial Process Corrections Criminal Justice as a System Barriers to System Success and Achievement Summary Key Terms Punishment 29 Justice: Equity or Equality? Evolution of Punishment The Primitive Vengeance The Classical-Positivist Dilemma The Classical View of Crime The Positivistic View of Crime Radical Views Ideologies of Corrections Retribution or Vengeance Deterrence Contrasting Views Rehabilitation Reintegration Incapacitation Just Deserts Summary Key Terms History of Corrections 45 The Historical Perspective The First Penitentiary Forerunners of the Penitentiary The House of Corrections The Hospice of San Michel The Maison de Force Galley Ships The Penitentiary Emerges: The Walnut Street Jail The Pennsylvania System The Auburn System After Auburn and Pennsylvania... 51

3 Contents xi The Reformatory Movement Southern Prisons Beginning of the Modern Era of Corrections Development of Alternatives to Incarceration Benefit of Clergy Judicial Reprieve Filing of Cases Founding of Probation Origins of Parole Alexander Maconochie Sir Walter Crofton Parole in the United States Summary Key Terms Administration of the Prison 67 Administrative Goals for Prisons Security Segregation Discipline Treatment Working to Achieve Administrative Goals The Prison Staff Prison Administrative Management Autocratic Wardens Bureaucratic Wardens Delegative Wardens Participatory Management The Prison s Influence on Staff The Other Prisoners Prison Staff Subculture Summary Key Terms The Prisoner 81 Prison Populations Experiences of Long-Term Imprisonment Elderly Inmates Gangs... 88

4 xii Contents Transgender Inmates The Culture of Prison Separating the Inmate from the Subculture Penetrating the Subculture Prison Economic Systems The Ex-Prisoner Summary Key Terms Prisoners Rights 101 Prisoners Rights in a Historical Context Judicial Intervention The Prisoners Rights Movement The Rights of Inmates Freedom from Cruel and Unusual Punishment Visitation Use of the Mail Religious Rights Medical Care Privacy and Searches of Inmates Rights Related to Prison Disciplinary Procedures Access to the Courts Evolution of Inmates Rights Summary Key Terms Prison Violence 121 Forms of Prison Violence Physical Violence by Inmates on Inmates Physical Violence by Inmates on Staff Physical Violence by Staff on Inmates Sexual Violence Self-Inflicted Physical Violence Economic Violence Psychological Violence Explanations for Violence in Prison Violent Inmates Prison Gangs Adaptations to Deprivation

5 Contents xiii Overcrowding High Incidence of Mental Illness Organized Disturbances and Riots Explanations for Prison Riots Environmental Conditions Spontaneity Model Conflict Model Collective Behavior and Social Control Model Rising Expectations and Relative Deprivation Model Summary Key Terms Corrections for Women 147 Women Inside Prisons Currently Incarcerated Female Offenders Correctional Entities and Institutions Women Inside Jails Social Ties and Pseudo Families Challenges with Women as Correctional Clients Sexual Violence Inside Jails and Prisons Institutional Programs Medical Services Maternal Bonds Summary Key Terms Jails and Local Corrections 161 Contemporary Jails Evolution of Local Correctional Efforts Local Correctional Populations Demographic Variations Geographic Variations Jail Administration and Management City and County Government Administration State Government Administration Cooperative Administration Private Corrections Problematic Aspects of Jails Substandard Physical Facilities

6 xiv Contents Minimal Programming Opportunities Staffing Deficiencies Recruitment and Retention Training Staff Turnover Poor Inmate Health Substance Abuse Suicide Mental Health Additional Forms of Local Corrections Day Reporting Centers Diversion Centers Home Incarceration Summary Key Terms Community Corrections 185 Community Corrections versus Institutional Corrections Arguments Against Community Corrections Arguments for Community Corrections Probation Conditions of Probation Special Types of Probation Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) Nonreporting Probation U.S. Probationers Legal Rights of Probationers Revocation of Probation Due Process Rights Parole and Other P-Words Contemporary Parole U.S. Parolees The Parole Process Granting Parole Conditions of Parole Parole Revocation Shock Incarceration Aftercare for Former Inmates Problems Facing Former Inmates Contemporary Aftercare Programs Summary Key Terms

7 Contents xv 12 Correctional Programs 213 Health Care Counseling and Therapeutic Programs Substance Abuse Treatment Sex Offender Programs Therapeutic Communities Education Vocational Education Religious Programs and Faith-Based Initiatives Family-Based Programs Recreation and Arts Programs Perceptions of Programs Summary Key Terms Corrections Staff 241 Jobs in Corrections Selection and Training of Prison Staff Correctional Officer Culture, Expectations, and Work Environment Authority and Interactions of Correctional Officers A Typology of Correctional Officers Correctional Officers and Job Stress Recent Developments in Organization of Prison Staff Professionalization Summary Key Terms Contemporary Challenges in Corrections 257 Biggest Challenges in the Eyes of Correctional Administrators Overcrowding Financial Challenges Siting of New Correctional Facilities Evidence-Based Corrections Summary Key Terms Index 275

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