a Glob.al Cultu Migration lngul1y Pocus What factors are creating a global culture?

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1 Figure 4.1 What do these photographs tell you about the movement of people around the world today? y Hockey game at the World Junior Championship a Glob.al Cultu lngul1y Pocus What factors are creating a global culture? There are things you do every day that connect you to people and places around the world. What are they? Every time you watch television or use the Internet, for example, you are connected to the world. This makes you part _of a global culture-ways of living shared by people around the world. This chapter explores why people move from one place to another. You'll discover that, as people move, they take their cultures with them. How are ideas spread around the world? You'll explore the role of mass media and the Internet. Then you'll have a look at popular culture. What role do you think it plays in creating a global culture? This chapter gives you the opportunity to practise some key skills: working effectively in small groups participating in group discussions reading statistics in tables and graphs Immigration Canada desk at airport I Flood in the Czech Republic in Eastern Europe Migration Have you ever moved from one home to another? What do most people take with them when they move? What do they leave behind? If you have to move to another country and can take only three things with you, what would you take? When people move, they take their cultures with them. They bring some of their material culture (such as clothing, jewellery, family heirlooms) and non-material culture (such as traditions, beliefs and values, and celebrations) to their new home. What are some things people from other cultures have brought to your community? In turn, when people move to a new place, they are affected by the cultures there. Do you know someone who has moved to Atlantic Canada from another country or province? What do they do differently in their new community? If they came from a country with a hot climate, such as Jamaica, how does being in Canada affect the clothing they wear and the foods they eat? Factors Affecting Migration Have you ever moved to live in another place? Why do people move? Why do they move from one part of Canada to another or from their home country to Canada? When people move to live someplace else, it is called migration. Two factors affect migration. Push factors motivate people to leave their homes. Pull factors draw people to another place. Political Economic Social Push and Pull Factors in Migration Push Factors war a lack of freedom poor government poverty a lack of jobs discrimination Environmental natural disasters; such as droughts and I earthquakes pollution Pull Factors equality and human rights democracy stability more jobs higher wages family connections religious freedom few natural disasters pleasant climate When you read a question in the text, stop and think about the answer. If possible, discuss your thoughts with a partner, small group, or the class. Figure 4.2 This painting shows the explorer Jacques Cartier meeting with Haudenosaunee at Hochelaga in the early 1500s. What might Europeans have learned from Aboriginal cultures? What might Aboriginal peoples have learned from European cultures? Which culture do you think changed more? ~ Figure 4.3 Many factors affect migration. What pull factors might draw people to your community? What push factors might cause some people to leave your community? l 48 Chapter 4: Creating a Global Culture 49

2 Ii When you see tables of statistics (numerical information), read the title first. Then read the headings across the top of each column. Next read down the left column. Then examine all of the numbers carefully and think about what they tell you. Migration and Population Growth Population changes because of the number of births and deaths. It also changes because of migration. There are different types of migration. Do you know someone who moved to Canada from another country? If so, they immigrated to Canada. If you leave Canada to go and live in another country, you are emigrating. If you move within the country or region where you live, it is called internal migration. What examples of internal migration can you think of? All types of migration affect population, as you'll discover in these two tables. Figure 4.4 Apply the Reading Hint to this table. What is the difference between births and deaths in Canada? In each province? What is the difference between immigration and emigration in Canada and each province? How does the impact of migration on population compare to that of births and deaths? Rural-Urban Migration Population Growth in Canada and Atlantic Canada Over One Year ' Forced Migration zjifj'prlfl Ulff W11 Births I- Deaths Immigration Emigration I 78 (outside Canada) Net Internal Migration (to other parts of Canada) Period Prince Edward Nova Scotia New Brunswic Island _]r-~ i~ I~ _J;I'- 793 ~L Source: Components of population growth, by provinces and territories, 1 July June 200S Statistics Canada. Population Growth in Canada between 1971 and 2001 Population (1981) Births Deaths Immigration Emigration ooo ooo (1991) ooo ooo.l ooo 491 ooo (2001) Source: Population and growth components, Censuses. Statistics Canada. Figure 4.5 Apply the Reading Hint to this table. How does immigration compare to births in each period? How important do you think immigration has been to population growth? What do you think would have happened to Canada's population without immigration? Do you know someone who has moved from a rural area to a city? This is called rural-urban migration. In Canada, people are moving to cities from rural areas. How do we know this? Every five years, Statistics Canada takes a census. It counts the people in Canada and asks questions about such things as where people live, what languages they speak, and what type of work they do. From the 2001 census, we've learned that more and more young people are moving away from rural areas and into cities. Why do you think this is so? What push factors might motivate people to move away from rural areas? What pull factors might draw people to urban areas? This movement is not just happening in Canada. It is taking place in many countries around the world. Across the globe, more and more people are living in cities. Urban life is becoming an important part of global culture. In Canada, people are free to move and live anywhere in the country. You might think that it has always been this way-but it hasn't. When Europeans came here, they settled where they wanted. They didn't recognize the rights of Aboriginal peoples already living here. Many Aboriginal people were forced off their lands. They had to find new places to live. This is called forced migration. Forced migration doesn't happen often in Canada today.. However, it still happens in many other places. Sometimes conflicts and wars force people to leave their homes. Sometimes the forces of nature cause famines, droughts, volcanoes, and earthquakes. In these cases, people's homes are often destroyed and they are forced to move. How would you feel if you were forced to leave your home? Statistics Canada defines an urban area as a city, town, or village with 1000 or more people. A forced migration happened in 1755, when the British took over areas controlled by the French. Between 8000 and Acadians were forced to leave their homes. This was called the Grand Derangement (the Expulsion). Figure 4.6 In December 2004, tsunamis (giant waves) swept across parts of Asia and forced millions of people from their homes. Canada sent its Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) to Sri Lanka to help. As global citizens, what other things can Canadians do to help when disasters strike? 50 Chapter 4: Creating a Global Culture 51

3 Refugees Refugees are people who have left their homes to escape some danger or problem. For example, their lives may be at risk from groups who want to harm them. They may face starvation or death because of a long drought. Or. they may be seeking safety after a natural disaster. such as a tsunami or earthquake. According to the United Nations. there were over 1 7 million refugees in the world in Most refugees live in refugee camps. Figure 4.7 Alan Hoti, a refugee from Kosovo in Eastern Europe, arrives in Canada and is met by his uncle These temporary homes are very basic. The people live in tents or simple shelters. There is food to eat, but not a lot of it. One of the roles of the United Nations is to help refugees. In 2004, the UN spent $770 million to do this. Canada helps refugees. too. In Canada gave over $22 million in aid for refugees. Canadian soldiers and aid workers are often sent overseas to help refugees. Number of Refugees Who Settled in Major Canadian Cities, ,.., ~ ~ ~!..o ~~ ~,/;- ~<:-.~'!>.._rz; -;;:, &o~ ~o; o..::; 'io x-,~ ~ ~'I>,<.,.O cj> c c.,'- ~o ~'!><::' ~'I> 0 Source: Citizemhip and Immigration Canada. Figure 4.8 This bar graph shows the number of refugees settling in major Canadian cities between 2001 and How many cities received over 5000 refugees? Which city received the most refugees in 2002? To which three cities do most refugees go? Why do you think they choose to settle in these cities? Think It Through 1. a) What is it like to immigrate to Canada today? As a class, brainstorm a list of challenges a person your age might face. Then list the challenges your family might face. b) Write a series of postcards to a friend back home describing your experiences at each of the following stages of your migration: leaving your home arriving at the airport in Canada moving to your new neighbourhood starting at your new school watching the television news and seeing a report about your homeland Find Out 2. a) Survey your class to find out where your classmates'families are from. Find those places on a world map. Then make a thematic map to show this information. b) Are there any families that did not come to Canada from another country? Who are they? 3. Research one of the following topics. Then make a poster or write a paragraph to explain how it helps you to understand the movement of people. ' the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Canada's Immigration Act people-smuggling the Brain Drain the Census of Canada 4. Should people be free to live wherever they want? Is migration a basic human right? Express your ideas in a small group discussion. Consider the impacts of free migration on jobs available in an area, government services such as health care, wear and tear on roads, etc. Also consider different perspectives (workers, people who live in rural and urban areas, businesspeople, etc.). Share your group's ideas with the class. 52 U n i t 1 : Y o u r C u l t u r e Q u e s t Chapter 4: Creating a Global Culture

4 Before you read this section, think about all the things that the word technology means to you. For thousands of years before the printing press, the oral or spoken word was a vital form of communication. It is still essential to us today. How much do you use or hear spoken communication in your life every day?the oral tradition is also a vital part of Aboriginal cultures. Spreading Ideas Today, change is all around us. New products, new technologies, and new ideas appear almost daily. What new things have come into your life recently? How have they affected you? Have they changed the way you do things? How have these changes been positive? How have they been negative? Technology and the Spread of Culture You've seen that migration is one way that cultures spread around the world. Cultures can spread in other ways, too. Technology is one important way that culture is spread today. In 2000, a survey asked people what they thought was the greatest invention of the last 1000 years. Can you guess the answer? It was t.he invention of the printing press! The printing press allowed information to be published so that everyone could read it. Since then, books, magazines, and newspapers have allowed information and ideas to be exchanged quickly and easily. Today, billions of people around the world share information this way. Mass Media Today, there are many different ways to exchange information. Telephones, radios, television, movies, and the Internet are all important tools for spreading ideas around the world. How often do you use these technologies to communicate your ideas? Which do you use most? How would your life change without telephones or the Internet? Geographers study how cultures and ideas spread around the world. They especially want to know how innovations spread from one culture to another. Innovations are new ideas, products, and technologies. What recent examples of innovations can you name? Figure 4.9 How does this photograph show the spread of innovations and ideas around the world? Innovations New ideas, products, and technologies are created..._ Communication These innovations are spread through migration, mass media,..._ Adoption and technology As innovations spread, more and more people use them Figure 4.10 Use this flow chart to explain how you came to use a new idea, product, or technology in your life. Once innovations are adopted, they can change the way people live. What invention do you think has changed the way people live in the last ten years? If you are working in a group to discuss a question or complete a project, it is important to work effectively. You need to know what kind of talk is expected. TYPES OF TALK Talking in a social setting: We all engage in social talk-when we talk to our friends about movies, sports, and other things that interest us. Social talk is important-at the right time and in the right place! Social talk is good when you are at a friend's house. However, it is not helpful when you are participating in group discussions at school. Talking to give information: When you are answering questions or making presentations, you are giving information. Focus on the facts. Talk about what you know to be true-not what you think is true! Talking to persuade: Sometimes, you want to persuade others to see things from your point of view. At home, you might use persuasive talk to convince your parents to let you stay out later than usual. In a school debate, you want to persuade your audience to agree with your point of view. Talking to solve problems: Solving a problem isn't easy. Therefore, you need to develop special skills to help you work with others. The following tips show you what is helpful-and what is not. What things from this list do you do? Does this make you more or less effective when working with a group? Helpful Not Helpful 1. Asking questions 1. Dominating the discussion 2. Staying on topic 2. Ignoring what others have said 3. Listening to others and responding 3. Repeating the same thing over to what they have to say and over 4. Referring to the facts 4. Interrupting others 5. Being courteous and polite 5. Saying nothing 6. Summarizing decisions 6. Disrespecting others 7. Involving everyone! 54 Chapter 4: Creating a Global Culture 55

5 The first Canadian network was created in New Brunswick in In 1993, SchoolNet was created. It connects schools in Canada to the Internet. Figure 4.11 The flow of Internet traffic around the world.the highest arcs show places with the greatest flow.the colour of the arc shows the connections to other countries. Where is the greatest amount of Internet traffic? Where is the least? How might the Internet allow people to learn about other cultures? The Internet and the Global Village How has technology helped spread information and ideas around the world? In 1969, telephone lines in the United States were linked for the first time to computers across the country. This created the first computer network. In 1972, some networks began connecting with one another. They created the world's fastest means of spreading information and ideas-the Internet. Soon. telephone lines linked computer networks around the world. By 1994, the World Wide Web-www-was born. Today. website and addresses are as common as book titles and phone numbers! Anyone with a computer can publish information on the Internet and send it around the world instantly. New technologies can create challenges, too. Sometimes, there is just too much information for people to understand. This is called information overload. What other challenges has the Internet created? Marshall McLuhan is a Canadian known around the world for his ideas about mass media. He pointed out the impact that mass media and technology have on our lives. He said that mass media provide a constant flow of information and connect people to one another. Being connected to people around the world is like living in a "global village." McLuhan died in 1980, but his ideas about the impact of technology on our lives are still important today. Figure 4.12 Marshall McLuhan thought that, in his "global village," people would not be united with one another. Instead, he thought they would disagree even more. Do you agree with him? Think It Through 1. Discuss the following questions: a) How has the Internet become a part of your life? b) What kinds of information are shared worldwide through the Internet? c) How does the Internet affect the lives of Canadians? f.jnd Out ' Source: Canadian Oxford School Atlas, 8th ed. (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2003), p Poverty and Technology According to the United Nations, over 1 billion people around the world live with extreme poverty. This means that they do not have enough food to eat or proper homes to live in. How do you think people who live with extreme poverty are affected by technology? You can see from the map in Figure 4.11 that Canada is one of the countries with a lot of Internet traffic. Countries like Canada spend more money on the Internet each year. People living with poverty do not have enough money to be part of this global technology. What do you think can be done to help? 2. Find out how one of the following technologies has affected cultures around the world: Transportation: cars, trains, airplanes, ships Communications: telephone, television, radio, the Internet, satellites, GPS Agriculture and natural resources: technology and farming, aquaculture, food preparation, mining, forestry look for information that will help you explain: a) the influence and effect of the technology; b) how widely it is used; c) those cultures that have not yet been affected by this technology; d) how the technology has helped to create a global village. Keep a record of your sources. Then present your findings in a written or oral report, a visual display, or a poster. 56 U n i t 1 : Y o u r C u l t u r e Q u e s t Chapter 4: Creating a Global Culture

6 When your teacher or a classmate is reading the text out loud, it's a good idea to make some notes. You could make jot notes, more detailed notes, or draw diagrams to record the information. Use the method that works best for you. Creating a Global Culture When you think about popular culture in your life, what comes to mind? You probably think about fast foods, clothes, television shows, and music. Are these elements of your popular culture found in other cultures, too? Today, mass media and the Internet spread popular culture around the world. Many people-especially young people-have the chance to learn about other cultures. When they do, it can influence things in their daily lives, such as what they want to eat and drink. It can even influence what they want to watch on TV and listen to on the radio or the Internet. Global VISIONS You've seen how other cultures have spread in Canada and your own community. What things in Canadian and American culture are being spread to other countries? CHILDREN'S TELEVISION PROGRAMS If you watch TV, you might know that Canada produces many good programs for young people. Many of these programs are seen in countries around the world. In what way does this contribute to the creation of a global culture? ~~\,). G L O B A L 71 ~ Voices CANADIAN POP MUSIC Canada produces a lot of great music, too! Many Canadian pop musicians, such as Celine Dion, Shania Twain, Bryan Adams, and Avril Lavigne are famous around the world. In what ways do you think they contribute to the creation of a global culture? How important do you think music is in creating a global culture? FAST FOOD Tne Program Wnere It Is Seen You're probably familiar with shopping malls. But let's stop to think about shopping malls in a new way. What role do you think malls play in popular culture? How do you think they contribute to the spread of popular culture in a society? Do these statements apply to malls you have visited? The stores in the mall sell many different items of popular culture. such as clothing, shoes, music, and food They are located in urban areas where many people live. They are enclosed buildings with no windows except for the doors. Once inside, shoppers are cut off from the local culture outside. In many ways. most malls look the same. They could be anywhere in the world. Figure 4.13 This is Champlain Place in Moncton, New Brunswick. What things related to popular culture are sold in malls? How do malls help to spread popular culture? Degrassi l<ids of Degrassi Street Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High The Road to Avon/ea Anne of Green Gables Anne of Avon/ea Angela Anaconda China. the United States, Prance. Israel. Germany. Australia. Greece. and Spain Japan and 135 other countries! Britain. Germany. Prance. Italy. Spain. the United States. Australia. and 35 other countries Figure 4.14 These are just some of the Canadian TV programs that are seen in other countries. Add other popular shows you know to this list. Which have you watched? Why cfo you think these programs appeal to young people in many different cultures? Figure 4.15 There are over McDonald's restaurants in 121 countries! This McDonald's is in Japan. Big businesses such as McDonald's spread American culture around the world. What positive impact do you think this has on a people's culture? What negative impact do you think it has? 58 C h a p ~ e r 4 : C r e a t i n g a G L o b a l C u l t u r e 59

7 Taking It Further 1111 Patrick Yes. Mass media and the Internet connect us to the cultures of many countries. As people migrate, they spread their cultures around the world. Big businesses spread their products around the world, too. Mass media and the Internet give us news about the rest of the world almost instantly. So if a disaster strikes, we know about it. This encourages people to help others when they need it. Anjij No. Culture is influenced by where we live. Our history and climate shape our cultures. So does language. The people around us have a greater impact on culture than mass media and the Internet. Culture that comes from the media changes rapidly. The culture of people's homelands may change, but it changes slowly. In this unit, you found out about world cultures and culture in your own life. You also found out about the importance of cross-cultural understanding and how it can be improved around the world. Now try these activities to take your learning further. 1. Write a Culture Quest Journal! Keep track of the new cultures you learn about. Create a Culture Quest journal to record what you learn in class and outside school. For example, if you watch a television program that has Japanese culture in it, write a journal entry and record what you learned about Japanese culture. If you read a novel that takes place in Brazil, record what you learned about culture in Brazil. 1. Research an element of popular culture, such as fast food or music, that has spread around the world. Prepare a skit to show how it has become a part of global culture. 2. How do you think people in other countries feel about Western culture (such as values, fast-food restaurants, and television programs} spreading into their cultures? Who do you think would welcome this? Who might not? Why? 3. In your atlas, find the countries listed in Figure Then create a thematic map to show where these Canadian television programs are broadcast. 4. Research Canadian pop stars who are known around the world. Then create a visual display to show how these musicians are part of a global culture. Sept 5 Sept 9 Sept 12 Japan England China Watched a TV program about children in Japan going to school on SaturdqJ. Interviewed a cousin who was visiting from England about sports. Learned that girls of different cultures in England love soccer. Had Chinese food. Chinese food has lots of vegetables and rice. Th;nk It Through 5. Design a shopping mall to spread global culture. List the kinds of stores your mall would include. Then draw and label a floor plan of your mall. In this chapter, you learned about the ways in which culture is being spread around the world. In your opinion, are we creating a global culture today? Explain your views. 2. Start a World Cultures Map Put up a large world map in the classroom. Each week, go through your Culture Quest journal and colour in or label the countries that you have made entries for. See how many areas of the map you can cover before the end of the year! 60