Paulina Miszczyszyn Johannes Schygge Austin Thompson Sara Wantulok Tina Huang Melody Ho Jill

Transcription

1 Paulina Miszczyszyn Johannes Schygge Austin Thompson Sara Wantulok Tina Huang Melody Ho Jill Hsiao

2 TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS Courtship Marriage Divorce Polygamy Cambodian wedding Social organization

3 ETIQUETTE Distinction based on the status, formality and a duration of the relationship Monks and royalty: More complex linguistic systems Sampeah (Chum Reap Suor, Chum Reap Lear) Taboo against public touching Conventional wisdom about parts of body

4 LANGUAGE Official Khmer Second most widely spoken Austroasiatic language one of the oldest written languages in South East Asia Urban areas French and English More than 20 languages

5 ETHNIC GROUPS More than 36 ethnic minority groups 5% Khmer Chinese 1% 4% Vietnamese Other 90%

6 ETHNIC GROUPS Regrouped: The Khmer Loeu or Leu (24 smaller groups; indigenous or highland people; Choncheat) The Khmer Chinese The Khmer Cham (ethnic Muslims) The Ethnic Vietnamese (Montagnards)

7 DISCRIMINATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Citizenship and legal residence The right to participate in elections Rights and access to land, forests and fisheries Rights to full participation in the community in relation to languages, religions and cultures Rights to education and health care services

8 ETHNIC CONFLICTS Conflict with ethnic Vietnamese History of strained relationship between ethnic Khmers and ethnic Vietnamese Expulsion during the Lon Nol regime Extermination during the Khmer Rouge period

9 ETHNIC CONFLICTS CONTINUED Conflict with Cham Religious persecution under the Khmer Rouge Cham uprisings were put down violently Cham communities were dispersed and Cham families were not allowed to live in groups CPK officials ordered the execution of Cham officials and instructed that they not be allowed to stay together

10 OTHER RELEVANT SOCIAL ISSUES Women s status in the workplace Women traditionally regarded as inferior Social stratification Ideas about wealth and status have changed dramatically since 1991 Distrust of the government and judicial system Disputes are often settled out of court

11 FOOD CULTURE One of the world's oldest cuisines Hardship and Challenges Revival 18% Still experience food shortage

12 HISTORY & INFLUENCES Thailand - commonality Vietnam commonality and shared colonial history France historical influences China historical influences India cultural influences Spain - historical influences Portugal - historical influences 2005 No western food chains

13 THE FOOD Staples Rice & Noodles Most profound influences The rainy season great rice harvests Fish (60% of the Cambodian protein intake) > Meat Speciality Fermented Fish The Tonle Sap Lake / Great Lake Pork and chicken Vegetarian food

14 HOW IS IT EATEN? Mat on the floor / Bamboo platform At least three or four separate dishes (+ soup) Sweet, sour, salty or bitter Spoon and fork different technique Buddhists / Monks Festive events rules

15 CLOTHING Krama -Cambodians traditionally wear a checkered scarf style. -It has been a symbol of Cambodian dress since the first century reign of Preah Bath Hun Tean. -It is used for many purposes, including for style, for baby carriers and protection from the hot sun etc. Sampot -The long-popular traditional garment, worn from Funan Era (68AD-550 AD) -Well recognized by common people and royalty.

16 CLOTHING Sampot Phamuong - Most royalty prefer, a new version of Sampot. - Single color or twill-woven - Most valued silk used is Cambodian yellow silk, known for its fine quality Sbai - draped over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare Sampot Tep Apsara - Costumes in Khmer classical dance Robam Tep Apsara - It can be found on the bas-relief of Apsara carved around Angkor wat.

17 CLOTHING Mokot - Worn by female royalty - Best example is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes Pendant -Different pendants for different uses; some are meant for protection from evil spirits, some are meant to bring good luck. -Circular or diamond shaped is worn around the neck

18 CAMBODIAN ARTS Classical Music The classical music ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days. It is also used to accompany classical dance for ritual events. Dance Cambodian Dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and social dances. Pinpeat

19 Literature CAMBODIAN ARTS Cambodia has a long literary tradition, based largely on Indian and Thai literary forms. Writers and artists were murdered during DK period, resulting in great loss. Few books are published in Cambodia today. There is no market for novels or serious nonfiction. Most Cambodian writers now live and publish in the United States, and Europe. Support for the Arts Since 1979, there has been a governmental effort to restore aspects of traditional culture. In recent years, there has been NGO support for preserving and developing marketing strategies for traditional weavers. Some musicians, singers, and theater groups earn money by performing at village festivals and weddings.

20 TV & Films RECREATION Although the classical culture is the symbol of the nation, but the truth is Younger generation love Thai, China, Taiwan and other Asian popular songs films and soap operas!! Internet Service: Telecommunications have been developing slowly in Cambodia. The Internet usage rate in 2010 is only 0.5% Sports: Football and kickboxing have long been popular in Cambodia. Golf has been catching on among the elite. There are few sports facilities outside of capital city. Cambodia returned to regular participation in Olympics with the 1996 Summer Games.

21 EDUCATION Traditional French protectorate Occupation Vietnam Khmer Rouge Now Handled by the local wat Teachers: Bhikkhu Only young boys girls were not allowed Contents: memorizing Buddhist chants in Pali French neglected education in Cambodia. 7 high school students graduated in 1931, 50,000 to 600,000 children were enrolled in primary school in 1936 The first one to be disintegrated by government 90% of the teachers that time were killed Only available to children of civil servants Lessons were biased to the Vietnamese culture All eligible students have free access to education for nine years. Literacy Rate: 73.6% (male 84.7%, female 64.1%)

22 EDUCATION School Level Years Age Grade Pre-primary education The lower primary level The upper primary level The lower secondary level The upper secondary level 3 3+ ~ ~ 7+ 1 ~ ~ 9+ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11

23 EDUCATION Challenges Lack of resources: Inadequate salaries, inadequate facilities, large classroom size, travel times to nearby villages or towns Corruption: need to pay bribes to pass the upper secondary level exams and to secure admission to universities

24 CULTURE AND THE WORKPLACE Hofstede s dimensions

25 INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM Collectivist country (like most of Asian cultures) - Extended families - Loyalty to the group ( I belong ) - Group identity is emphasized - Confrontation is not desirable ( Yes may not mean an acceptance or agreement) - Personal relationship is key to conducting business and it takes time to build such relations

26 POWER DISTANCE Cambodian high power distance - Strict chain of command and protocol - Each rank has its privileges and employees show loyalty, respect and deference for their superiors in return for protection and guidance. - Honors referent powers, and perceives a clear delineation between superiors and subordinates and between the young and the old - Obedience, respect and allegiance to superiors or those in power is considered highly desirable - the attitude towards managers is more formal, the information flow is hierarchical and controlled

27 MASCULINITY / FEMININITY Feminine Cambodian Culture: - Ambition and competitiveness are not valued traits - Argument and confrontation are to be avoided (Considers disagreement impolite and, therefore, may verbalize yes but act to the contrary) - Traditional male and female roles in the society( But due to decades of war and civil unrest, the male population has been drastically reduced and women are assuming roles that were previously reserved for men) - Possesses strong concern for social harmony and human relationships

28 UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE High uncertainty avoidance - preference of structure and lower tolerance for ambiguity - strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented - the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse - Change has to be seen for the greater good of the in group

29 THANKS FOR LISTENING! Any questions? Ethnicity, Conflicts & Sociocultural Evolution