STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH ASIA
|
|
- Shawn Black
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH ASIA ww.arseam.com Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh 1 Faculty, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi and Associate Professor, Satyawati College (Eve.), University of Delhi, Delhi Abstract South Asia has experienced second highest growth rate during the last three decades in the world. It is argued that the structural transformation from low productive employment to high productive employment with women s participation in the economy is essential for the development of the economy. This paper explores whether this high growth rate over more than two decades in South Asian economies has transformed the structure of economy and whether it has been able to create additional and productive employment opportunities particularly for women. The finding shows that structural transformation from agriculture (low productive jobs) to industry or services (high productive jobs) for women is very slow in South Asian countries. Women in the most of countries in South Asia are still largely involved in agriculture, informal sector jobs and unpaid family activities, while women participation in industries and services over the period is rising but apart from creating more productive jobs in order to provide opportunities for the large number of educated young women entering in the labour market in the coming years. In addition, a suitable women environment such as safety, transport facilities, crèche and facility of break to start family and return to work are need of the hour to encourage more women participation in the labour market in services and industrial sector jobs. 1. Introduction South Asia s nearly 1.7 billion people account for 23 per cent of the World s total population (ADB, 2015). This comprises seven countries namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 1
2 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives. These countries have huge variation in size of land, resources and population with India dominating with 75 per cent share in the total population followed by Pakistan (11 per cent), Bangladesh (9 per cent) and small share of other countries (4 per cent combined share of Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives and Nepal). The per capita income of Sri Lanka is highest (9728 USD) followed by Maldives (9728 USD), Bhutan (8383 USD), India (5496 USD), Pakistan (4624 USD), Bangladesh (2990 USD), Afghanistan (2329 USD) and Nepal showing the lowest per capita income (2282 USD). Thus, there is wide demographic, resource and income variation across countries in this region of the world. These countries share a common historical legacy of centuries of prosperity and cultural heritage followed by colonial rule and struggle for independence. Most of these countries after independence in 1950s, adopted planned development process. But the outcome was not encouraging characterized by sluggish growth, continued dependence on low-productive agriculture sector, high poverty levels and inadequate creation of productive jobs (Parikh, 2006). It was only during 1980s and 90s that most of the South Asian economies adopted structural reforms which included trade liberalization, financial sector reform and de-regulation of state control on the economy (SDSA 2015). As a result, South Asian region averaged an annual growth rate of around 5.7 per cent during , which further accelerated to 6.5 per cent in the next decade with some fluctuation in recent years. It turned out to be the second fastest growing region in the world, only after East Asia. So, the main question is that whether this high growth rate over more than two decades in South Asian economies has converted into additional and productive employment generation particularly for women. Evidence from within and outside the region suggests that closing gender gap in employment can give a significant boost to GDP and country s progress. There are very few studies done on this topic, particularly on women s employment in South Asia. However, many international organizations such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank and International Labour Organization have published several regional and country level studies on broader topic that also cover gender issues. But literature especially on this important topic is scanty. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand this issue in present context, where gender equality and equity in labour market are the major topic of discussion among policy makers and other stakeholders. This paper is divided into six sections first section introduces the topic, second section highlight the objective, third submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 2
3 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) section provides theoretical framework, fourth section discuses methodology & data sources, fifth section focuses on discussion and the last section concludes the paper. 2. Objective In the light of the above background the main objective of this paper is to examine the pattern and trend of women s employment in South Asian Countries. 3. Theoretical Framework The stylized structural change development model as discussed by Clarke, Fisher and Kuznet has been historically experienced by developed countries and recently by the East Asian Economies. The scholars argued that at early stages of development when a country is heavily dependent on agriculture, labour productivity is low and the economy is largely stagnant. With increasing labour productivity there is economic growth and higher wages. However, the prospects for rapid productivity growth in agriculture are limited so that labour shift to the non-agriculture sector (manufacturing and services), where there is greater scope for higher productivity and economic growth. Timmer et al. (2012) further argued that structural transformation is a process by which (a) the shares of agriculture in GDP and employment fall over time, and (b) an agriculture and rural sector based economy is replaced by an industrial and service sector based economy. Any existing dualism between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sectors and formal and informal sector gradually disappears over time. 4. Methodology and Data Sources In this background, this paper attempts to understand as to how structural change in economy changes the nature of employment that translated into productive jobs. In this context, a key issue is structural transformation, which is critical pillar of the developmental path (and the associated benefits of increased productivity and living standards). The broad indicators are economy and employment structure and its relationship with gender, sector of employment, nature of employment and informality. The data source is labour force surveys of South Asian submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 3
4 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia countries and used 15+ years population for the analysis. Apart from this ILO and ADB reports and statistics for economy and employment are consulted. Analysis is based on two latest period e.g. around (2000s) and (2010s). In this paper, only five major countries namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal data has been used for the analysis. These countries cover over 95 per cent of the South Asia s population. 5. Discussion 5.1. Economy For most South Asian economies the share of GDP exceeds the share of industry and agriculture sectors (Figure 1). Agriculture share in GDP has been declining in all the countries, as it is to be expected in the course of development (Annexure 1). The share of agriculture in GDP was highest in Nepal (34 per cent) and lowest in Sri Lanka (12 per cent). Industry s share in GDP has stagnant in all the countries with the exception of Bangladesh (22 per cent to 28 per cent) from 1990 to On the other hand, the share of services in GDP has increased significantly in India (43 per cent to 57 per cent), Bangladesh (46 per cent to 56 per cent) and Sri Lanka (47 per cent to 57 per cent) during the same period. This shift in GDP share has been attributed to growth of wholesale and retail trade and transport and communication particularly growth of telecommunications, information technology and IT enable services. Similarly, in case of India also the service sector growth is led by communications, banking and information technology services. In addition, income growth and high income elasticity of demand for services and increased growth in foreign demand for service exports, and a decline in relative prices due to productivity gains, have been also responsible for this growth (Gordon and Gupta, 2013). Figure 1: Economic Structure in South Asian Countries, submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 4
5 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Agriculture Industry Services Source: Key Indicators for Asia and Pacific, Asian Development Bank, 2015 The GDP growth during the last two decades is led by services in most of the countries except industry (manufacturing) in Bangladesh. This consistent growth in the last two decades as mentioned earlier has slowdown in some countries such as like India, Nepal and Pakistan in recent year due to weak industrial output, political instability and other macro-economic fundamental countries. On the other hand, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh still showed consistent growth due to the rise in export, tourism and remittances (ILO, 2015) Employment South Asia s 630 millions workforce accounts for 20 per cent of the world s total workers. However, female are still under-represented in the labour market in the region with just 27 per cent work participation rate (WPR) compared to 77 per cent of male (Figure 2). It is argued that restriction on female education, employment, mobility referred as patriarchy is the major cause of low WPR in the region (SDR, 2015). The WPR of all the countries ranged between 50 and 57 per cent except Nepal with 82 per cent around There is wide variation in male (72 per cent in Sri Lanka to 86 per cent in Nepal) and female (22 per cent in Pakistan to 79 per cent in Nepal) WPR in the region. The female WPR is almost three times lower compared to male counterparts in India and Pakistan, while the same is more than two times in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 5
6 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia Nepal is only exception, where female WPR is not only higher than other countries but also very close to male. Figure 2: Work Participation Rate of Female and Male in Major South Asia Countries (15+ years), Bangladesh Sri Lanka India 22 Pakistan Nepal Male Female Source: Labour force survey of various countries South Asia employment trend over the period (around 2000s to 2010s) have been mixed, there has been an overall decrease of 5 percentage points in work participation rate in South Asia (Annexure 2). Work participation rate of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka has declined, while increased marginally for Bangladesh and stable for Pakistan. India stands out with a decadal decrease of 6 percentage points followed by 2 percentage points both Nepal as well as Sri Lanka. The gender gap in WPR has been increasing in India and Sri Lanka, while reverse in case of Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh during same time period. This is mainly due to decline in WPR in India and Sri Lanka and increase in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. All the South Asian countries are showing employment growth during the last decade with highest in Sri Lanka (3.7 per cent) and lowest in India (0.6 per cent) (Annexure 3). Overall employment growth differs across countries in the region mainly due to fluctuation in female participation rate, which declined in case of India and increased in other countries. The decline in India to some extent may be attributed to increasing participation in education and improvement submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 6
7 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) in household income levels, which results in withdrawal of subsidiary workers from the labour market. Whereas, Sri Lanka s women participation improved due to greater access to better employment opportunities for educated female. Pakistan introduced a new labour policy in 2002 after a gap of 30 years, emphasizing social security. It provided for a social insurance scheme for the elderly, health benefits for formal and informal workers and regulation for contract employees, resulting rise in women s employment. In case of Bangladesh, garment manufacturing sector mainly responsible for the greater participation and increase of female workers Employment by Sector The sector composition of output is also important in determining the employment outcome of growth. Higher growth of sectors that are labour-intensive could lead to an increase in the employment intensity of growth. As discussed earlier transfer of workers from low productivity sectors like agriculture to modern sectors e.g., manufacturing, modern services, etc with higher productivity is an important mechanism for improving the employment outcome of growth as well as for poverty reduction. South Asian economies are still dominated by agriculture with around half (49 per cent) of workforce involved in it, which followed services (27 per cent) and the rest in industrial sector (24 per cent). The only exception is Sri Lanka (43 per cent), where employment in services sector is substantially higher than others countries. Despite the increasing growth in the service sector, India provides only 25 per cent of total employment, and 34 per cent of both Pakistan & Bangladesh. The Industrial sector employment share ranges between 21 per cent and 25 per cent in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka with relatively lower share in Bangladesh (18 per cent). However, it is stated that most of the net shift of employment to industry goes to construction that could absorb large proportion of unskilled labour. The same picture is true in case of male and female who still heavily depend on agriculture sector for employment in South Asian countries except in case of Sri Lanka and Pakistan, where male employment in service is highest. Nepal has the highest percentage (84 percent) of women and Sri Lanka (38 per cent) lowest in agriculture sector. A decreasing agriculture employment submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 7
8 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia trend has been observed for both male and female over the last decade. In case of Sri Lanka 38 per cent of the female employed in agriculture, but it is still higher than that of men (31 per cent). On the contrary, almost equal percentage of male and female in Sri Lanka are employed in industrial sector (24 per cent), while the women involvement in service sector is highest in Sri Lanka (38 per cent) followed by 22 per cent in Bangladesh, 16 per cent in India, 14 per cent in Pakistan and only 9 per cent in Nepal around The representation of women in agriculture has declined in most of countries, while increased in services except Pakistan during the last decade (Annexure 4). In industrial sector, women representative has increased in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, while declined in others during the same period. The agriculture sector is based mostly in rural area and the outflow of larger proportions of the male labour force has led to growing feminization of agriculture. A higher percentage of women in agriculture employment points towards the critical role they play in this sector. Women take up responsibilities as agriculture labourers, managers of homesteads and livestock. In some cases land owners, they undertake crop responsibilities that may include sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting and post harvesting operations. Despite their overrepresentation in the labour force, women remain invisible and their work unaccounted for. Most women perform these duties as family helpers and remain unpaid, but even wage earners or hired female workers receive meager income in comparison with their male counterparts. Figure 3: Sector wise employment in South Asia (15+ years), Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Agriculture Industry Services Source: Labour force survey of various countries submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 8
9 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) Although the women employment in industrial sector and services is increasing over the years, but studies highlights about the exploitation they face. In industrial sector, despite increasing participation employer hire women assuming that they are docile workers such as less unionized and less likely to demand better wages and improved working condition. A large number of women labourers (semi or unskilled) have thus been sought by export oriented industrial employers, providing new job opportunities for women. On the other hand, the service sector offered limited options to women, semi or unskilled woman faced discrimination in finding better jobs and had few options centered on gendered jobs, like cleaning and catering services, entertainment and care giving till recent years. However the expanding service sector and outsourcing in recent decades, better employment opportunities have opened both in modern (ICT) and traditional services (transport, education, health, hotel, tourism and restaurant) with the latter becoming increasingly ICT-intensive of late. Overall, there is some evidence of a structural shift away of women s employment from agriculture during the last decades. However, the degree of shift is not only small, but also it has not been compensated fully by a shift towards industry and services. There has been a slight increase in employment share in both industry and services implying that the structural transformation of transferring labour with low productivity to high productive sectors has not taken place as desired level in the region Formal-Informal Employment Informal employment comprises all informal jobs in enterprise or households. The jobs are also referred as vulnerable employment owing to the lack of job security and benefits and the absence of government regularization. In spite of thee demerits, the informal sector is important because it is a growing part of local and national economies, and it contributes significantly to employment. Nonetheless, reliable data on informal sector employment is very difficult to collect because these workers (mostly women remain invisible and excluded from surveys because of a gender bias against enumerating their work share). In south Asia, women in Bangladesh submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 9
10 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia accounted for 87.7 percent of informal sector employment, the highest in the region, followed by India at 83 per cent and 78.3 per cent in Pakistan in Figure 4: Employment status in South Asia (15+ years), Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Self Employed Unpaid Family Paid Employees Source: Labour force survey of various countries In addition, the status of employment also present that woman comprise well over half of unpaid employment as contributing family workers and own account workers in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, while one-third in India and 23 per cent in Sri Lanka (Figure 4). Over the years, the proportion of female involvement in unpaid family work increased in most of the countries except in Bangladesh, where women s involvement in self employed has gone up (Annexure 5). There is significant proportion of female either self employed in agriculture in rural and small/petty business in urban area or involved in casual labour. In paid jobs a large proportion of women are daily wage or casual with relatively smaller percentage in regular jobs. On the other hand male largely involved in self employment in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan, and wage workers in India and Sri Lanka. Similarly, more than three-fourth (76.1) of the employed are involved in vulnerable employment in South Asia with relatively higher share of female (81.1 per cent) compared to their male (74.7 per cent) counterpart in 2012(ILO, 2015). The skills levels and salary are rising, but at the same time percentage of workers (both male and female) who are earning less than US$ 1.25 per day submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 10
11 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) (PPP) is about one fourth (24.6 per cent) in South Asia compared to around one-eighth (11.9 per cent) in the world. It is substantially higher (61.5 per cent) for those who are earning less than US$2 per day compared to only 26.7 per cent in the world. 6. Conclusion The rapid economic growth in South Asia over more than two decades has not been able to create a large number of quality and productive job opportunities for women. There has been significant variation in the growth of employment across sector. A major concern across the region is the low female participation in economic activities. Female work force participation rates were less than half of that of male in most countries of South Asia. The positive side of this rather gloomy picture is that the female work participation rate in South Asia is growing faster than their male counterpart in the recent period. The only outlier is India that experienced negative growth in female employment in the last decade. Looking at the largest economies in the region, in Sri Lanka women comprised about a third of the work force, and in India and Pakistan, the ratios were even one quarter and one fifth respectively. In contrast Bangladesh has a relatively higher percentage of women workers at 40 per cent, close to the global average. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in rapid growth of labor-intensive manufacturing, particularly in garments and textiles. Women gained more than men from the expansion of these industries. About 80 percent of garment workers were female in However, the region is still characterized by prevalence of a large section of women employed in agriculture sector, increasing size of informal sector and increasing concentration of women in unpaid work and gains from growth accrues only to a fraction of the population. From a policy point of view the latter relationship is important in that it points to the necessity of increased social provision of many domains of women s unpaid work (e.g. care of children and the elderly and the provision of health care services) as an enabler of increased labour force participation by women. There is increasing participation of women in services and industry but still a large part of highly educated women are still waiting for suitable jobs or they left job due to marriage or to start family or for safety reasons. So, there is need to create more productive jobs in order to submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 11
12 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia provide opportunities for the large number of educated young women entering in the labour market in the coming years. In addition, a suitable women environment such as safety, transport facilities, crèche and facility of break to start family and return to work are need of the hour to encourage more women participation in the labour market in services and industrial sector jobs. References Global Employment Trend: Risk of a Jobless Recovery?, International Labour Organisation(ILO), Geneva, 2015 Human Development in South Asia (HDSA) 2015, Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre (MHHDC), Pakistan, 2015 Key Indicators of Asia and Pacific, 2015, Asian Development Bank, 2015 Parikh Kirit S (2006), Explaining Growth in South Asia, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006 Timmer, P., McMillan, M., Badiane, O., Rodrik, D., Binswanger-Mkhize, H. and Wouterse, F. (2012) Patterns of growth and structural transformation in Africa: trends and lessons for future development strategies. IFPRI Thematic Research Note 2. submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 12
13 International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp ISSN: (Online), ISSN: (Print) Annexure Annexure Table 1: Sectoral Share of GDP of Major South Asian Countries Agriculture Industry Services Countries Pakistan Bangladesh India Nepal Sri Lanka Annexure Table 2: Work Participation Rate of Major South Asian Countries Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s Persons Male Female Annexure Table 3: Employment Growth of Major South Asian Countries Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Persons Male Female Annexure Table 4: Sectoral Distribution of Major South Asian Countries Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 2000s Agriculture Industry Services Total s Agriculture Industry Services Total submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 13
14 Balwant Singh Mehta and Bharat Singh / Structural Transformation and Women Employment in South Asia Annexure Table 5: Status of Employment of Major South Asian Countries Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 2000s Self Employed Unpaid Family Paid Employees Total s Self Employed Unpaid Family Paid Employees Total submit paper : editor@arseam.com download full paper : 14
Women Workers in Informal Sector in India
77 Women Workers in Informal Sector in India Gurmeet Kaur, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Punjabi University Dr. Harvinder Kaur, Professor of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala ABSTRACT
More informationUrbanization trends in South Asia: Issues and Policy options
Urbanization trends in South Asia: Issues and Policy options Umer Akhlaq Malik Senior Research Fellow Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre(MHHDC) Aims and Objectives This presentation explains the urbanization
More informationINCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE. Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York
INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York Growth is Inclusive When It takes place in sectors in which the poor work (e.g.,
More informationCreating Youth Employment in Asia
WP-2014-041 Creating Youth Employment in Asia S.Mahendra Dev Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai October 2014 http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/wp-2014-041.pdf Creating Youth Employment
More informationGender Perspectives in South Asian Political Economy
Gender Perspectives in South Asian Political Economy Amir Mustafa, Aneesa Rahman and Saeeda Khan 1 Postmodernist era has generated a debate on the male and female participation in political economy in
More informationDecent Work for All ASIAN DECENT WORK DECADE
Tourism and employment in Asia: Challenges and opportunities in the context of the economic crisis Guy Thijs Deputy Regional Director ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Decent Work for All ASIAN
More informationExecutive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers.
Executive summary Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. In many ways, these are exciting times for Asia and the Pacific as a region. Dynamic growth and
More informationECONOMIC BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION IN SOUTH ASIA BY: NAZAM MAQBOOL, SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW, MAHBUB UL HAQ HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION IN SOUTH ASIA BY: NAZAM MAQBOOL, SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW, MAHBUB UL HAQ HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CENTRE THREE QUESTIONS 1. How do cities contribute to economic growth? 2. What
More informationBangladesh s Graduation and Economic Realignment within South Asia. Amitendu Palit 1
ISAS Brief No. 576 23 May 2018 Institute of South Asian Studies National University of Singapore 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace #08-06 (Block B) Singapore 119620 Tel: (65) 6516 4239 Fax: (65) 6776 7505 www.isas.nus.edu.sg
More informationConference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment. Organized by
Conference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment Organized by The Olusegun Obasanjo Foundation (OOF) and The African Union Commission (AUC) (Addis Ababa, 29 January 2014) Presentation
More informationInclusive Economic Growth with Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction
International Journal of Management and International Business Studies. ISSN 2277-3177 Volume 4, Number 1 (2014), pp. 109-116 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Inclusive Economic
More informationFollowing are the introductory remarks on the occasion by Khadija Haq, President MHHDC. POVERTY IN SOUTH ASIA: CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
The Human Development in South Asia Report 2006 titled Poverty in South Asia:Challenges and Responses, was launched on May 25, 2007 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Shaukat Aziz
More informationAID FOR TRADE: CASE STORY
AID FOR TRADE: CASE STORY THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE Gender sensitisation of trade policy in India 1 AID FOR TRADE CASE STORY: ITC CASE STORY ON GENDER DIMENSION OF AID FOR TRADE GENDER SENSITISATION
More informationAnalysis of Gender Profile in Export Oriented Industries in India. Bansari Nag
Analysis of Gender Profile in Export Oriented Industries in India Bansari Nag Introduction The links between gender, trade and development are increasingly being recognised. Women all over the world are
More informationThe Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s. Working Paper No. 128
CDE September, 2004 The Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s K. SUNDARAM Email: sundaram@econdse.org SURESH D. TENDULKAR Email: suresh@econdse.org Delhi School of Economics Working Paper No. 128
More informationGrowth and Job Quality in South Asia. Questions and Findings
CHAPTER 2 Questions and Findings Growth and Job Quality in South Asia Questions What is South Asia s recent track record with regard to the quantity and quality of job creation? What needs to be done to
More informationG L O B A L E M P L O Y M E N T T R E N D S F O R W O M E N
G L O B A L E M P L O Y M E N T T R E N D S F O R W O M E N 2 0 0 4 G L O B A L E M P L O Y M E N T T R E N D S F O R W O M E N 1. Overview One of the most striking phenomena of recent times has been the
More informationExecutive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages
Executive summary Part I. Major trends in wages Lowest wage growth globally in 2017 since 2008 Global wage growth in 2017 was not only lower than in 2016, but fell to its lowest growth rate since 2008,
More informationGLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS & GENDER EQUALITY THREATS, OPPORTUNITIES AND NECESSITIES
GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS & GENDER EQUALITY THREATS, OPPORTUNITIES AND NECESSITIES ICA Gender Equality Committee Seminar: Global Crisis: Gender Opportunity? 17 November 2009 Eva Majurin COOPAfrica, ILO Dar
More informationTrade, Employment and Inclusive Growth in Asia. Douglas H. Brooks Jakarta, Indonesia 10 December 2012
Trade, Employment and Inclusive Growth in Asia Douglas H. Brooks Jakarta, Indonesia 10 December 2012 Relationship between trade and growth is wellestablished 6 Openness and Growth - Asia annual growth
More informationWomen Work Participation Scenario in North 24-Parganas District, W.B. Ruchira Gupta Abstract Key Words:
International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies (IJHSSS) A Peer-Reviewed Bi-monthly Bi-lingual Research Journal ISSN: 2349-6959 (Online), ISSN: 2349-6711 (Print) Volume-III, Issue-II, September
More informationRegional trade in South Asia
Regional trade in South Asia Umer Akhlaq Malik Senior Research Fellow Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre(MHHDC) Aim and objective The aim of this presentation is to develop a case for enhanced trade
More informationGlobal Employment Trends for Women
December 12 Global Employment Trends for Women Executive summary International Labour Organization Geneva Global Employment Trends for Women 2012 Executive summary 1 Executive summary An analysis of five
More informationIntroduction and overview
Introduction and overview 1 Sandrine Cazes Head, Employment Analysis and Research Unit, International Labour Office Sher Verick Senior Employment Specialist, ILO Decent Work Team for South Asia PERSPECTIVES
More informationNumber of Countries with Data
By Hafiz A. Pasha WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF SOUTH ASIA S PROGRESS ON THE MDGs? WHAT FACTORS HAVE DETERMINED THE RATE OF PROGRESS? WHAT HAS BEEN THE EXTENT OF INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SOUTH ASIA? WHAT SHOULD BE
More informationMaking the Most of Cheap Oil
South Asia Economic Focus- Spring 2015 Making the Most of Cheap Oil Selected insights from ongoing analysis Chief Economist Office, South Asia The World Bank The growth impact of cheaper oil will vary
More informationNCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge
NCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge Question 1. Describe how poverty line is estimated in India. A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption
More informationCHAPTER 1 Overview Key Messages Message 1: South Asia has created many, mostly better jobs. Message 2: The region faces an enormous
CHAPTER 1 Key Messages Overview Message 1: South Asia has created many, mostly better jobs. Job creation in South Asia averaged almost 8, a month between 2 and 21. The rate of employment growth broadly
More informationand with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1
and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 Inequality and growth: the contrasting stories of Brazil and India Concern with inequality used to be confined to the political left, but today it has spread to a
More informationEconomic benefits of gender equality in the EU
Economic benefits of gender equality in the EU Improving gender equality has many positive impacts on individuals and also on the society at large. A more gender equal EU would have strong, positive GDP
More informationA Profile of South Asia at Work. Questions and Findings
CHAPTER 3 Questions and Findings A Profile of South Asia at Work Questions What are they key features of markets in South Asia? Where are the better jobs, and who holds them? What are the implications
More informationPoverty Reduction and Economic Growth: The Asian Experience Peter Warr
Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth: The Asian Experience Peter Warr Abstract. The Asian experience of poverty reduction has varied widely. Over recent decades the economies of East and Southeast Asia
More informationThe business case for gender equality: Key findings from evidence for action paper
The business case for gender equality: Key findings from evidence for action paper Paris 18th June 2010 This research finds critical evidence linking improving gender equality to many key factors for economic
More informationDECENT WORK IN TANZANIA
International Labour Office DECENT WORK IN TANZANIA What do the Decent Work Indicators tell us? INTRODUCTION Work is central to people's lives, and yet many people work in conditions that are below internationally
More informationEmployment and Unemployment Scenario of Bangladesh: A Trends Analysis
Employment and Unemployment Scenario of Bangladesh: A Trends Analysis Al Amin Al Abbasi 1* Shuvrata Shaha 1 Abida Rahman 2 1.Lecturer, Department of Economics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,Santosh,
More informationSOUTH ASIA LABOUR CONFERENCE Lahore, Pakistan. By Enrico Ponziani
SOUTH ASIA LABOUR CONFERENCE 2014 Lahore, Pakistan By Enrico Ponziani Labour Migration in South Asia In 2013, The UN reported the total stock of International migrants to be 232 million. Asia hosted 71
More informationPakistan 2.5 Europe 11.5 Bangladesh 2.0 Japan 1.8 Philippines 1.3 Viet Nam 1.2 Thailand 1.0
173 People Snapshots Asia and the Pacific accounts for nearly 55% of global population and 6 of the world s 10 most populous economies. The region s population is forecast to grow by almost 1 billion by
More informationTransformation of Women at Work in Asia
Transformation of Women at Work in Asia By Sher Verick Deputy Director, ILO, New Delhi Asia-Pacific Policy Dialogue on Women s Economic Empowerment in the Changing World of Work 23 February 2017 Motivation
More informationForeign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues
Foreign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues Seung-Cheol Jeon 1 Abstract The number of foreign workers in Korea is growing rapidly, increasing from 1.1 million in 2012
More informationChallenges in Creating Employment Opportunities for Youths in Nepal
Challenges in Creating Employment Opportunities for Youths in Nepal Devendra Pd. Shrestha Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University Email: devendra1shrestha@gmail.com Prepared for presentation
More informationEnd poverty in all its forms everywhere
End poverty in all its forms everywhere OUTLOOK Countries in Asia and the Pacific have made important progress in reducing income poverty, and eradicating it is within reach. The primary challenge is to
More informationThe Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets
The Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets David Lam I. Introduction This paper discusses how demographic changes are affecting the labor force in emerging markets. As will be shown below, the
More informationCase Study on Youth Issues: Philippines
Case Study on Youth Issues: Philippines Introduction The Philippines has one of the largest populations of the ASEAN member states, with 105 million inhabitants, surpassed only by Indonesia. It also has
More informationIS LITERACY A CAUSE OF INCREASE IN WOMEN WORK PARTICIPATION IN PUNJAB (INDIA): A REGIONAL ANALYSIS?
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences (IMPACT: IJRANSS) ISSN(E): 2321-8851; ISSN(P): 2347-4580 Vol. 2, Issue 2, Feb 2014, 49-56 Impact Journals IS LITERACY A
More informationAsia and the Pacific s Perspectives on the Post-2015 Development Agenda
Ver: 2 Asia and the Pacific s Perspectives on the Post-2015 Development Agenda Dr. Noeleen Heyzer Executive Secretary United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Bangkok
More informationEngendering Human Development. K. Seeta Prabhu 1
Engendering Human Development K. Seeta Prabhu 1 Conceptual Background The human development approach which has become a powerful element of the current development discourse is rooted in a vision of development
More informationSocial Science Class 9 th
Social Science Class 9 th Poverty as a Challenge Social exclusion Vulnerability Poverty Line Poverty Estimates Vulnerable Groups Inter-State Disparities Global Poverty Scenario Causes of Poverty Anti-Poverty
More informationGoverning Body Geneva, November 2008 WP/SDG FOR INFORMATION. Policy Coherence Initiative: Report on recent meetings and activities
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GB.303/WP/SDG/2 303rd Session Governing Body Geneva, November 2008 Working Party on the Social Dimension of Globalization WP/SDG FOR INFORMATION SECOND ITEM ON THE AGENDA Policy
More informationGLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS
TALKING POINTS FOR THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ROUNDTABLE 1: GLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS Distinguished delegates, Ladies and gentlemen: I am pleased
More informationInclusive Growth in Bangladesh: A Critical Assessment
2 ND SANEM ANNUAL ECONOMISTS CONFERENCE MANAGING GROWTH FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION Inclusive Growth in Bangladesh: A Critical Assessment Towfiqul Islam Khan Research Fellow, CPD Dhaka:
More informationDimensions of rural urban migration
CHAPTER-6 Dimensions of rural urban migration In the preceding chapter, trends in various streams of migration have been discussed. This chapter examines the various socio-economic and demographic aspects
More informationInclusive Growth for Social Justice
Background note for the High-Level Dialogue Inclusive Growth for Social Justice This document, which supplements the Report of the Director-General to the 16th Asia- Pacific Regional Meeting (Geneva, 2016),
More informationUnited Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) A. INTRODUCTION
FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES RELATING TO THE 2006 HIGH-LEVEL DIALOGUE ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) A. INTRODUCTION As
More informationPalestinian Women s Reality in Labor Market:
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2011, Dublin (Session STS039) p.2928 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Palestinian Women s Reality in Labor Market: 2000-2010 Jawad
More informationHas Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA)
Has Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA) Most economists believe that globalization contributes to economic development by increasing trade and investment across borders. Economic
More informationQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WORKFORCE RESOURCES IN ROMANIA
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WORKFORCE RESOURCES IN ROMANIA Elena COFAS University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 59 Marasti, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania,
More informationINTERNATIONAL GENDER PERSPECTIVE
Chapter 7 INTERNATIONAL GENDER PERSPECTIVE OF DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Women & Men In India 2016 115 116 International Gender Perspective International Gender Perspective of Development Indicators India
More informationPurdah, dowry and development in Pakistan
Purdah, dowry and development in Pakistan Ian Coxhead University of Wisconsin-Madison Sisira Jayasuriya Monash University Purdah Purdah refers to a set of practices that regulate women s dress, behavior,
More informationPeople. Population size and growth. Components of population change
The social report monitors outcomes for the New Zealand population. This section contains background information on the size and characteristics of the population to provide a context for the indicators
More informationTRADE IN SERVICES AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
TRADE IN SERVICES AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 1 Rashmi Ahuja With technological revolution, trade in services has now gained a lot of importance in the trade literature. This paper discusses
More informationHIGHLIGHTS. There is a clear trend in the OECD area towards. which is reflected in the economic and innovative performance of certain OECD countries.
HIGHLIGHTS The ability to create, distribute and exploit knowledge is increasingly central to competitive advantage, wealth creation and better standards of living. The STI Scoreboard 2001 presents the
More informationConcept note. The workshop will take place at United Nations Conference Centre in Bangkok, Thailand, from 31 January to 3 February 2017.
Regional workshop on strengthening the collection and use of international migration data in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Introduction Concept note The United Nations Department
More informationEXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY - A NEW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY - A NEW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Corina COLIBAVERDI Phd student, Academia de Studii Economice a Moldovei Boris CHISTRUGA Univ. Prof., dr.hab., Academia de
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy c) Classification of countries Notes Indicators of living standards and economic development The three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI) The
More informationThe dynamics of employment, the labour market and the economy in Nepal
Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 76 2011 The dynamics of employment, the labour market and the economy in Nepal Shagun Khare Anja Slany Employment Copyright International Labour Organization
More informationHelen Clark: Opening Address to the International Conference on the Emergence of Africa
Helen Clark: Opening Address to the International Conference on the Emergence of Africa 18 Mar 2015 It is a pleasure to join the President of Cote d Ivoire, H.E. Alassane Ouattara, in welcoming you to
More informationInclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all
Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all Statement by Mr Guy Ryder, Director-General International Labour Organization International Monetary and Financial Committee Washington D.C.,
More informationSAARC Women Economic Forum Meet Jan 2017, New Delhi
SAARC Women Economic Forum Meet Jan 2017, New Delhi South Asia is one of the most socio-economically backward regions in the world, plagued by poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, unemployment and other
More informationPoverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating
More informationThe Challenge of Inclusive Growth: Making Growth Work for the Poor
2015/FDM2/004 Session: 1 The Challenge of Inclusive Growth: Making Growth Work for the Poor Purpose: Information Submitted by: World Bank Group Finance and Central Bank Deputies Meeting Cebu, Philippines
More informationUnemployment and underemployment data
Helpdesk Report Unemployment and underemployment data Laura Bolton Institute of development Studies 23 November 2016 Question Identify the number (absolute and as a proportion of the working age population)
More informationPoverty Status in Afghanistan
Poverty Status in Afghanistan Based on the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) 2007-2008 July 2010 A Joint report of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Economy and the World
More informationDevelopment tchallenges and. A Perspective from Iran
Opening of the ESCAP Sub-Regional Office for South and South-West Asia & the High-Level Policy Dialogue on Development Challenges facing the Sub-region Taj Mahal Hotel, New Delhi, 15-16 December 2011 Development
More informationGlobalization and its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan. Sohail J. Malik Ph.D. Islamabad May 10, 2006
Globalization and its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan Sohail J. Malik Ph.D. Islamabad May 10, 2006 The globalization phenomenon Globalization is multidimensional and impacts all aspects of life economic
More informationHIGHLIGHTS. Part I. Sustainable Development Goals. People
xxix HIGHLIGHTS Part I. Sustainable Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) had shaped development policies around the world with specific, time-bound, and quantifiable targets since
More informationPakistan s Development: Successes, Failures, and Future Tasks
The Pakistan Development Review 36 : 4 Part I (Winter 1997) pp. 321 331 Presidential Remarks Pakistan s Development: Successes, Failures, and Future Tasks SARFRAZ KHAN QURESHI It is an honour for me as
More informationLow-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy
Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy 38 Robert Gibbs rgibbs@ers.usda.gov Lorin Kusmin lkusmin@ers.usda.gov John Cromartie jbc@ers.usda.gov A signature feature of the 20th-century U.S.
More informationMalaysia experienced rapid economic
Trends in the regions Labour migration in Malaysia trade union views Private enterprise in the supply of migrant labour in Malaysia has put social standards at risk. The Government should extend its regulatory
More informationLabour Shortage in Japan? Foreign Workers in Low-paid Jobs *
Labour Shortage in Japan? Foreign Workers in Low-paid Jobs * Shimono Keiko ** Abstract The Ministry of Welfare and Labour estimated in 2006 that over 900 thousand foreigners (excluding Koreans with the
More information11. Demographic Transition in Rural China:
11. Demographic Transition in Rural China: A field survey of five provinces Funing Zhong and Jing Xiang Introduction Rural urban migration and labour mobility are major drivers of China s recent economic
More informationMAGNET Migration and Governance Network An initiative of the Swiss Development Cooperation
International Labour Organization ILO Regional Office for the Arab States MAGNET Migration and Governance Network An initiative of the Swiss Development Cooperation The Kuwaiti Labour Market and Foreign
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT
Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN:-2230-7850 AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pradeep Arora and Virendar Koundal Research
More informationTHE FASTEST GROWING LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Wioletta NOWAK University of Wroclaw THE FASTEST GROWING LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Case Study Keywords Economic development, Economic growth, LDCs JEL Classification O11, O47, O57 Abstract The paper presents
More informationFull file at
Chapter 2 Comparative Economic Development Key Concepts In the new edition, Chapter 2 serves to further examine the extreme contrasts not only between developed and developing countries, but also between
More informationChapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization
Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization... 1 5.1 THEORY OF INVESTMENT... 4 5.2 AN OPEN ECONOMY: IMPORT-EXPORT-LED GROWTH MODEL... 6 5.3 FOREIGN
More informationWILAT Conference CILT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION Namalie Siyambalapitiya CMILT Regional Coordinator - South Asia Vice Chairperson Sri Lanka
WILAT Conference CILT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION 2015 Namalie Siyambalapitiya CMILT Regional Coordinator - South Asia Vice Chairperson Sri Lanka The South Asian region South Asia - at a glance Country Capital
More informationThe Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration
The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration With the support of The Gender Youth Migration Initiative What is the Gender Youth Migration Initiative (GYM)? The Gender Youth
More informationThe Trends of Income Inequality and Poverty and a Profile of
http://www.info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d90_3.htm Page 1 of 6 Published in TDRI Quarterly Review Vol. 5 No. 4 December 1990, pp. 14-19 Editor: Nancy Conklin The Trends of Income Inequality and
More informationTrinidad and Tobago. Enterprise Survey Country Bulletin. The Average Firm in Trinidad and Tobago
Enterprise Survey Country Bulletin The Average Firm in Trinidad and Tobago The average firm in Trinidad and Tobago is 20.7 years, slightly above the average for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC 20.3
More informationGoal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
59 In 15 economies of the Asia and Pacific region, including some of the most populous, more than 10% of the population live on less than $1 a day. In 20 economies, again including some of the most populous,
More informationSource: Retrieved from among the 187 developing countries in HDI ranking (HDR, 2011). The likeliness of death at a
Figure 1 Source: Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/trends The multi-dimensional poverty value for Bangladesh is.292 and it sets Bangladesh 146th among the 187 developing countries in HDI ranking
More informationExplaining Asian Outward FDI
Explaining Asian Outward FDI Rashmi Banga UNCTAD-India ARTNeT Consultative Meeting on Trade and Investment Policy Coordination 16 17 July 2007, Bangkok SOME FACTS Outward FDI -phenomenon of the developed
More informationWage and income differentials on the basis of gender in Indian agriculture
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Wage and income differentials on the basis of gender in Indian agriculture Adya Prasad Pandey and Shivesh Shivesh Department of Economics, Banaras Hindu University 12.
More informationGender, labour and a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all
Response to the UNFCCC Secretariat call for submission on: Views on possible elements of the gender action plan to be developed under the Lima work programme on gender Gender, labour and a just transition
More informationMigration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal
TITI DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15442 Journal of Training and Development 2016, Volume 2 ISSN: 2392-456X(Print) ISSN: 2392-4578(Online) Migration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal Noor
More informationThe Feminization Of Migration, And The Increase In Trafficking In Migrants: A Look In The Asian And Pacific Situation
The Feminization Of Migration, And The Increase In Trafficking In Migrants: A Look In The Asian And Pacific Situation INTRODUCTION Trends and patterns in international migration in recent decades have
More informationProfits and poverty: The economics of forced labour
S$150,000,000,000 Profits and poverty: The economics of forced labour EMBARGO Do not publish or distribute before 00.01 GMT on Tuesday 20 May 2014 EMBARGO Ne pas publier avant 00.01 GMT le mardi 20 mai
More informationTo be opened on receipt
Oxford Cambridge and RSA To be opened on receipt A2 GCE ECONOMICS F585/01/SM The Global Economy STIMULUS MATERIAL *6373303001* JUNE 2016 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This copy must not be taken into the
More informationThe impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France
No. 57 February 218 The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France Clément Malgouyres External Trade and Structural Policies Research Division This Rue
More informationFemale Labor Force Participation: Contributing Factors
REGIONAL SEMINAR WOMEN S EMPLOYMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP & EMPOWERMENT: MOVING FORWARD ON IMPERFECT PATHWAYS Female Labor Force Participation: Contributing Factors Valerie Mercer-Blackman Senior Economist
More information