This is the Test of English for Educational Purposes, Practice Test 3, Part 4, Listening.

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1 Transcript for TEEP Practice Test 3, Listening: MIGRATION This is the Test of English for Educational Purposes, Practice Test 3, Part 4, Listening. This section tests your ability to understand spoken English by making notes and then using them to answer questions. You are going to hear a lecture on the topic of international migration. The lecture is divided into 4 sections. There is a short break between each section. There are 17 questions. As you listen, you can write notes on the task booklet. Answer the questions by using short answers. Words can be taken from the lecture or you may express the answer in your own words. You now have 3 minutes to read the questions. (3 minutes silence) You will now hear the lecture once only. After you ve heard the lecture, you will have ten minutes to check your notes and write your answers in the separate answer booklet. Listen to the first section and answer questions 1 to 3. Today I want to go into detail on our topic of migration. You should all have your essay titles now and perhaps some of you are now well, I hope reading around the topic of migration. I d like to start the lecture today by giving you some background information. I d then like to focus on international migration... here I ll refer to the UN the United Nations International Migration Report of 2008 and after that I ll move onto the reasons people migrate this is quite a complex area. I ll then discuss the impacts of migration. Now in this week s lecture, we ll focus on the impacts of international migration on the country of origin that is, the country where migrants move from the home country we ll look at effects on destination country in next 1

2 week s lecture. So background international migration... reasons and impacts on the home country alright? Before we start, it is important for you to use the terminology accurately. OK so what we are talking about here is immigration, emigration and migration. The term immigration I. M. is when people from another country are coming into your country, think about arrival here. Emigration, of course, is the opposite that s like departure from a country. So for instance my ancestors emigrated from Ireland to Canada back in the 1800s. They were immigrants to Canada OK?... So, this is to separate meanings from the general word migration which can mean moving of any sort. In this lecture I will be talking about movement in general migration... but picking up a focus on movement between countries. Now you are aware from your readings I am sure that worldwide migration has reached its highest level ever but migration is not really a new phenomenon or event. Global migration began many thousands of years ago when our ancestors moved from Africa and across Eurasia. Of course, as well as international migration, there s plenty of significant internal migration to consider since the 18th century and in particular during the 19th century this type of migration grew rapidly due to industrialisation, especially in countries like England. This was a period when industry was developed so people migrated for work in order to make a living and as I said before industrialisation was the main reason for this. Now listen to the next section and answer questions 4 to 9. Of course there are different types of internal migration what are they? Well, firstly, we have rural-to-urban migration and err this is commonly known as urbanisation you know, people leave the rural areas the countryside to work in cities. Of course, this situation is now more familiar in developing countries where industrialisation is taking place. Other types of migration are suburbanisation moving from inside cities to the outskirts of cities or satellite towns and urban-to-rural migration moving from cities or towns into the countryside. This tends to be seen in more developed countries where people move from cities for many reasons often because of the higher cost of urban housing rents are high because demand is high, higher levels of criminal activity like thefts from vehicles, and pollution 2

3 levels caused by factories, cars and domestic waste. Or indeed a combination of these reasons. Yes, so many of us now may not want to live or work in big cities like London or São Paulo or Johannesburg. So moving on now we ll consider international migration the movement from one country to another. Look at these figures from the UN International Migration Report, If you look here at the figures on this slide you ll see that around 175 million people currently live in a country other than where they were born that s erm about 3 per cent of the world s population have emigrated and remained international migrants and erm what about the age range of these migrants well, 12% of those international migrants are under the age of 25. So, you can also see from this slide the number of migrants has been growing steadily since In the ten years from 1990 to 2000, this was the greatest growth we have seen er the number of country-to-country migrants in the world rose by 21 million persons, or 14 per cent this is quite a significant number. If you look at the next slide, er figure two you can see that the three countries with the largest number of immigrants are the US with 35 million immigrants followed by the Russia with 13 million and Germany with 7 million. A third figure here shows us that the United Arab Emirates that s the UAE was the country with the highest proportion of immigrants compared to local population, with 74%. That s an immigrant population of 74%. This is followed by Kuwait at 58% and Jordan with 40%. Now listen to the next section and answer questions 10 to 12. Now, what are the reasons for these movements of people? We mentioned some reasons earlier in the talk but I d like to refer you to Cahil (2006) from your reading list. Cahil refers to the push and pull factors which cause international migration. You may have come across these terms before push factors are those factors which compel people to emigrate or leave their country and these might be erm maybe there s a downturn in the economy in other words, economic problems or erm... there s a worrying political situation. Another reason why people might be forced to leave their country is war and these are things we hear about in the news all the time. Famine is another reason. In the case of Ireland, for example the Great Famine between 1845 and 1851 when people were forced to migrate because of lack of 3

4 food. This was a critical turning point in Irish history a quarter of a million people left Ireland to settle in the United States, and other countries. A pull factor is something which draws someone to a country... for example a job opportunity people obviously are tempted by work which is better paid, or more suited to their qualifications we can see this happening in many areas of the world. The obvious example is people finding wellpaid work in Europe and North America, although equally there are many positions in many Asian countries as well as other parts of the world which attract people from all over the rest of the world.... Another pull factor is better living conditions for example, er people are attracted to countries where there is better healthcare and hospitals, less pollution, or simply better weather. Education is another pull factor and this is a real growth area today some families are attracted by the educational environment in a foreign country and recognise the value of being educated abroad. So three key pull factors. Now listen to the final section and answer questions 13 to 17 Now let s consider impacts. Emigration can have very damaging effects on the country of origin the country which migrants have left. It can cost the country much in terms of loss of skills and labour. Emigration can cost poor countries some of their most valuable people, and this is seen particularly in the fields of science and technology. For a number of countries the proportion or number of graduates working overseas is quite high.... Carter, on your reading list, cites some interesting figures which show the large percentage of graduates who have emigrated for instance 25% of Iranian graduates have emigrated, the Philippines 10%, and South Korea 6%. Of the African countries, one of the highest figures is for Ghana at 26%. In particular, Ghana has lost 60% of its doctors trained in the early 1980s. But probably the most dramatic exodus has been from Jamaica where three quarters of its science and technology graduates live outside the country at the moment. Of course, these departures are partly a result of people wanting to earn more money and broaden their experience. But they are also a response to deliberate recruitment by richer countries. So, we have countries that actively recruit graduates from other countries by offering them well paid jobs. This loss of skill and talent is known as brain drain are you familiar with this term? You know, a drain a constant and steady flowing out of highly skilled people. This is a reflection of the 4

5 globalised employment market. Cahil claims that these countries are I quote stealing the knowledge resources and that they are mostly responsible for the loss of skills from other countries because of these aggressive recruitment strategies. Some developed countries are now making it easier for employers to recruit skilled workers from overseas and have well-organised systems offering easier entry for highly qualified people. This represents the loss of educational investment both in terms of skill and talent, and the thousands of pounds spent on educating a doctor or an engineer, which disappear when they take their skills abroad. However, there are also positive impacts. A major advantage of emigration for the home countries is that emigrants send much of their earnings home in the form of 'remittances' providing much needed foreign exchange. And this is an increasingly important source of outside funding for many developing countries. Carter, who I mentioned earlier, has pointed out that this is the second largest source of income for developing countries after foreign investment. Other research er by erm Chiu (2009) states that emigrants are now remitting a record 4 billion a year almost doubling over the last decade that is almost 11 million a day. So, we ve had a brief overview of the topic of migration the current situation of international migration, the reasons why people migrate and the impacts on the home country. I have here some more references about the topic in this handout. Now let s look at some aspects in detail. Here are some statistics (fade out from Here ) You now have ten minutes to check your notes and write your answers in the separate answer booklet. You can also use this time to transfer reading section answers. (10 minutes silence) This is the end of the listening section. 5

BBC Learning English Talk about English Insight plus Part 13 Migration

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