Disparity among The East Java Areas

Transcription

1 Disparity among The East Java Areas Karnaji 1 Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Politics Sciences, Airlangga University, Surabaya ABSTRACT Planned changes that are called development have been done in many areas in Indonesia, including in East Java. However, the development in many regencies/ cities has not been entirely separated from the national macro paradigm the economic development. There is an unwanted result of the above tendency the diversity of development status in many areas. Some areas are developing quickly, and some others slowly. In this context, then, emerged a concept called development disparity among the East Java areas. The calculation of areas disparity is based on the data of PDRB per capita. East Java is using Williamson index in calculating the disparity, that can illustrate the relative and absolute differences between the areas. Key words: disparity, macro paradigm, relative comparison, absolute comparison. As a social phenomenon, over urbanization is caused by the development policy that emphasizes on growth. Urbanization is the moving of people from one village to a big city. It becomes a problem when the flow of urbanization is not balanced with the job availability, housings, and appropriate public facilities. Wh en this condition occurs, the city will be massively over populated, have wide -spread poverty and also other negative consequences as the results of complex urbanization. As noted by Evers that fast urbanization that is centralized in the main cities will bring about new problems such as traffic jam, pollution, and wide -spread poor areas (Evers & Korff, 2002:45). In the mean time, Manning (1985) explains that the effects of over urbanization in a big city will cause three citizenship problems, namely (1) a great number of unemployment that rapidly increases, (2) the proportion of employers working in industrial sectors does not significantly change or even has a tendency to decrease, and (3) the number of people and their population will rapidly grow that th e government cannot provide appropriate healthy services, housings, and transportations. At this point, the efforts of reducing the negative effects of over urbanization become relevant to be examined to formulate a control program including in the East Java province. So far, many studies have proved that imbalanced economic development among regencies rationally will motivate people to move with a great hope of having new employment and better income in the new city. When the job vacancies in the village i s getting difficult to find as the results of modernization in agriculture sector and the raise of commercialization, the big city offers opportunities to gain social status that of course will increase the number of urbanization over the time. As big cities in East Java province, attracting opportunities offered by Surabaya, Malang, and Sidoarjo, as the secondary city that is fast developed, of course, will be very interesting. In Surabaya city, for instance, every year the flow of moving from villages to Surabaya after Idul Fitri holiday is estimated reaching around thousands people. It can be predicted what is going to happen when the number of jobs and public services provided is imbalanced with the flow of urbanization. It is well -known that every year the number of 1 Correspondence: Karnaji. Department of Sosiology, Faculty of Social and Political Scie nces. Airlangga University. Jl. Airlangga No.4-6, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia. Phone. (031) E -mail: karnaji_fisip@unair.ac.id

2 Karnaji :Disparity Among The East Java Areas immigrants moving to big cities always greatly increases and even beyond the government capability to accommodate them. As stated by Alan Gilbert and Josef Gugler in their book entitled Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanization in the Third World, that cartelistic signing that the big cities is categorized into Third World is the presence of polarization and distortion. Capital accumulation and development that are centralized in the city, of course, will accelerate industrial development; however, it is undeniable that at the same time the city life will ignore poverty and the burden of marginal groups. On the contrary, the expansion done in some regions brings solutions, fulfills and accommodates people's aspiration. Even though, the development program in some regions has the same purposes namely to realize prosperity and advanced society, the result is relatively different among regions. The effects of development are different from one and another region. It is caused by the presence of human and natural resource diversity possessed by each region. To measure at what extant the economic development among regions in East Java Province has brought into a better situation, it is not enough only by measuring the raise of economic indicator like the number of economic development, PDRB, rate of infestation, and so forth, but also by recognizing how far the results of development in economic sectors have contributed to the efforts of increasing the people's prosperity in East Java area wholly. On the other hand, it is true that today s level of economic development in East Java region has a tendency to increase. But, this condition should be interpreted more carefully, for it is possible when the level of economic development increase, at the same time, the number of poor people also increases and the number of unemployment does not decrease. Finally, it seems that a good development in the economic sector does not always go along with the increase of people's prosperity level. This article discusses the area disparities happening in some regencies/cities in East Java. The calculation of area disparity is based on the data from PDRB per capita, for PDRB and the number of people in a certain region becomes something essential for one anoth er. In the area disparity, we can also observe the relative and absolute comparison among regions. Disparity Index among Regencies The calculation of area disparity is done by using area approach. This approach uses the data from PDRB per capita. In East Java, the area disparity applies Williamson index that is able to picture the development diversity occurring in East Java. The component used to measure the area disparity is the data from PDRB per capita from some regencies/cities, the average nu mber of PDRB per capita in East Java areas, the number of people living in regencies/cities and the number of people living in the East java. PDRB per capita is DPRB that is divided by the number people in the first half year. When the number of people is high, the PDRB per capita was getting lower. In some regencies, the higher the PDRB per capita of a regency, the better the economic system in that region. In order to apply the agreement recommended by United Nations about the basic year of PDB/PDRB calculation and also in order to apply the agreement declared by Asia -Pacific Nations (UN-ESCAP), 2000 is chosen to be the new basic year. Consequently, since 20005, the organization of PDRB in East Java used the basic year of Generally, PDRB per capita is based on the 'existing price' formulated from PDRB ADHB divided by the number of people in the first half year. PDRB per capita Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku (ADHB) has some weakness. Its weakness is on its inability to show the real development of the buying level per capita. This defect is caused by three factors, they are: PDRB per capita has not been able to know the range diversity of assets authority and the income from the production factor, for this number only indicated the average number of income per capita. In the last five year, PDRB per capita in East Java shows a point that continuously increases. 2

3 IJSS Vol. 21 (4) Table 1. PDRB ADHB (in Billion Rupiah) The number of people in a half year and PDRB Per capita (in Billions Rupiah) in East Java during No Description PDRB ADHB Number of people in a half year 3 PDRB Per capita Source: An analysis of social and economic macro indicator of East Java in 2006 In 2002 the PDRB per capita of East Java reached Rp , -. In the following year (2003) the PDRB per capita increased reaching Rp , -, in 2004, reaching Rp , in 2005 reaching , - and in 2006, it kept raising reaching Rp , -. This PDRB development gave an indicator that there was a growth in the economic sector and people's prosperity among regencies in East Java. However, this condition had not reflected the presence of incom e distribution in East Java regencies entirely. The indicator of economic prosperity development could be seen from the raise of people's ability in certain regency to consume products and services. The parameter used to know whether there was an increase or even conversely a decrease of the people's buying level to consume products and services was using the Buying Level Index ( Index Daya Beli) or IDB. By IDB we are able to know whether in a certain community shows an increase or conversely decrease in the ir buying level. The IBD was gained from the index of PDRB per capita ADHB divided by the Index of Customer Price ( Index Harga Konsumen) or IHK. IHK was used to determine IDB for the considerations of buying level reflected the price in customer level. In 2002, the IDB of East Java people reached 104,10 or grew 3.63%.The economic condition in East Java had a tendency to positively increase. At least, in 2003 the East Java IDB increased reaching %. Compared to 2002, IDB in 2003 significantly increased around 7.09%. This condition occurred as the inflation level in East Java grew lower compared to the growth of PDRB per capita in Table 2. Buying Level Index (IDB) in East Java using the basic year 2000 period No Description Index of PDRB Per Capita ADHB 2 Customer Price Index (IHK) Buying Level Index (IDB) Growth Level of IDB (%) Source: An analysis of social and economic macro indicator of East Java in 2006 In 2004, the IDB in East Java, again, increased even though it was not as significant as in One factor why IDB was lower was because in 2004 the issue on the price of gasoline had increased the Customer Price Index (IHK). Accordingly, it affected the buying level in consuming products and services. The IDB growth rate in 2004 reached 5.77 compared to 2003 in which the IDB in 2004 reached In last five year ( ), the lowest IDB development rate occurred in Even though IDB in 2005 seemed to increase compared to 2004, the level of development was not really significant, only 1.56%. So that, the IDB of this year was only This condition happened because government policy to increase the price of petroleum on October It caused the decrease of people's buying level in consuming products and services. In addition to 3

4 Karnaji :Disparity Among The East Java Areas this, the government policy to increase the gasoline price also stimulated the i nflation level in East Java. As primary commodity, the increase of gasoline price, of course, will bring dominant effects to other sectors, particularly industrial and transportation sectors. The increase of gasoline price on October 2005 brought about inf lation in East java in which at the same month reaching 8.36%. The level of inflation on October seemed to be the lowest inflation during the year Cumulatively, the inflation rate in 2005 reached 15.19%. This inflation level was almost the same as the inflation of income per capita of East java reaching 16.99% in As the result of the increase of gasoline price, the high level of inflation on October 2005 did not only occur in East java but also in other regions. In the early 2006, the increase o f gasoline price did not significantly affect the inflation rate. In 2006, the rate of inflation in East Java was at point 6.76%, whereas the inflation rate in 2005 reached 15.19%. The slow inflation motion in 2006 increased the people's buying level in East Java. In 2006, the East Java IDB increased at least point or 8.09%. The increase of PDRB per capita accompanied by the controllable price level in 2006 had significantly contributed to prosperity level reflected by the raise of buying rate. Some studies proved that some factors affecting the people's buying rate were: First, is income. Income here covers the whole individual and family income gained in a certain range of period (monthly, yearly, and so forth) that includes business income, unpredi ctable income, and so on. Income is one of the common factors used to measure and assess people's capability to pay. The commonly used way to measure the ability to pay is by counting the difference between the income and the expenses needed for certain co mmodity. The second is market price. According to market price, a certain product is said having a value when the calculation of the product is based on the price paid by the buyers. on the other hand, the market price itself depends on the inflation and t he number of supply-demand. Inflation means a process of increasing prices applied in a certain economic system. One important effect of inflation is the decrease of most people's prosperity. The negative effect of inflation for individual and society is n ot only eliminating the contribution of income, but also decreasing the real value of saving and real income. In inflation period the value of some permanent assets such as lands, houses, company buildings, and shop stands tend to increase faster than the inflation itself. On the contrary, as the result of inflation, the income of people that do not have such properties and have low salary will significantly decrease. So that, inflation widens the diversity of income distribution. During inflation, the raise of price usually occurs before the income increases. Accordingly, inflation tends to decrease the real income of most employments. It means that the people's prosperity is getting lower. Table 3. Index of Willianson PDRB Per Capita in East Java period Year Indeks Williamson Changes Source: An analysis of social and economic macro indicator of East Java in 2006 According to Williamson dispari ty index, it seemed that the diversity among regions in East java during showed a fluctuating value. This condition is affected by the changes of PDBR per capita in East Java. The changes of PDRB per capita will never be separated from social-economic condition in certain period and certain regions. In the era of autonomy, the diversity and disparity among regencies reflects that each regency has its own spirits and high creativity in planning and implementing the development. It 4

5 IJSS Vol. 21 (4) also indicates how each region maximizes its potential at hand including the natural resources that can enhance economic growth and income per capita. In 2006, disparity among regencies in East java indicated a significant development compared to the previous year (2005). It means that the index of diversity among regencies is getting lower. This decrease also means that distribution among regencies is getting closer to real. When this situation occurs, the urbanization will possibly decrease. And as the level of diversity among regencies is getting lower, the people don not need to move to other regencies for economy reason. In 2004, the value of disparity index among regions in East java was %. Meanwhile, in the following year (2005) it was getting lower In 2 006, this value kept decreasing reaching points or %. The decrease of Williamson index value is an indicator that development in certain regencies and cities can reduce the disparity among regions. Relative Comparison among Regions The relative comparison among regions is a measurement to know the position of a certain regency/city toward other regencies/cities. By this comparison, we can measure at what extent the area disparity among regions happens. The relative comparison among regions is based on the value PDRB per capita from each regency/city. Comparing the value PDRB per capita of a certain regency/city with the average value of province PDRB will enable us to know the position of that regency in the province level. In this way, it can be the motivation for every regency /city to enhance the prosperity level of its people. So that, the people's prosperity in regency/city level is at least the same or even higher compared to the province average. To know the relative comparison among regi ons, East java is divided into four categories. First, regency/city with the lowest PDRB per capita (red area); second, a regency/city with low PDRB per capita (yellow area), third, a regency/city with high PDRB per capita (green are); fourth, a regency/city with PDRB per capita above province PDRB (white area). During the last five years ( ) there were seven regencies/cities that always had PDRB per capita above the average of east Java PDRB. These seven regencies were Kediri city, Surabaya city, Malang city, Sidoarjo regency, Gresik regency, Mojokerto city, and Probolinggo city. Of these seven regencies/cities, during the last five year ( ) PDRB per capita of Kediri city was always on the heading list. In 2002, The PDRB per capita of Kediri city was Rp millions and in 2003 it increased reaching Rp millions, and in 2004 becoming Rp millions, and reaching Rp in 2005, and in 2006, Kediri city was still on the heading list with PDRB per capita Rp millions. In 2002, the second highest PDRB per capita was Surabaya city reaching Rp millions, followed by Malang city reaching Rp millions, Sidoarjo regency with PDRB per capita Rp millions, Gresik regency reaching Rp millions, Nojokerjo cit y Rp millions, and Probolinngo city with PDRB per capita reaching 8.40 millions. In 2006, PDRB per capita of these seven regions increased. Kediri city PDRB per capita reached Rp millions. Surabaya was Rp millions. Malang city reached Rp millions. Sidoaarjo regency was Rp millions. Gresik regency reached Rp millions. Mojokerto city was Rp millions and Probolinggo city reached Rp millions. 5

6 Karnaji :Disparity Among The East Java Areas Table 4. Relative Comparison of PDRB per Capita in Each /city In 2002 and 2006 (in Rupiah Million) No Regencies/Cities 2002 Regencies/Cities Kediri city Kediri city Surabaya city Surabaya city Malang city Malang city Sidoarjo city Sidoarjo city Gresik city Gresik city Mojokerto city 9.20 Mojokerto city Probolinggo city 8.40 Probolinggo city EAST JAVA 7.44 EAST JAVA Tulungagung 6.65 Tulungagung Madiun city 6.01 Batu City Batu city 5.98 Madun City Banyuwangi 5.67 Banyuwangi Probolinggo 5.59 Probolinggo Mojokerto 5.49 Blitar City Pasuruan City 5.43 Pasuruan City Malang 5.33 Malang Situbondo 5.19 Mojokerto Tuban 5.14 Tuban Blitar City 4.97 Situbondo Sumenep 4.91 Lumajang Lumajang 4.90 Sumenep Magetan 4.67 Magetan Jombang 4.56 Jombang Blitar 4.49 Blitar Bojonegoro 4.24 Bojonegoro Pasuruan 4.16 Jember Jember 4.13 Nganjuk Nganjuk 3.95 Pasuruan Kediri 3.93 Madiun Madiun 3.92 Kediri Bangkalan 3.50 Lamongan Lamongan 3.43 Ponorogo Kab. Ngawi 3.38 Bangkalan Ponorogo 3.32 Ngawi Sampang 3.02 Trenggalek Bondowoso 2.84 Bondowoso Trenggalek 2.70 Sampang Pamekasan 2.60 Pacitan Pacitan 2.60 Pamekasan 3.91 Source: An analysis of social and economic macro indicator of East Java in 2006 During , these seven regions were always to be the highest ones in terms of the number of PDRB per capita. They have potential resources both human and natural resources that are not possessed by other regions. These seven regencies/cities which have PDRB above province level are well -known as industrial regions, hotel bussiness, resta urants and other sectors that contribute significantly to PDRB per capita. 6

7 IJSS Vol. 21 (4) Kediri city which places the highest position in terms of its PDRB per capita is supported by the presence of nationally cigarette company Gudang Garam that contributes really significantly to PDRB. However, the high level of PDRB per capita does not empirically reflect the high level of people's income. High PDRB does not always guarantee the real income per capita in real situation. Surabaya city is not only popular as industrial c ity but also popular as trade city. Moreover, the PDRB per capita of Surabaya city is also supported y hotel and restaurant sectors. In Malang city, there is a cigarette company Bentoel and in some regencies there are some metal industries as in Medaeng. In Gresik city, there is a semen company like petrokimia, smelting, and many other industries. In 2002, the regencies/cities categorized into green areas were ten regencies/cities with PDRB per capita in the range of Rp.5.14 millions to Rp.6.65 millions. In 2002, the regions fell into yellow category were Tulungagung city with PDRB per capita Rp.6.65 millions, Madiun city with Rp.6.01 millions, Batu city with PDRB per capita Rp millions, Banyuwangi regency Rp millions, Probolinggo regency Rp millions, Mojokerto regency Rp.5.49 millions, Pasuruan city Rp millions, Malang regency Rp millions, Situbondo regency Rp.5.19 millions and Tuban regency with PDRB per capita Rp.5.14 millions. In 2006, the PDRB per capita of areas categorize d into green category increased. For instance, the PDRB of Tulungagung regency increased reaching Rp millions, followed by Batu city reaching Rp millions. Even though there was an increase of PDRB in the yellow areas, still there were some regi ons fell into other new categories. Situbondo regency, in 2002, belonged to yellow area. Conversely, in 2002, Blitar city moved from yellow area to green area with PDRB per capita reaching Rp millions. In 2002, the red areas which had low PDRB consis ted of 11 regencies/cities. The areas in this category were Kediri regency with PDRB per capita reaching Rp.3.93 millions, Madiun regency Rp millions, Bangkalan regency Rp millions, Lamongan regency Rp millions, Ngawi regency Rp.3.38 mill ions, Ponorogo regency Rp millions, Sampang regency Rp millions, Bondowoso regency Rp millions, Trenggalek Rp millions, Pamekasan regency Rp millions, and Pacitan regency with the lowest PDRB per capita arriving Rp millions. In 2006, the PDRB per capita of red areas category seemed to increase significantly, but no one was appropriate to be the member of yellow areas yet. In 2006, the highest red areas category did not belong to Kediri regency but belonged to Madiun regen cy with PDRB per capita around Rp.6.27millions. Similarly, the lowest read area category did not belong to Pacitan regency but belonged to Pamekasan city reaching Rp.3.1 millions. If we take account of this phenomena profoundly, it seems that most of red a reas with low PDRB per capita are those having agriculture economic structure. Absolute Comparison among Areas Different with relative comparison which only compares PDRB each other, absolute comparison among areas also involves economic growth. This abso lute comparison can recognize that in a certain region with high PDRB per capita is not always a region possessing high economic growth. High economic growth does not only concern with the level of growth itself, but also concerns with improving the people 's prosperity. The indicator used in this sense is the real PDRB per capita. It means that the PDRB per capita gained is not an inaccurate value i.e. a value that does not reflect the average output per capita. For this reason, the people's prosperity is not only seen from the PDRB per capita but also from the economic growth in all sectors. The distribution of economic growth in all sectors indicates the presence of economic life in people society. When this condition really happens, the people's output pe r capita will surely increase. During the last five years ( ), there were at least 6 regencies/cities that were able to gain an ideal condition in which economic sectors grew along with the growth of PDRB per capita. These six regencies/cities belo nged to quadrant I in which the high PDRB per capita 7

8 Karnaji :Disparity Among The East Java Areas was also accompanied by the high level of economic growth. In 2006, these six regencies/cities were Surabaya city, Malang city, Sidoarjo regency, Gresik regency, Mojokerto city and Probolinggo city. Table 5. Absolute Comparison among Regencies/Cities in East Java in 2003 and 2006 Regencies/ Quaartile 2003 Quartile 2006 City I II III IV PDRB Per Capita Ekono mic Gowth I II III IV PDRB Per Capita Kediri City I IV Ekono mic Growth 1 6 Surabaya City I I Malang City I I Sidoarjo City I I Gresik City I I Mojokerto City I I Tulungagung II II City Batu City II II Pasuruan City II II Mojokerto II II Blitar City II II Jombang II II Pasuruan II II Nganjuk II II Madiun City III II Probolinggo III III Banyuwangi III II Malang III II Situbondo III III Tuban III II Sumenep III II Lumajang III II Magetan III III regency Blitar III III Bojonegoro III II

9 IJSS Vol. 21 (4) Jember III III Madiun regency III II Kediri regency III III Bangkalan III III Ngawi III III Lamongan III III Ponorogo III III Sampang III III Bondowoso III III Trenggalek III III Pemekasan III III Pacitan III III Probolingg IV I City East Java Source: An analysis of social and economic macro indicator of East Java in 2006 Notes: 1. Quadrant I is the regions with higher growth rate and PDRB per capita. 2. Quadrant II is the regions with low PDRB per capita but higher growth rate. 3. Quadrant III is the regions with lower growth rate and PDRB per capita. 4. Quadrant IV is the regions with high PDRB per capita but lower growth rate. In 2006, PDRB per capita of Surabay a city could reach Rp millions, meanwhile, the growth rate of this Heroic City reached 6.99%. In Malang city, PDRB per capita reached Rp millions, and the growth rate achieved 6.36%. In Sidoarjo regency, PDRB per capita reached Rp millions and the economic growth 5.94 %. In Gresik regency, its PDRB per capita arrived at Rp millions with economic growth reaching 6.75%. In Mojokerto city, its PDRB per capita reached Rp millions with economic growth reaching 6.65%. PDRB Probolinggo city reached Rp millions and its economic growth reaching 6.26 %. In the mean time, the East Java PDRB per capita reached Rp millions with economic growth reaching 5.80%. In 2005, Malang city belonged to quadrant IV indicating that the l evel of PDRB per capita was high but the economic growth was low. In the same year, PDRB per capita of Malang city reached Rp millions with the economic growth reaching 5.75%. In the previous year (2004) Malang city was categorized into quadrant I i ndicating that it had high PDRB per capita and economic growth as well. In this year, PDRB per capita of Malang city reached Rp millions with economic growth reaching 6.95 %. In 2006, in quadrant II there were 16 regencies/cities that had low PDRB p er capita with high economic growth. These sixteen regencies /cities were Tulungagung regency, Batu city, Madiun city, Banyuwangi regency, Blitar city, Pasuruan city, Malang regency, Mojokerto 9

10 Karnaji :Disparity Among The East Java Areas regency, Tuban regency, Lumajang regency, Sumenenp regency, Jom abang regency, Bojonegoro regency, Nganjuk regency, Pasuruan regency and Madiun regency. During the last five year of quadrant II ( ), it seemed that PDRB of Tulunggung regency was, except in 2004, respectively on the top of all. In 2002, PDRB of Tulungagung regency reached Rp.6.65 millions with economic growth reaching 5.4%. In 2003, its PDRB per capita increased reaching 7.37 millions with economic growth 5.23%. In 2004, Tulungagung regency was not the member of quadrant II but quadrant III catego rized as region with low PDRB per capita and low economic growth. In this year, Tulungagung PDRB per capita was Rp millions with economic growth reaching 5.7%. At the same time, East java PDRB was Rp millions with economic growth reaching 5.83%. In 2005, Tulungagung regency, again, was included in quadrant II category with PDRB per capita reaching Rp.9.77 millions and economic growth 6.46%. Other regencies/cities that, in 2005, belonged to quadrant II were Madiun city, Mojokerto regency,jombang regency, Blitar regency, Bojonegoro regency, Jember regency, Pasuruan regency, Nganjuk regency and Lamongan regency. In 2006, there were some regencies/cities that moved from quadrant III to quadrant II. Quadrant III was regencies/cities that had low PDRB per capita and also low economic growth. Some regions that were included into quadrant II were Banyuwangi regency, Lumajang regency, Sumenep regency and Madiun regency. On the contrary, in 2005, there were three regions that moved from quadrant II to quadr ant III. They were Blitar regency, Jember regency, and Lamongan regency. In general, the regions belonging to quadrant III are quite difficult to be the member of higher quadrants, for the dominant sectors that contribute to PDRB are from agriculture sector. Accordingly, some regions like Pacitan regency, Trenggalek regency, and Madurase areas are always in the quadrant III from years to years. In 2002, Kediri city was the only city belonging to quadrant IV. Regions in this quadrant are those that have high PDDB per capita with low economic growth. In the same year, the PDRB of Kediri city was Rp millions with economic growth reaching minus 2.76%. In 2003, Kediri city moved very fast and belonged to quadrant I with high PDRB per capita (Rp millions) and high economic growth (5.33%). In 2003, Probolinggo was the only region belonging to quadrant IV with PDRB per capita reaching Rp millions and economic growth reaching 4.51 %. In 2006, Kediri city was the only region in quadrant IV with high PDRB per capita Rp millions and low economic growth only 0.66%. In 2006, East java PDRB per capita reached Rp millions with economic growth reaching 5.80%. The condition in quadrant IV indicates that empirically high PDRB per capita does not really reflect high people's income. For such a reason, it is time to promote development that takes a priority on even distribution in all sectors. Accordingly, it can enhance economic system and development that are not centralized. Kediri city, for ins tance, had high PDRB per capita but its economic growth is only 0.66%. This condition occurs since the PDRB contributors are dominated by industrial sector like Gudang Garam cigarette company. Conclusion Relative comparison among areas is a measurement to know the position of a certain regency/city toward other regions. By this comparison, we may know at what extent the disparity among regions happens. The relative comparison uses the basic value of PDRB per capita of each regency/city. Different from the relative comparison that only compares the PDRB of each region; absolute comparison among regions also compares the economic growth among them. By absolute comparison, we are able to recognize that in a certain region with high PDRB per capita does not always have high economic growth. High economic growth is not only a matter of growth value itself, but also a matter of economic growth in which high economic growth will enhance the people's prosperity. The indicator used is the real PDRB per capita. It mea ns that PDRB per capita used is not bias value 10

11 IJSS Vol. 21 (4) i.e. a value that does not reflect the average people's output per capita. Accordingly, the people's prosperity is seen not only from the value of PDRB per capita but also from the distribution of economic development in all sectors. Referrences Anonim. (2007) Analisis Indikator Makro Sosial dan ekonomi Jawa Timur Tahun Surabaya: Corporate of East Java Government with BPS East Java Provence. Anonim (2007) Data Makro Sosial dan ekonomi Jawa Timur T ahun Surabaya: Corporate of East Java Government with BPS East Java Provence. Evers, H.D & Korff, R. (2002) Urbanisasi Di Asia Tenggara: Makna dan Kekuasaan Dalam Ruang-Ruang Sosial. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Manning, C. & Effendi, T.N. (1985) Urbanisasi, Pengangguran dan Sektor Informal Kota. Jakarta: Gramedia in corporate with Yayasan Obor Indonesia and research centre and Study of Society UGM. 11