Immigrants as Entrepreneurs: From Mynmar to Thailand
|
|
- Ralph Byrd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Immigrants as Entrepreneurs: From Mynmar to Thailand Pusanisa Thechatakerng Maejo University, T.Nong Harn, Sansai, Chiangmai 50290, Thailand address: ABSTRACT Immigrant Entrepreneurs have been seen as one of countries economics driver. Immigrants from Myanmar, the rate of immigrant is high compare to that of other neighborhood countries e.g. Lao, and Cambodia. This research illustrates the demographical work of a population is an important determinant of entrepreneurship. Therefore, demographical variables as possible determinants of immigrant entrepreneurship are focused. 6 interviewed entrepreneurs limited to entrepreneurs from a single sector of industry, retail shops are involved. The finding shows that the immigrant entrepreneurs can be defined as self-employed businesses with 0-10 employees were dominated by women. The important factors influence immigrants to be entrepreneur are freedom and time managing. Moreover, the result implied that entrepreneurs are driving the new economy as demonstrated in their firms performance. Keywords: Immigrant, entrepreneur, determinants, Thailand, Mynmar 1. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurs are driving the new economy (John Wiley & Sons, 2009) The rate of entrepreneurship shows considerable variation. This is especially true for immigrant populations. Many immigrants into the Thailand originate from neighborhood countries for eample, Myanmar, lao, and Cambodia are the main patron countries. These immigrants belong to either the first generation (if they themselves have been born elsewhere) or the second generation (if at least one of their parents has been born elsewhere). For immigrants from Myanmar, the rate of immigrant is high compare to that of Lao, and Cambodia (national news bureau of Thailand: NBT, 2011). In addition, immigrants from these countries account for almost 1 million (984,535) which can be divined by countries as follows; 643,095 from Myanmar, 238,586 of Cambodia and 102,854 from Lao (Department of Labour, 2011). Immigration from these countries has a history of more than three decades, yet these immigrants often find themselves in marginal economic positions (Hart, 2011; Hold, 2011; Zotan et al., 2009 Rath, 2006; Mendez & wanatabe, 2005). Chiangmai geographic has a very long broader with Myanmar, then it is very easy to cross both legal and illegal for immigrants. Subsequently, Chiangmai becomes one of the province that immigrants from Myanmar plays the major role in economic driving, around 52,557 legal immigrants work in almost every business sectors, as all business sector still need low level of labour (Department of labour, 2011). Thus, the study focuses on immigrants entrepreneurs from Mynmar. This paper tries to answer 4 research questions as follows; i) What are the demographical characteristics of the
2 Myanmar immigrant groups? ii) Which factors influence an individual s decision to become an entrepreneur? iii) how their businesses performances are and iv) what level of immigrants entrepreneurs satisfaction are? 1.1 Literature review and Theories The main theories in the field of immigrant entrepreneurship started for understanding why immigrants were likely to be self-employed business people. Most literature, based on research in Europe and the United States, mentions that immigrants were more likely to be self-employed than natives (Light, 1972, Bojas, 1986, Waldinger and Aldrich, 1990 as cited in De Raijman, 1996; Hiebert, 2003; Light and Sanchez, 1987 as cited in Kim, 1998; Min & Bozorgmehr, 2003; The Carnegie Endowment, 1997). Researchers have developed various conceptual frameworks to account for this phenomenon: why immigrants tend towards self-employment. However, according to the literature (Hiebert, 2003; Raijman & Tienda, 2000), it was difficult to generalise about entrepreneurial behaviour as most studies have been based on single groups. That was to say, most studies on this topic were case studies focusing on a particular immigrant or minority group (Min & Bozorgmehr, 2000, p. 2). Yet, as the ultimate aim of this study was to eplain the phenomenon of entrepreneurship among Lao, Cambodia, Mynmar in Thailand. The theoretical framework for this study was primarily drawn from previous research conducted on the social and economic adaptation of immigrants by European and American scholars. Unlike traditional immigrant-receiving countries such as the United States, Thailand has a small economy and a small population. Therefore it would be interesting to investigate what kinds of theories were similarly applicable to Thai immigrant businesses. A. Middleman minority theory This concept refers to the minority groups that have played an intermediary economic role between producers of the dominant group and minority customers in different societies (Min & Bozorgmehr, 2003). In Thailand it is widely acknowledged that the status gap between Thai and hill tribe people the indigenous people is notable in terms of various levels of living standard such as average household income although the gap between the incomes of Thai and hill tribe people has been closing dramatically (Stokes & Collins, 2007). Therefore it would be worth investigating whether some immigrant ethnic groups are playing the role of middleman minority in Thai society in the future. B. Labour disadvantage theory According to this theory (Min & Bozorgmehr, 2003), immigrants eperience disadvantages related to employment in the primary labour market, compared to the native born. Without a doubt, the language barrier is the most visible disadvantage to some immigrant groups. New immigrants who are not fluent in the spoken language of the host society are limited in their ability to use the skills acquired in their country of origin. As a result, according to the theory, there is often no other option for some immigrants but to choose self- employment for their economic survival and social mobility. In other words entrepreneurship is the alternative means of economic advancement for marginalised groups (Hiebert, 2003). C. Ethnic enclave economy theory The term ethnic enclave refers to an immigrant enclave where immigrant workers are employed in the enterprises owned by the members of same ethnicity (Lee, 2003). Therefore, the enclave theory concentrates on geographically self contained ethnic communities within metropolitan areas (Butler & Greene, 1997). D. Interactive theory
3 The Interactive Theory approach suggests that ethnic business proliferates in industries where there is a congruence between the demands of the economic environment and the informal resources of the ethnic population (Waldinger, 1986, as cited in Agrawal & Chavan, 1997). These referred theories would be applied to this study. 1.2 Methodology Sample selection The eploratory research was carried out between September 2011 and August 2012 at Papoa community, Chiangmai which are densely populated. The population would be immigrants from Myanmar which were running their businesses. The sampling procedure aimed to interview 6 entrepreneurs from Myanmar immigrant group. Interviews would be limited to entrepreneurs from a single sector of industry; retail sector, as the share of immigrant entrepreneurs was relatively high in this sector (Van den Tillaart, 2001). A two-step sampling procedure has been applied. In the first step, neighborhoods with a relatively high density of immigrants would be selected. Most of these neighborhoods were located in Wat Papoa, Muang, Chiangmai. Net, these neighborhoods would be visited and retail stores would be selected that appeared to be owned by individuals from a relevant immigrant group. Data collection methods One of my team was a Myanmar people who involve in Thai business for more than 3 years, and she knew very well about immigrant entrepreneurs in Chiangmai. As I have previously mentioned in the sample sector how to approach the immigrants entrepreneur, I, then interviewed them with interview form and if the immigrant entrepreneur could not understand Thai language well, the Myanmar assistant assisted me in this case. Methods of data analysis It was hard to find all data from administrative record. One possible data source was documentary analysis which provides more information about immigrant entrepreneur in Thailand. Source of documentary review came from report from Department of Labour and some research work in Thailand and similar research contet from developed and developing country. Validity Several validity issues are inherent within this paper. The first issue is in the small sample size being used. We occupy only the owner of retail businesses in the Papoa Community. This may limited the generalizability of the findings. 1.3 Results The results found in this part aim to demonstrate the demographical characteristics of the Thai immigrant entrepreneurs, factors influence an individual s decision to become an
4 entrepreneur, and businesses performance of entrepreneurs Social Characteristics & Back ground of Immigrant Entrepreneurs, and Characteristics of Businesses Characteristics & Back ground of Immigrant Entrepreneurs a. Characteristics of Immigrant Entrepreneurs Immigrant entrepreneurs have had very close age gaps, They are between years old, and they were in married status, just one immigrant was still be single. They were married Buddhism with between 2 3 children and they didn t have their own house. The later could be assume that they didn t have the right by Thai law to buy for their own house. They didn t have much education, in the level between primary and secondary school. Table 1 Characteristics & Back ground of Immigrant Entrepreneurs Name Age Education Status Chi Religion Living ldren Mrs. A 39 Primary Married 2 Buddhism Rent school Ms. B 35 - single Buddhism Rent Mrs.C 38 - Married 2 Buddhism Rent Mrs.D 40 Secondary Married 3 Buddhism Rent school Mrs.E 40 Primary Married 2 Buddhism Own home school Mrs.F 43 - Married 3 Buddhism Rent b. Motivation to shift from home to Chiangmai The motivation to shift from home to Chiangmai, Mrs.A. was cleared by her eplanation. She said that I just want to work and to earn money. I can work better here than my country, as well as Ms.B, Mrs.C, and Mrs.F. Whereas, Mrs.D stated, Life is get better here than my country, and I want to stay in another country. Mrs.E eplained the motivation to shift from home to Chiangmai that I just follow my husband where he goes I will be there. We summarize here that opportunity for their better life bring them to Chiangmai. Table 2. Motivation to shift from home to Chiangmai Name Entrepreneurs Mrs. A Ms. B Mrs.C Mrs.D Mrs.E Mrs.F of Reason from home to Chiangmai Working and earning. I work here. I can earn more money than in my country. I want to stay in another country. I follow my husband. I can earn more money and good living Types and Characteristics of Businesses a. Business background 4 Entrepreneurs from 6 have not had eperience before running their business. I never do business before but I need to earn more money to support my own family. In the same way as Mrs. C I need to maintain my family, otherwise how can we survive. Our family cannot survive if I worked as an employee. I decided to start up my own business because I want to have my own business noted by Mrs.E. While Ms. B told us that somebody suggested her to do some business that was while she started up her own business. For the rest of 2 entrepreneurs, they told us that they have had eperience to run their business before, so it was
5 not so hard for them to establish their own business. Table 3 Business background Name of owner Eperience in No eperience & reason to set up similar business Mrs.A No No, I need to earn more money to support my own family. Then I decided to start up my own business. Ms. B No No, somebody suggested me to set up own business. Mrs. C No, I need to maintain my family. Mrs.D Yes Mrs.E No No, I want to have my own business Mrs.F Yes b. Employment opportunity Entrepreneurs before running their own business, the eperience was very important. The target entrepreneurs here have been employed before thinking to have their own business such Almost of them have obtained under standard payment by Thai labour law. Ecept, one entrepreneur, she never works with others because her husband didn t allow her to work but start up her own business. Table 4 Employment opportunity Name owner of been employed by others Yes Standard payment yes no (try to get employment) Mrs.A Ms.B Mrs.C Mrs.D Mrs.E Mrs.F no c. Reason to be Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs like to be free, manage their own time and job (Thechatakerng, 2009; Collin & Moore, 1964) as the finding indicated in this study. Mrs.A, B, C claimed that I don t like to work for other people, I want to be free and do whatever I want to do. Whereas, Mrs.D and F clearly eplained I can earn more money, if I run my own business. However, Mrs.E has her own reason that My husband doesn t want me to work with others, but I still want to do something to earn money then it s a good choice to be entrepreneur. Table 5 Reason to be Entrepreneur Mrs.A I don t like other people to blame me in whatever I ve done. I want to do whatever I want to do. Ms.B To be entrepreneur is better than being employee. Moreover, I can earn more money than being employed. Mrs.C I don t like to be employed by other. I like to be entrepreneur. Mrs. D I can earn more money than being employed. Mrs.E My husband doesn t want me to work with others, and then it s a good choice to be entrepreneur. Mrs.F I can earn more money than be employed.
6 d. Characteristics of Businesses Immigrant entrepreneurs businesses have had both in the period that we interpreted as a young business and eperienced firms 1 (Thechatakerng & Rialp, 2005). Younger firm in this case belong to Ms. B, Mrs.E, Mrs.F which their businesses have established less than 4 years. In contrast with eperienced firms of entrepreneur, Mrs.A, Mrs.C and Mrs.E, which have established more than 4 years. The findings emphasized that they were micro businesses, where have had between 0 4 employees. We could define as self-employ. For types of business, the results showed that they were retail businesses. We concluded that they were in both young and eperienced businesses. Their businesses were micro 2 within the first generation. Table 6 Characteristics of Businesses Name Year of Types of Employee Investment Generation establish business Full time (Thai Baht) Mrs.A 2005 Retail <10,000 1 (7 yrs) Ms. B 2012 Retail <10,000 1 Mrs.C 2005 Retail <10,000 1 (7 yrs) Mrs.D 2010 retail 4 >50, ,000 1 (2 yrs.) Mrs.E 2006 Retail >50, ,000 1 (6 yrs.) Mrs.F 2009 (4 yrs.) Retail >50, ,000 1 e. Income support Almost of immigrant entrepreneurs were supported by their family. Just two entrepreneurs, Ms.B and Mrs.F were not suppoeted by their family but their own. Obviously, after initial stages of start-up, there were no supported from other sources, we interpreted as surviving by their own businesses. Table 7 Income support Entrepreneur Initial stage Supporter During running biz No Family No Mrs.A Ms. B Mrs. C Mrs. D Mrs.E Mrs.F Business performance and satisfaction 1 Firms have established for 4 or less than 4 years, define as young firm, but more than 4 years as eperienced firms (Thechatakerng & Rialp, 2005). 2 Size of business, firm with less than 10 or 10 employees as micro-business, and more than 10 to 50 employees as small business (Thechatakerng, 2009).
7 Business performance & Satisfaction a. Business performance For business performance of entrepreneurs, Majority of them have earned around Thai baht >100, ,000. Two of them, Ms.B and Mrs.D have earned around Thai Baht over 400,000 and Mrs.D around, Thai Baht >200, ,000. They eplained that they were happy with the earning here in Thailand which were better than the earning in their country. We interpreted as their businesses performances were in good situation. Table 8 Business performance Name of Earning/year (Baht) Entrepreneur < 100,000 >100, ,000 >200, ,000 >300, ,000 Over 400,000 Mrs.A Ms.B Mrs. C Mrs. D Mrs.E Mrs.F b. Satisfaction of outcome from business performance I interviewed their satisfaction from their businesses performance three of them responded in the medium level. Whereas, Mrs.D, Mrs.E, Mrs.F were pleased with their performances. Mrs.D uttered I m very much satisfied with my business and the growth of my business, as well as Mrs.E, and Mrs. whom were very much satisfied of their performances. I summarized that most of immigrant entrepreneurs were in good situation about their businesses performance. Table 9 Satisfaction of outcome from business performance Entrepreneurs yes no Description Mrs.A Medium Ms.B Medium Mrs.C Medium Mrs.D Good Mrs.E Good Mrs.F Good 2. Conclusion, Implication and future research This paper discovered that the results of the study point out the necessary to pay greater attention to how immigrants become entrepreneurs in regional development like Thailand. Entrepreneurs respond their new opportunities for surviving for themselves and their family. The results state that most of immigrant entrepreneurs are regarded as satisfaction due to their life in Chiangmai. The performance indicated the positive sign by profit gaining from the study period. It was consistent with the argument by Wood (2005) that the entrepreneur knows what will occur if he acts as he chooses, To the entrepreneur, there is no risk: The entrepreneur sees only profits. Moreover, the concept of ethnic enclaves falls supported the result, that immigrant groups who concentrated in specific spatial locations and organised a variety of enterprises serving their own ethnic market and/or the general population. Their basic character was that a significant proportion of the immigrant labour force works in enterprises owned by other immigrants (Barrett et al., 1996). For future research, a significant contribution aims to eplain immigrant entrepreneurs in
8 developed countries (Thechatakerng, 2012), but does not provide data to assess immigrant entrepreneurs in Thailand. This study was limited only Papoa community, it should be more interesting to etend to other area, or to other countries, and carry out the comparative studies to indentify immigrant entrepreneurs prototype. In addition, other area of minority entrepreneurs and also should allow conclusion to be depicted for Thai entrepreneurs policy towards small and micro-enterprises which have played an important role in driving Thai economy. 3. REFERENCES Agrawal, R. K., & Chavan, M. (1997). Entrepreneurship development amongst the ethnic community in Australia. Retrieved June 8, 2005, from Barrett, G.A., T.P. Jones and D. McEvoy (1996), Ethnic Minority Business: Theoretical Discourse in Britain and North America, Urban Studies, 33 (4-5), pp Bosma, N., M. van Praag and G. de Wit (2000). Determinants of successful entrepreneurship, Research Report 0002, Zoetermeer: EIM. Bosma, N., G. de Wit and M. Carree (2003). Modelling entrepreneurship: unifying the equilib-rium and entry/eit approach, Small Business Economics, forthcoming. Chou, L. (2000). Chinese immigrants in New Zealand society: a study of migrant acculturation and the effects of communication and multicultural public relations. Unpublished M.A, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland. Clark, K., and S. Drinkwater (2000). Pushed Out of Pulled In? Self-Employment Amoung Ethnic Minorities in England and Wales, Labour Economics, 7 (5). Collins, J. (2008). Immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia: Regulations and responses, in OLIVEIRA, Catarina Reis and RATH, Jan (eds.), Migrações Journal - Special Issue on ImmigrantEntrepreneurship, October 2008, n. 3, Lisbon: ACIDI, pp Herman, T.R. & Smith, R.L. (2009). IMMIGRANT, INC.: Why Immigrant Entrepreneurs Are Driving the New Economy (And How They Will Save the American Worker. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA. Le, A. T. (2000). The determinants of immigrant self-employment in Australia. The International Migration Review, 34(1), 183. Lee, J.S. (2008). Why do Asian immigrants become entrepreneurs? The case of Korean self-employed immigrants in New Zealand, a Master Thesis, Auckland University of Technology. Rath, J. (2000). Immigrant businesses: the economic, political and social environment, Basing-stoke: Macmillan. Thechatakerng, P. (2009). Determinants of Entrepreneur, EDP workshop, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Thechatakerng, S., & Rialp, J. (2005). When They Go Together: Alliances Implementing by Thai Firms, Paper Presented in EURAM Conference at TUM Business School, Munich, Germany, Formally Published on the Web Thechatakerng, P. (2012). Thai Immigrants Entrepreneurs in new Zealand, Contemporary Research on E-business Technology and Strategy Communications in Computer and Information Science 2012, pp Wood. J.S. (2005). The Development and Present State of the Theory of Entrepreneurship in Product and Assest Markets by Knight, Hayek, Schumpeter, Mises, Kirzner, Shackle, and, Lachmann, Paper presented in Austrian Scholars Conference.
Why do Asian immigrants become entrepreneurs? The case of Korean selfemployed immigrants in New Zealand
Why do Asian immigrants become entrepreneurs? The case of Korean selfemployed immigrants in New Zealand Joo-Seok (Joe) Lee A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment
More informationAn Integrated Analysis of Migration and Remittances: Modeling Migration as a Mechanism for Selection 1
An Integrated Analysis of Migration and Remittances: Modeling Migration as a Mechanism for Selection 1 Filiz Garip Harvard University February, 2009 1 This research was supported by grants from the National
More informationASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH
ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 Acculturation Within Small Immigrant Ethnic
More informationNew Americans in Long Beach POPULATION GROWTH 3.3% 14.3 % Total population 481, % Immigrant population 128, % 26.1% 47.
New Americans in Long Beach A Snapshot of the Demographic and Economic Contributions of Immigrants in the Long Beach Area 1 POPULATION GROWTH 7+7R 6.6% Immigrant share of the population, 016 Between 011
More informationImmigrant entrepreneurship in Norway
Immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway by Evgueni Vinogradov Doctoral thesis submitted to the Bodo Graduate School of Business for the degree of Ph.D. Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF
More informationVolume 29, Issue 4. Ethnic Discrimination in the Market Place of Small Business Transfers
Volume 29, Issue 4 Ethnic Discrimination in the Market Place of Small Business Transfers Ali M Ahmed Linnaeus University Lina Andersson Linnaeus University Mats Hammarstedt Linnaeus University Abstract
More informationAsian Ethnic Enclaves in Catalonia and the weight of social capital: a preliminary evaluation.
Asian Ethnic Enclaves in Catalonia and the weight of social capital: a preliminary evaluation. INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR. Personal networks in times of economic hardship and political discontent" Universitat
More informationSelf-employed immigrants and their employees: Evidence from Swedish employer-employee data
Self-employed immigrants and their employees: Evidence from Swedish employer-employee data Mats Hammarstedt Linnaeus University Centre for Discrimination and Integration Studies Linnaeus University SE-351
More informationWho wants to be an entrepreneur?
entrepreneurship Key findings: Germany Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is crucial to economic development and to promoting social integration and reducing inequalities. OECD Entrepreneurship
More informationThe Economic and Social Outcomes of Children of Migrants in New Zealand
The Economic and Social Outcomes of Children of Migrants in New Zealand Julie Woolf Statistics New Zealand Julie.Woolf@stats.govt.nz, phone (04 931 4781) Abstract This paper uses General Social Survey
More informationForeign Workers to Entrepreneurs: A Framework of Job Displacement Model
www.ccsenet.org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 7, No. 1; May 212 Foreign Workers to Entrepreneurs: A Framework of Job Displacement Model Norehan Abdullah 1, Selamah Maamor 1,
More informationThe Remittance of Tom Yam Restaurant Entrepreneurs in Malaysia
The Remittance of Tom Yam Restaurant Entrepreneurs in Malaysia 1 Suttiporn Bunmak 67.3 7,651.51 60,015.87 8.66 32.7 : ABSTRACT The purpose of the paper was to investigate the remittance behaviors of Tom
More informationProblems and Challenges of Migrants in the EU and Strategies to Improve Their Economic Opportunities
Problems and Challenges of Migrants in the EU and Strategies to Improve Their Economic Opportunities Suneenart Lophatthananon Today, one human being out of 35 is an international migrant. The number of
More informationThesis Advisor s Name: Trudi Bunting. Permission to put a copy as a sample Geog393 proposal: No
A Comparison of Standard of Living Rates of First and Second Generation Chinese Immigrants in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area from a Spatial Perspective Thesis Advisor s Name: Trudi Bunting Permission
More informationIntention to stay and labor migration of Albanian doctors and nurses
Intention to stay and labor migration of Albanian doctors and nurses Ertila DRUGA 3 rd Conference, LSEE Research Network on Social Cohesion in SEE Social Cohesion and Economic Governance 6-7 April 2017,
More informationJudith Pampalona Tarrés Egolab- GRAFO. Antropologia Social i Cultural Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Judith Pampalona Tarrés Egolab- GRAFO. Antropologia Social i Cultural Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Government of Andorra, ATCR2011/2014-0008- AND MICINN, ENCLAVE (2013-2015). MINECO (CSO2012-32635).
More informationChinese Ethnic Economy in Toronto
Chinese Ethnic Economy in Toronto Preliminary Report By Eric Fong University of Toronto and Ambrose Ma President, South East Asians Services Centre Overview Ethnic economy is an alternative avenue of economic
More informationTHE EMPLOYABILITY AND WELFARE OF FEMALE LABOR MIGRANTS IN INDONESIAN CITIES
SHASTA PRATOMO D., Regional Science Inquiry, Vol. IX, (2), 2017, pp. 109-117 109 THE EMPLOYABILITY AND WELFARE OF FEMALE LABOR MIGRANTS IN INDONESIAN CITIES Devanto SHASTA PRATOMO Senior Lecturer, Brawijaya
More informationSocio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal
Economic Literature, Vol. XII (39-49), December 2014 Socio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal Ananta Raj Dhungana, PhD 1 * Dipendra Pandit** ABSTRACT The
More informationTourism Entrepreneurship among Women in Goa: An Emerging Trend
Tourism Entrepreneurship among Women in Goa: An Emerging Trend 1.INTRODUCTION: Prof. Smita Sanzgiri G.V.M.S G.G.P.R. College Of Commerce And Economics, Ponda Goa smitasanzgiri17@gmail.com In India, the
More informationThe Quality of Working Life of Burmese Labors in Chiang Mai
The Quality of Working Life of Burmese Labors in Chiang Mai Sirirat Sugantha 1 1. Researcher, Faculty of Business Administration, Chiang Mai University. Abstract The purposes of this research were to study
More informationLabour Mobility Interregional Migration Theories Theoretical Models Competitive model International migration
Interregional Migration Theoretical Models Competitive Human Capital Search Others Family migration Empirical evidence Labour Mobility International migration History and policy Labour market performance
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationWho wants to be an entrepreneur?
entrepreneurship Key findings: Italy Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is crucial to economic development, promoting social integration and reducing inequalities. OECD Entrepreneurship
More informationAna Espinosa Seguí. Human Geography Department. University of Alicante (Spanien)
Ana Espinosa Seguí Human Geography Department University of Alicante (Spanien) Photography taken by Ana Espinosa Seguí in Brussels, 2007 MAIN POINTS OF DISCUSSION 0.- What is ethnic? 1.- What is ethnic
More informationPacific Economic Trends and Snapshot
Pacific Economic Trends and Snapshot September 213 Report to Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment Contents 1. Key points... 3 2. Demographic trends... 5 3. Qualifications and skills... 7 4.
More informationExtended abstract. 1. Introduction
Extended abstract Gender wage inequality among internal migrants: Evidence from India Ajay Sharma 1 and Mousumi Das 2 Email (corresponding author): ajays@iimidr.ac.in 1. Introduction Understanding the
More informationEurope, North Africa, Middle East: Diverging Trends, Overlapping Interests and Possible Arbitrage through Migration
European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Workshop 7 Organised in the context of the CARIM project. CARIM is co-financed by the Europe Aid Co-operation Office of the European
More informationPeople. Population size and growth
The social report monitors outcomes for the New Zealand population. This section provides background information on who those people are, and provides a context for the indicators that follow. People Population
More informationPushed Out or Pulled In? Self-Employment Among Ethnic Minorities in England and Wales. Kenneth Clark * Stephen Drinkwater **
Pushed Out or Pulled In? Self-Employment Among Ethnic Minorities in England and Wales Kenneth Clark * Stephen Drinkwater ** * School of Economic Studies University of Manchester Dover Street Manchester,
More informationResidential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes When did ghettos go bad?
Economics Letters 69 (2000) 239 243 www.elsevier.com/ locate/ econbase Residential segregation and socioeconomic outcomes When did ghettos go bad? * William J. Collins, Robert A. Margo Vanderbilt University
More informationImmigrant Entrepreneurship. Masters thesis within Business Administration
Immigrant Entrepreneurship Case studies of challenges faced by immigrant entrepreneurs in a large and small Swedish city. Masters thesis within Business Administration Author: Enow Carine Manyi Tutor:
More informationWho wants to be an entrepreneur?
entrepreneurship Key findings: Portugal Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is crucial to economic development, promoting social integration and reducing inequalities. OECD Entrepreneurship
More informationMigrant Workers and Thailand s Health Security System
9 Migrant Workers and Thailand s Health Security System When discussing the impact of the 3 million low skilled migrant workers on Thailand s healthcare system, a contentious point is the fact that migrant
More informationAnnual Report on Immigration for Press release dated October 28, 2004.
Sociology 211 October 29 and November 1, 2004. Immigrant adjustment 1 Sociology 211 October 29 November 1, 2004 Second midterm November 8, 2004. For the midterm, be familiar with the following: Isajiw,
More informationPlace in Ageing: The Housing Experiences of Older Chinese Immigrants in New Zealand
INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS PROGRAMME 2007 2012 Place in Ageing: The Housing Experiences of Older Chinese Immigrants in New Zealand Elsie Ho University of Auckland Wendy Li James Cook University Outline
More informationCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background 1.1.1 Introducing Tourism Industry of Thailand Thailand's tourism industry started from the beginning of the last century and entered the golden age in the 1980s.
More informationA Study of Minority's Internet Usage A Case of Pa Khlang Hmong Villager in Nan Province, Thailand.
A Study of Minority's Internet Usage A Case of Pa Khlang Hmong Villager in Nan Province,. By Senshu Yoshii This article is intended as an investigation of character of internet usage of Hmong people in
More informationR 42, % New Americans in Alexandria. Immigrant share of the population, The immigrant population increased by 22.2%.
New Americans in Alexandria A Snapshot of the Demographic and Economic Contributions of Immigrants in the City 1 POPULATION GROWTH 28+72R 28.0% Immigrant share of the population, 2016 Between 2011 and
More informationPolitical Integration of Immigrants: Insights from Comparing to Stayers, Not Only to Natives. David Bartram
Political Integration of Immigrants: Insights from Comparing to Stayers, Not Only to Natives David Bartram Department of Sociology University of Leicester University Road Leicester LE1 7RH United Kingdom
More informationCOMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF MIGRANTS AND IMMIGRATION
COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF MIGRANTS AND IMMIGRATION 3 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION This report presents the findings from a Community survey designed to measure New Zealanders
More informationMOTIVATIONAL FACTORS, FACILITATORS, OBSTACLES AND GENDER DIFFERENCES: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THAI ENTREPRENEURS
Yukongdi, 2018 Volume 4 Issue 1, pp. 288-297 Date of Publication: 22 nd March 2018 DOI-https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.41.288297 This paper can be cited as: Yukongdi, V. (2018). Motivational Factors,
More informationNBER Volume on International Differences in Entrepreneurship
The International Asian Business Success Story: A Comparison of Chinese, Indian and Other Asian Businesses in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom NBER Volume on International Differences in Entrepreneurship
More informationPolicy 4.8 Supporting a successful and diverse retail sector and related facilities and
Latin Elephant s Submission to FALP (Further Amendments to London Plan). Prepared by Dr. Patria Roman-Velazquez, 31 March 2014 Email: latin.elephantandcastle@gmail.com & romanpatria@gmail.com Blog: www.latinelephant.wordpress.com
More informationAKHILESH TRIVEDI PREPAREDNESS OF SMES TOWARDS AEC : A CASE STUDY OF TRAVEL AGENTS IN BANGKOK
AKHILESH TRIVEDI Faculty of Hospitality Industry, Dusit Thani College, Thailand PREPAREDNESS OF SMES TOWARDS AEC : A CASE STUDY OF TRAVEL AGENTS IN BANGKOK Abstract: This paper is a survey research conducted
More informationMATS HAMMARSTEDT & CHIZHENG MIAO 2018:4. Self-employed immigrants and their employees Evidence from Swedish employer-employee data
MATS HAMMARSTEDT & CHIZHENG MIAO 2018:4 Self-employed immigrants and their employees Evidence from Swedish employer-employee data Self-employed immigrants and their employees: Evidence from Swedish employer-employee
More informationThe Northern Territory s Non- Resident Workforce
Research Brief 201204 The Northern Territory s Non- Resident Workforce Dean Carson Flinders University (1) Andrew Taylor Charles Darwin University (2) (1) Flinders University Rural Clinical School / Poche
More information(606) Migration in Developing Countries Internal migration in Indonesia: Mobility behaviour in the 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey
Session Theme: Title: Organizer: Author: (606) Migration in Developing Countries Internal migration in Indonesia: Mobility behaviour in the 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey Philip Guest Elda L. Pardede
More informationANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS THAT DISCOURAGE THE BUSINESSES DEVELOPMENT
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS THAT DISCOURAGE THE BUSINESSES DEVELOPMENT Camelia-Cristina DRAGOMIR 1 Abstract: The decision to start or take over a business is a complex process and it involves many aspects
More informationThe Socio-Economic Status of Women Entrepreneurs in Salem District of Tamil Nadu
DOI: 10.15613/hijrh/2015/v2i1/78209 ISSN (Print): 2349-4778 HuSS: International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 2(1), 40-48, January June 2015 ISSN (Online): 2349-8900 The Socio-Economic
More informationtheses review series Gender, Migration and Communication Networks: Mapping the Communicative Ecology of Latin American Women in New Zealand/ Aotearoa
Number 1/2016 ISSN 2382-2228 theses review series Gender, Migration and Communication Networks: Mapping the Communicative Ecology of Latin American Women in New Zealand/ Aotearoa Reviewed by Irene Ayallo
More information2.3 IMMIGRATION: THE NUMBERS
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2.3 IMMIGRATION: THE NUMBERS HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE COMING TO THE UK
More informationJudith Pampalona Tarrés Egolab- GRAFO. Antropologia Social i Cultural Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Judith Pampalona Tarrés Egolab- GRAFO. Antropologia Social i Cultural Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Government of Andorra, ATCR2011/2014-0008- AND MINECO (CSO2012-32635), ENCLAVE (2013-2015) Immigrants
More informationImmigration and Housing
Housing: MW 438 Summary 1. Immigration is one of the key reasons for the current shortage of homes in England. In the past ten years, growth in the number of households headed by someone born aboard amounted
More informationInformal entrepreneurship and Gauteng
Informal entrepreneurship and Gauteng ELLA Summit on Informality and Inclusive Growth Sally Peberdy (PhD) Gauteng City-Region Observatory (GCRO) sally.peberdy@gcro.ac.za Overview of QoL 2015 Overview of
More informationCENSUS RESULTS NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
2011 CENSUS RESULTS NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY INTRODUCTION The inaugural National Household Survey (NHS) was a voluntary survey which replaced the mandatory long-form census questionnaire. The NHS was
More informationTime Series of Internal Migration in the United Kingdom by Age, Sex and Ethnic Group: Estimation and Analysis
School of Geography FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT Time Series of Internal Migration in the United Kingdom by Age, Sex and Ethnic Group: Estimation and Analysis Nik Lomax, Phil Rees and John Stillwell n.m.lomax@leeds.ac.uk
More informationASIAN AMERICAN BUSINESSES EXPLODING IN DIVERSITY & NUMBERS
ASIAN AMERICAN BUSINESSES EXPLODING IN DIVERSITY & NUMBERS CENTRAL TEXAS ASIAN AMERICAN OWNED BUSINESSES REPORT 2016 PRESENTED BY THE GREATER AUSTIN ASIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FORWARD Exploding in Diversity
More informationOut-migration from metropolitan cities in Brazil
Public Disclosure Authorized Out-migration from metropolitan cities in Brazil Eva-Maria Egger Department of Economics University of Sussex losure Authorized May 16, 2016 Eva-Maria Egger (University of
More informationFY 2005 Liaison Meeting - JILPT International Labor Information Project
FY 2005 Liaison Meeting - JILPT International Labor Information Project November 7-10, 2005 Tokyo, Japan Policies and Systems for Foreign Workers in Asian Countries: With a Special Reference To The Thai
More informationDETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRANTS EARNINGS IN THE ITALIAN LABOUR MARKET: THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRANTS EARNINGS IN THE ITALIAN LABOUR MARKET: THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN Aim of the Paper The aim of the present work is to study the determinants of immigrants
More informationHIV/AIDS RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG MYANMAR MIGRANTS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND
87 HIV/AIDS RISK BEHAVIS AMONG MYANMAR MIGRANTS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND Nan Shwe Nwe Htun*, Wiput Phoolcharoen and Usaneya Perngparn College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330,
More informationImmigration, Community and Ethnic Diversity
Immigration, Community and Ethnic Diversity Pathways, Circuits and Crossroads: New Research on Population, Migration and Community Dynamics Wellington, New Zealand, June 9-11, 2008 Wei Li Associate Professor
More informationComments by Brian Nolan on Well-Being of Migrant Children and Youth in Europe by K. Hartgen and S. Klasen
Comments by Brian Nolan on Well-Being of Migrant Children and Youth in Europe by K. Hartgen and S. Klasen The stated aim of this review paper, as outlined in the background paper by Tienda, Taylor and
More information8th International Metropolis Conference, Vienna, September 2003
8th International Metropolis Conference, Vienna, 15-19 September 2003 YOUNG MIGRANT SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES IN NEW ZEALAND: LINGUISTIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS Noel Watts and Cynthia White New Settlers
More informationI would like to speak about meaningful representation and empowerment for effective political participation.
UN Forum on Minorities and Effective Political Participation Agenda Item V. National Practices and Real Experiences Presentation by Mary Anne Chambers Ladies and gentlemen. My name is Mary Anne Chambers.
More informationLanguage Proficiency and Earnings of Non-Official Language. Mother Tongue Immigrants: The Case of Toronto, Montreal and Quebec City
Language Proficiency and Earnings of Non-Official Language Mother Tongue Immigrants: The Case of Toronto, Montreal and Quebec City By Yinghua Song Student No. 6285600 Major paper presented to the department
More informationAcculturation, Identity and Wellbeing among Ethnocultural Youth
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor International Symposium on Arab Youth Conference Presentations May 29th, 9:30 AM - 10:45 AM Acculturation, Identity and Wellbeing among Ethnocultural Youth
More informationMigration and multicultural Britain British Society for Population Studies. 2 nd May 2006, Greater London Authority
Migration and multicultural Britain British Society for Population Studies 2 nd May 2006, Greater London Authority Why migration and cultural origin? Public debate on population patterns Influence on small
More informationCommunity Profile of Adelaide Metropolitan area
Paper# : 2079 Session Title : GIS - Supporting Decisions in Public Policy Community Profile of Adelaide Metropolitan area By adipandang.yudono@postgrads.unisa.edu.au Abstract The paper presents a community
More informationPoverty Reduction and Economic Growth: The Asian Experience Peter Warr
Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth: The Asian Experience Peter Warr Abstract. The Asian experience of poverty reduction has varied widely. Over recent decades the economies of East and Southeast Asia
More informationReproducing and reshaping ethnic residential segregation in Stockholm: the role of selective migration moves
Reproducing and reshaping ethnic residential segregation in Stockholm: the role of selective migration moves Roger Andersson Institute for Housing & Urban Research, Uppsala university Paper accepted for
More informationILO/Japan Managing Cross-Border Movement of Labour in Southeast Asia
ILO/Japan Managing Cross-Border Movement of Labour in Southeast Asia Quick Facts Countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand Final Evaluation: November 2010 Mode of Evaluation: independent Technical
More informationWe are here to help? Volunteering Behavior among Immigrants in Germany
Philanthropy Research Workshop We are here to help? Volunteering Behavior among Immigrants in Germany Itay Greenspan, The Hebrew University Marlene Walk, SPEA IUPUI Femida Handy, University of Pennsylvania
More informationCompiling of labour migration data in Thailand. National Statistical Office,Thailand
Compiling of labour migration data in Thailand National Statistical Office,Thailand 1 Thailand Statistical Master Plan The Statistics Act 2007 states that it is the obligation of NSO to develop a statistical
More informationTHE INTERACTION BETWEEN CULTURE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LONDON'S IMMIGRANT BUSINESSES
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CULTURE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LONDON'S IMMIGRANT BUSINESSES Dr Anuradha Basu Director, Centre for Entrepreneurship University Lecturer in Management Studies Department of Economics
More informationLong distance mobility and migration intentions in Europe
Long distance mobility and migration intentions in Europe With the accession of ten New Member States to the European Union, the issue of geographic and labour market mobility has taken a prominent position
More informationCorporate. Report COUNCIL DATE: April 28, 2008 NO: R071 REGULAR COUNCIL. TO: Mayor & Council DATE: April 28, 2008
Corporate NO: R071 Report COUNCIL DATE: April 28, 2008 REGULAR COUNCIL TO: Mayor & Council DATE: April 28, 2008 FROM: General Manager, Planning and Development FILE: 6600-01 SUBJECT: 2006 Census Information
More informationDifferences in educational attainment by country of origin: Evidence from Australia
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS ISSN 1441-5429 DISCUSSION PAPER 05/17 Differences in educational attainment by country of origin: Evidence from Australia Jaai Parasnis and Jemma Swan Abstract: This study investigates
More informationSummary of the Results
Summary of the Results CHAPTER I: SIZE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION 1. Trends in the Population of Japan The population of Japan is 127.77 million. It increased by 0.7% over the five-year
More informationEthnic minority businesses
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at wwwemeraldinsightcom/1462-6004htm Ethnic minority businesses and immigrant entrepreneurship in Greece Panagiotis Piperopoulos Department
More informationUTS:IPPG Project Team. Project Director: Associate Professor Roberta Ryan, Director IPPG. Project Manager: Catherine Hastings, Research Officer
IPPG Project Team Project Director: Associate Professor Roberta Ryan, Director IPPG Project Manager: Catherine Hastings, Research Officer Research Assistance: Theresa Alvarez, Research Assistant Acknowledgements
More informationCOMMENTARY. The Variations Enigma: Regional Differences in Support for Reducing Immigration to the UK.
COMMENTARY The Variations Enigma: Regional Differences in Support for Reducing Immigration to the UK PUBLISHED: 02/12/2011 www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk When the Migration Observatory recently undertook
More informationAcculturation on Stress, Quality of Life, and Self-Esteem in Married Immigrant Women in Korea
, pp. 77-84 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijbsbt.2016.8.3.08 Acculturation on Stress, Quality of Life, and Self-Esteem in Married Immigrant Women in Korea Sung Jung Hong 1 and Ji Min Lee 2 Department of Nuring,
More informationWho wants to be an entrepreneur?
entrepreneurship Key findings: Sweden Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is crucial to economic development, promoting social integration and reducing inequalities. OECD Entrepreneurship
More informationImmigrant Entrepreneurship: Some Experience from the UK. Professor David Smallbone Small Business Research Centre Kingston University, London
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Some Experience from the UK Professor David Smallbone Small Business Research Centre Kingston University, London Introduction In the UK, historically the emphasis has been on
More informationThe State of Senior Hunger in America
2016 The State of Senior Hunger in America Professor James P. Ziliak University of Kentucky Professor Craig Gundersen University of Illinois ANNUAL REPORT Released May 2018 The State of Senior Hunger in
More informationThe foreign born are more geographically concentrated than the native population.
The Foreign-Born Population in the United States Population Characteristics March 1999 Issued August 2000 P20-519 This report describes the foreign-born population in the United States in 1999. It provides
More informationRemittances in the Balance of Payments Framework: Problems and Forthcoming Improvements
Remittances in the Balance of Payments Framework: Problems and Forthcoming Improvements World Bank Regional Workshop: Enhancing the Effectiveness and Integrity of Bilateral Remittance Transfers Between
More informationAssociate Professor Joanna Howe. Labour Supply Challenges and the Conditions of Work in the Australian Horticulture Industry
Associate Professor Joanna Howe Labour Supply Challenges and the Conditions of Work in the Australian Horticulture Industry Research Project 2016-2018 Project time frame 2015 Preliminary Research Proposal
More informationSelf-Employment and Employment in Quebec s English-speaking Cultural Communities and Visible Minorities: Prospects and Problems.
Self-Employment and Employment in Quebec s English-speaking Cultural Communities and Visible Minorities: Prospects and Problems For Youth Employment Services September 2006 With the Support of the Department
More informationirat Unit 1 News? Missed questions? Does any team want to appeal? Population Pattern, Data World Population Growth Through History
Unit 1 News? Population Pattern, Data 1 2 irat This is a closed-book, no notes test! You have 10 minutes to complete the test. Circle the correct answers to each question on the answer sheet provided.
More informationHow Do Countries Adapt to Immigration? *
How Do Countries Adapt to Immigration? * Simonetta Longhi (slonghi@essex.ac.uk) Yvonni Markaki (ymarka@essex.ac.uk) Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex JEL Classification: F22;
More informationProjecting transient populations. Richard Cooper, Nottinghamshire County Council. (Thanks also to Graham Gardner, Nottingham City Council) Background
Projecting transient populations Richard Cooper, Nottinghamshire County Council (Thanks also to Graham Gardner, Nottingham City Council) Background The work of the County and City Councils in Nottinghamshire
More informationAddress: Room 5507, #135 Yuandong Rd., Zhongli City, Taoyuan County 32003, TAIWAN Phone: ext
LI, Chun-Hao [ 李俊豪 ] * Associate Professor, Department of Social and Policy Sciences, Yuan Ze University * Joint Assistant Research Fellow, Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia
More informationAttitudes towards influx of immigrants in Korea
Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 4861-4872 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Attitudes towards influx of immigrants in Korea Jungwhan Lee Department of
More informationPROPOSED SONOMA COUNTY IMMIGRATION SURVEY
PROPOSED SONOMA COUNTY IMMIGRATION SURVEY The questions which appear below were adapted from a 2004 questionnaire on Immigration in America created jointly by National Public Radio, the Kaiser Family Foundation
More informationMaster of Arts in Social Science (International Program) Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University. Course Descriptions
Master of Arts in Social Science (International Program) Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University Course Descriptions Core Courses SS 169701 Social Sciences Theories This course studies how various
More informationThe Informal Economy of Township Spaza Shops
The Informal Economy of Township Spaza Shops The informal economy of township spaza shops Introduction > The Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation s Formalising Informal Micro- Enterprises (FIME) project
More informationGeog 741 Population Geography Spring 2007 Course Outline
Geog 741 Population Geography Spring 2007 Course Outline Population geography differs from other subfields in that it focuses on the geography of people their settlement and migration patterns, and their
More information