Immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway

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1 Immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway by Evgueni Vinogradov Doctoral thesis submitted to the Bodo Graduate School of Business for the degree of Ph.D.

2 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDIXES ~" VII 1 INTRODUCTION ISSUES RELATING TO THE STUDY ON IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP Effects of entrepreneurship on immigrants and their sending and receiving countries Empirical studies on immigrant entrepreneurship Empirical studies on immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway Rationale for the study OVERALL RESEARCH PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH FOCUS IMMIGRATION AND IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE NORWEGIAN CONTEXT Immigration to Norway: an introduction Key statistics on Immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway OUTLINE OF.THL THESIS 29 2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES DEFINITIONAL ISSUES Entrepreneurship Immigrant entrepreneurship MAIN THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP Cultural thesis Discrimination and the blocked mobility thesis Social capital and utilisation of ethnic resources Individual characteristics and selective migration Middleman minor it}' theoiy 51 iii II III VI VII

3 Waldinger et al. 's interactive model Mixed embeddedness DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES COMPARED THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RESEARCH ETHICS Virtue ethics Utilitarianism Ethics of duty Discourse ethics v Ethical theories: application to research on immigrant entrepreneurs SUMMARY 67 METHODOLOGY PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES RESEARCH DESIGN Level and unit of analysis Populations and sampling in the quantitative studies Case selection for the qualitative study Use of secondary data Operationalization of variables and questionnaire design Data collection: the postal surveys Data collection: the telephone intennews Data processing and analysis Ethical issues SUMMARY 93 RESEARCH PAPERS: SUMMARY OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PAPERS PAPER 1. CULTURAL BACKGROUND, HUMAN CAPITAL AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT RATES AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY Introduction Theoretical framework and hypotheses Method Key findings and conclusions 101 IV

4 4.3. PAPER 2. SURVIVAL OF NEW FIRMS OWNED BY NATIVES AND IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY Introduction Theoretical framework and hypotheses Method Key findings PAPER 3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY AND THEIR STAY-AT-HOME PEERS, Introduction v Theoretical framework and hypotheses Method Key findings PAPER 4. ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH ON ETHNIC/IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP Introduction Theoretical framework Method Key findings 120 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MAIN FINDINGS AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS Key findings Contribution to the theoretical debates Methodological contribution IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY MAKERS AND PRACTITIONERS Implications for policy makers in receiving countries Implications for policy makers in sending countries Implications for immigrant entrepreneurs LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 134 INDIVIDUAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERS PAPER 1. CULTURAL BACKGROUND, HUMAN CAPITAL AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT RATES AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY PAPER 2. SURVIVAL OF NEW FIRMS OWNED BY NATIVES AND IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY 158

5 6.3. PAPER 3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY AND THEIR STAY-AT-HOME PEERS PAPER 4. ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH ON ETHNIC/IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP 209 REFERENCES 239 APPENDIX A. EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS: AN OVERVIEW 262 APPENDIX B. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PAPER 2 (ORIGINALLY IN NORWEGIAN) 305 APPENDIX C. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PAPER 3 (ORIGINALLY IN RUSSIAN) 308 List of tables Table 1. Social, economic and political benefits of immigrant entrepreneurship. 8 Table 2. Social, economic and political dis-benefits of immigrant entrepreneurship. 10 Table 3. Empirical studies relating to immigrant entrepreneurship: a summary. 12 Table 4. Sample sizes and number of cases explored in empirical studies. 13 Table 5. Empirical studies relating to immigrant entrepreneurship: theoretical perspectives and research design. 15 Table 6. Empirical studies relating to immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway. 17 Table 7. Migrant status definitions. 35 Table 8. Immigrant status definition: the person's and parents' origin. 36 Table 9. Theories explaining immigrant entrepreneurship. 61 Table 10. Theoretical perspectives regarding ethics. 66 Table 11. Philosophical systems of beliefs. 70 Table 12. Concepts and variables used in the quantitative papers 81 Table 13. Spatial distribution of valid respondents and non-respondents. 87 Table 14. Comparing postal survey respondents to interviewed non-respondents. 88 Table 15. The main features of the papers included into this thesis 95 VI

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