SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN IPP100 v6 - ADDENDA AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, JANUARY VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU EMDP AND RAP VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS EMDP, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) PLAN

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3 Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN - ADDENDA AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, JANUARY VOLUME 1: Summary Table of Content INTRODUCTION AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES Vol. 1 Chapters: 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 Legal and Policy Framework 4 Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure 5 Health Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan 6 Organisational Framework and Responsibilities 7 Institutional Capacity Building and Staff Training 8 Risk Management Framework, Monitoring and Evaluation 9 EMDP Executive Summary Appendices: A Concession Agreement B Relevant Safeguard Policies of IFIs (WB and ADB) C National Legal and Policy Documents D Legal Instruments specific to the NT2 Project (Social Component) E Gender Action Plan Addendums and Edits for SDP F IAG and POE Comments on the SDP G National Public Consultation Workshop H Bibliography VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU EMDP AND RAP VOL. 2 PART 1: INTRODUCTION Executive Summary 10 Geographical Framework, Description of Impacts and Entitlements 11 Baseline Data Nakai Plateau VOL. 2 PART 2: ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 12 Ethnicity and Project Planning 13 EMDP Baseline Data 14 Participation 15 Mitigation Measures 16 Institutional Arrangements and Capacity 17 Monitoring and Evaluation 18 Scheduling and Financing VOL. 2 PART 3: RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 19 Resettlement Site Selection and Land Tenure 20 Resettlement Infrastructure Development 21 Agriculture and Livestock Development 22 Irrigation System Planning 23 Forestry Management and Utilisation, Nakai Resettlement Area 24 Nakai Reservoir Fisheries Development and Management New or completely revised Chapter / Appendix Chapter partly revised addendum covers selected sections

4 25 Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability 26 Social Development and Community Strengthening 27 Consolidated Schedule of Plateau Resettlement Activities 28 Summary of Plateau/Reservoir Resettlement Budget Appendices: A Nakai Plateau Notification, Registration, Socio-economic Survey B Demonstration Farms C Pilot Village Experience D Agriculture and Livestock Development Modeling E Nakai Plateau Forestry Background Documents F Khamkerd Resettlement Village Site Planning G Sample of Family Labour and Time Profile H Process for Wealth Ranking in Villages VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS EMDP, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION Vol. 3 Chapters: Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Baseline Data 3 Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements 4 Description of Environmental Impacts 5 Description of Social Impacts 6 Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure Downstream Areas 7 Ethnic Minority Development Plan Downstream Areas 8 Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 9 Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Appendices: A Xe Bangfai Socio-economic Survey (2001) VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) PLAN Vol. 4 Chapters: Executive Summary 1 Project Description 2 Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts 3 Socio-economic Information and PAP Profiles 4 Ethnic Minority Framework for Project Lands 5 Policy and Legal Framework 6 Consultations and Participation in Compensation Planning 7 Resettlement, Livelihood Restoration Strategy and Budget 8 Organizational Framework and Responsibilities 9 Implementation Schedule 10 Monitoring and Evaluation Appendices: A Formats use for Data Collection and Land Registration B Folio of Photo-Maps of L.P.A. CONSTRUCTION PHASE SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN New or completely revised Chapter / Appendix Chapter partly revised addendum covers selected sections

5 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER 25 LIVELIHOOD INTEGRATION AND INCOME SCENARIOS TRANSITION TO STABILITY Table of Content 25.5 PHASING - TRANSITION TO STABILITY Removal of NTFPs from Reservoir Area Traditional Household Usage of Wood and Charcoal Access to NTFPs in the Watershed Large Livestock Raising Employment in Reservoir Logging Activities Forest Association Resource Dividend Payment for Labour on Resettlement Activities Employment in NT2 Project Construction Activities Production of Food for Labour Force Supplying Equipment and Materials Training Programmes and Technical Support Rice and Protein Food Supplement Family Fund Management... 9 List of Tables Table 25-1: Transitional Assistance and Phasing Out Strategy...2 Table 25-2: Indicative Transition and Phasing Out Schedule *...5 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 1

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7 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability 25.5 PHASING - TRANSITION TO STABILITY The development of the new livelihoods will, in most cases, take some time/years to develop, for two main reasons; (a) Resource availability: not all the resources for the new livelihoods will not be available at the time of actual relocation. This relates mainly to the fact that villagers will be relocated some 2 to 3 years before the reservoir is full. Thus, the reservoir fisheries and irrigated agriculture enterprises cannot be initiated until that time. (b) Ethnic minority adaptation: the resettlement strategy recognises that the change in villager livelihood activities must be undertaken gradually, to enable villagers to become accustomed and skilled in the new enterprises. This means that the productivity and economic returns of the enterprises may not be fully realised until villagers have become fully adept at these enterprises. In addition, the period during which the villagers will be actually relocating and starting to undertake the new livelihood enterprises will also be the period of construction of the NT2 Project, and as the plateau resettlers are relocating in the general vicinity of the NT2 Project, the creation of temporary income generating opportunities may be a significant influence. For some families it may interfere with their focus and smooth adoption of the long term resettlement livelihood options, but for most families it is expected to complement the gradual adoption of the resettlement livelihood options, of which at least 2 will not be available anyhow until construction is compete. This period of relocation, initiation of some of the livelihood options and development of skills, in parallel to the construction of the NT2 Project, is termed the transition period or phase. As shown in Table 25-5 this period is indicatively identified as that 5-year period from Financial Close (soon after which the full relocation process will occur), up until about CoD, a year after most NT2 Project construction activities have finished, and the initiation of the irrigated agriculture and fisheries livelihood enterprises. As Table 25-5 depicts the phasing of the core livelihood options together with the additional opportunities during the specific labour opportunities during the transition/construction phase. This is compared with the relocation program in Table 25-6 to illustrate how the phasing of the resettlement enables the households to avail of livelihood opportunities. There is no suggestion that every household will be engaged in every one of these activities. They will set their own priorities taking into account their available labour resources. As noted above, during the Transition Phase the livelihood model will be implemented according to when resources and infrastructure become available (e.g. irrigation system, reservoir for fisheries). Consequently, the benefit from livelihood options in terms of income cannot be realized yet when certain resources are not yet available. For this reasons, families will have to seek income from other activities in order ensure adequate incomes, and especially to at least the National Poverty Line. Therefore, supporting measures will be required, and a range of other opportunities facilitated to bridge any gaps, as follows. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 1

8 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Table 25-1: Transitional Assistance and Phasing Out Strategy Transitional Measure Implementation Arrangements Target Achievement Institutional Arrangements Phasing out Strategy Removal of NTFPs from Reservoir Area Traditional household usage of charcoal and wood from the Reservoir Area Access to NTFPs in the NBCA Continuation of household NTFP collection on the Nakai Plateau Continuation of household utilisation of resources on the Nakai Plateau at the household level (not for commercial sale) Physical access to resources in the NBCA will not change until reservoir is full. Individual households to collect NTFPs, if labour is available. Large livestock raising Continued access to grazing areas in the reservoir area and adjacent areas in the NBCA by households. Project to purchase young animals from large herds for redistribution among resettlers Employment in reservoir logging activities NPVFA will be involved as labourers in the removal of trees in the reservoir area; NPVFA should be encouraged to hire local semi-skilled and unskilled labour Forestry Dividend NPVFA and other companies will be involved in the removal of trees Shifting cultivation in the reservoir Payment for labour on resettlement activities dividend to VFA/VFCs Continuation of household utilisation of reservoir area for shifting cultivation Project to employ skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour for construction of houses and resettlement site preparation Removal of as much NTFPs from the Reservoir Area before COD Removal of materials from the Reservoir Area before COD Gradual decrease of harvesting NTFPs during construction and eventual cessation at stabilisation. Gradual decrease of large livestock to sustainable level by reservoir completion. At least two breeder s per household for production of manure for farm plots 20 person days per household per year for the first two years Forestry dividend of a minimum US$ 100 per year per HH Resettlers are encouraged to use land in reservoir area before COD All households to participate in activities and to supply labour. Vulnerable HHs to receive assistance if lacking in able- Villages traditional territory and continuation of access (village authorities to supervise) Villages traditional territory and continuation of access based on household needs (not for commercial sale) Access to NBCA allowed for nondestructive collection under the WMPA. Monitoring by WMPA as required. Villages traditional territory and continuation of access (VRC to supervise). Project to supply resettlers with young animals as necessary input for income targets. Social Mitigation Committee (SMC) will be responsible for ensuring NPVFA and other companies hire local people SMC to draft and review contracts with assistance from NTPC (Social Division). VFA and VFC responsible for management and distribution of dividend at household level Villages traditional territory and continuation of access based on household needs (not for commercial sale) RMU and NTPC Technical Advisors to organise and monitor arrangements. VRC to monitor involvement and participation of HHs, including vulnerable households receiving Continuation until COD access to NTFPs in NBCA after COD Continuation until COD access to resources to continue in the resettlement area and in the NBCA after COD Phasing out is gradual, access more restricted after COD due to reservoir income from livelihood options to replace NTFPs Continuation of access to reservoir areas for grazing (draw-down areas) and in community forests Project to continue to support livestock distribution and development until stabilisation/sustainability is reached for herd production numbers. Continuation until COD Dividend to start from salvage logging primarily and to continue for sustainable logging on the Plateau Continuation until COD Labour opportunity until site completion and relocation for each village location January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 2

9 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Transitional Measure Implementation Arrangements Target Achievement Institutional Arrangements Phasing out Strategy bodied adults. assistance. Cofferdam wetland fisheries Households to utilise wetland for fisheries Employment in NT2 Project Construction Activities Food production for labour force Project to employ skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour for construction of houses and resettlement site preparation Demand for all food items will increase during construction due to workers and population influx into the area. Supplying Equipment Tools and equipment to be supplied by the Project to resettler households Supplying Materials Planting materials, fertiliser and other items to agricultural production be supplied by the Project to resettler HHs Training and support for agricultural development Training and support for forestry management Training and support for irrigation development Various types of training, including workshops, visits to pilots and farms, onthe-job training Project to set up Village Forestry Associations and Committees and training Project to pay for irrigation operation and maintenance costs for 30 years and to establish Water User Groups (WUG). Rice Assistance Village Rice Trust Fund linked to rice bank for loans and grants to households Protein supplement Provision of tinned fish etc. for vulnerable households as required until Employment in NPVFA Resettlement Area salvage logging and processing they reach the income target NTPC forestry specialists will train staff; forestry programme support during transition period Increase protein available for household consumption Employment of ca. 375 adults at peak during removal activities. Surplus production form vegetable gardens and livestock from Nong Boua and other villages in the vicinity of camps and roads to supply local food. Equipment to be supplied to all resettler HHs Materials to be supplied to all resettler HHs Attainment of production targets for agriculture based on pilot village levels Management established in all villages and up and running All irrigation systems up and running and each village to have WUG. Food self-sufficiency or ample income to be able to purchase rice Food self-sufficiency or ample income to be able to purchase protein Able bodied household members to participate in activities and to supply labour. Vulnerable HHs to RMU and Technical Advisors for coordination of activities Continuation until COD when reservoir fisheries management will be established Social Mitigation Committee (SMC) Continuation until the end of RMU and NTPC to provide guidance and assistance through the VRC and LWU to villages, including identification of markets and awareness to supply to potential buyers (camps, services, etc.) RMU and Technical Advisors as part of RAP activities RMU and Technical Advisors as part of RAP activities RMU and Technical Advisors as part of livelihood development Technical Advisors and forestry specialists as part of the Forestry Plan under the RC RMU and Technical Advisors as part of livelihood development Village Resettlement Committees or sub-committees Village Resettlement Committees or sub-committees Bank account to be established; allocation of funds from salvage logging and processing to O&M and dividends construction provision for a limited number of positions for maintenance staff for operation phase Continuation until the end of construction expected some population to remain in project area after construction One-off assistance at relocation Initial inputs for 3 years, but additional inputs may be required depending on performance of agricultural production Advisors, training and monitoring for 5 years depending on performance. Advisors, training and monitoring for 3 years depending on performance. Assistance and support for institutional arrangement (WUG) phased out after 3 years. From site preparation activities From site preparation activities After transition NPVFA will move into becoming a self sustaining commercial company January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 3

10 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Transitional Measure Implementation Arrangements Target Achievement Institutional Arrangements Phasing out Strategy receive assistance if lacking in able-bodied adults. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 4

11 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Table 25-2: Indicative Transition and Phasing Out Schedule * Transitional Measure Transitional Period Stability Period Removal of NTFPs from Reservoir Area Traditional usage of charcoal & wood from reservoir area Access to NTFPs in the NBCA Large livestock raising - grazing in reservoir areas Employment in reservoir logging activities Forestry Dividend Payment for labour on resettlement activities Employment in NT2 Project Construction Activities Food production for labour force Supplying Equipment Supplying Materials Training and support for agricultural development Training and support for forestry management Training and support for irrigation development Rice Assistance Core Livelihood Options Agriculture: Rainfed - wet season Irrigated - dry season Livestock Forestry: Temporary Permanent Fisheries: Subsistence Part-time commercial Full-time commercial *Light shading represents activities that will continue in a modified or limited form 5 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum

12 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Removal of NTFPs from Reservoir Area For as long a physically feasible access to the reservoir for collection of NTFPs will be allowed and encouraged. Although this activity in most cases will be a continuation of present practices, it is unlikely that it will not continue on the same scale. It is assumed that households will have other sources of cash during transition, including rice-for-work programmes, site preparation and employment in NT2 construction activities. NTFPs were an important source of cash and were often traded for rice directly on the Nakai Plateau. Recently households have had to go further and further afield to collect NTFPs and prices have fallen in relation to rice prices. However, collection of NTFPs represents a continuation of an important element in traditional livelihoods and resettlers should be allowed a period of adjustment. It is possible that some resettlers will choose to continue harvesting and others will do so on a part-time basis. These activities will be undertaken in traditional village boundaries under the supervision of village authorities. It is necessary that these authorities be given information about future village boundaries and resettlement areas so that such areas are not exploited or community forests damaged Traditional Household Usage of Wood and Charcoal Resettlers will be allowed to utilise the natural resources on the Plateau and will be encouraged to harvest these resources in the future reservoir area that will be inundated. Communities on the Nakai Plateau require wood for cooking, repairing buildings and for other daily needs. Use of wood for repairing buildings will cease upon relocation but other activities are likely to continue. In addition, charcoal for domestic use will continue at least for the first two years depending on village relocation time and most will continue to gather wood for cooking and other uses well into the stability phase since there are no immediate viable alternatives to wood and charcoal for cooking purposes. As with NTFPs in the reservoir area, collection of wood and charcoal for domestic use (not for commercial sale in local markets) will come under the authorities of the village leaders, as is the case at present. Awareness and supervision should be concerned with not damaging future community resources in the transition period Access to NTFPs in the Watershed Access to NTFPs in the watershed will not physically change during the transitional period. This is a continuation of the present situation for many villages due to the diminishing amounts of NTFPs on the Nakai Plateau. As with NTFP collection in the future reservoir area, it is expected that activities will not be as intense due to a range of activities for resettlers and livelihood restoration. Resettlers are allowed to carry out non-destructive activities along the northern shore of the reservoir after COD although access will be more difficult and collection more time-consuming. However, it is important to allow collection as part of the psychological need for continuation and an option for some households. One factor to consider is that groups in the watershed and on the Nakai Plateau are related and there is likely to be social interaction as well as commercial reasons for visiting the watershed. These activities may be combined on certain occasions. One should also not underestimate the attachment many groups have for the forests in the region. The WMPA will be the responsible party for monitoring of activities along the northern shore of the reservoir. It is important that resettlers are given proper information and are to be made aware of what activities are to be allowed. Swidden activities are to be strongly discouraged. It is hoped that resettlers will decrease activities gradually over years after livelihood options prove to be easier and more profitable sources of income Large Livestock Raising Resettler households will be allowed to continue to raise large animals for as long as possible until the reservoir is flooded. However, the present herds are too large for sustainable grazing in resettlement areas after COD. Large livestock are the primary source of ready cash, and it is expected that large herds will decrease during the construction period for a number of reasons: January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 6

13 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Villagers will be encouraged to sell progressively their animals to supply food to construction camp workers and the increase in the service sector during the transition period, Villagers are expected to sell some animals in order to acquire cash in order to invest in small businesses and other income-generating activities, Village may choose to sell animals in order to mechanise agricultural production (hand tractors) or to acquire motorcycles or other items. This is already being done in the Pilot Village. It is possible that herd numbers will not be decreased sufficiently to match expected fodder production. Therefore, the company will be responsible for developing watering points and control grazing arrangement in community forests in order to ensure that COD does not result in an abrupt shortage of these vital elements. Another aspect of large animal raising is the fact that many households own no large livestock or only one animal. In the entitlements in the CA, it states that these households will be provided with livestock in order to make the farm model (requiring compost) work in the relocated villages. As part of the redistribution of existing herds, the Project should purchase animals from these large herds. This would serve the dual purpose of reducing large herds and providing households without large livestock with animals Employment in Reservoir Logging Activities Removal of the trees in the reservoir area will be granted to the NPVFA and private companies. The work will involve semi-skilled and unskilled labour and measures will be taken to ensure that local people are employed during the transitional period. It is envisaged that this will be a dry season activity and part-time for many. It is, thus, difficult to estimate the number of people that would potentially benefit. By comparing to community forestry activities, potential labour opportunities is estimated at 22,000 person days per year which would earn on average US$3 per day. This represents just over 20 person days per household per year for the resettled population in the first two years. It is possible that clearance will continue intermittently until COD. Social Mitigation Committee (SMC) will have an important role to play in ensuring that local people are hired by companies that will clear the reservoir area. The SMC should draft and review contracts with the assistance of the RMU and the Social Division should provide assistance and supervision Forest Association Resource Dividend Sustainable logging at the Plateau will only take place after completion of the construction of the dam. During construction most logging will be salvage logging on project lands and new agricultural areas. The NPVFA will be in charge of cutting the trees on Project Lands in the Resettlement Area. NPVFA will also play a role in logging and timber preparation for construction of resettlement houses. Income from this will provide a dividend of a minimum US$ 100 per year Payment for Labour on Resettlement Activities Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour will be needed for activities like, house construction, land preparation and irrigation development. This is important both to provide a transitional arrangement in terms of cash but also to establish a sense of belonging and ownership for resettlers through the participation in establishing their new homes. It is expected that at least one able-bodied adult from each household provide labour during site establishment. Vulnerable households (lacking able-bodied adults or with handicapped members) will receive assistance so that others from the same community will prepare sites and build houses. Payment for labour will be primarily in the form of rice with some cash. This activity will last for two dry seasons site preparation and construction of houses and facilities. All labour will be under the supervision of qualified project staff Employment in NT2 Project Construction Activities Under Lao PDR labour laws, and as reflected in the Concession Agreement, priority is to be given to Lao workers over foreign labour. Where foreign labour is employed it is to be limited in number and duration and a detailed scheme must be established for the transfer of skills to Lao workers. As a general rule, all unskilled labour will be offered to Lao people, and Nakai Plateau residents will be given first priority. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 7

14 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability Undoubtedly the greatest opportunity for employment of the resettlers will be through unskilled labour that will be required during the five-year construction period. It is estimated that a total of 1,500 person years of labour will be required, which equates to an average of 375 labourers per year over the four year construction period. Thus, at least one in three households could have one adult male member fully engaged for the five-year period earning for the household up to US$450 per year. This would represent a substantial contribution representing in many cases exceeding the estimated cash income from the agricultural from their farm plots Production of Food for Labour Force There will be a demand for food by those construction and other labourers not residing permanently in the area. This will cover: Dry seasons vegetables from Nong Boua and Bouama villages; Wet season vegetables and crops, especially from villages in the vicinity of camps and along the road; Forest vegetables from all villages; Large livestock; as the large livestock herds on the Plateau would have to be reduced, these could generate big profits, which could be banked or put into productive use by the villagers. NTPC will establish an abattoir; and Small animals chickens, ducks and pigs from all villages. Rice will be brought in from outside, as present production on the Plateau cannot even meet the demand of villagers. As with employment arrangements, there is a need to make resettlers aware of the potential increase ahead of time and to encourage restaurants, camps and new service industries on the Nakai Plateau to purchase these local items. It will be the responsibility of the RMU and the Nakai DRWG with technical assistance to the District to allocate areas to be used as temporary markets during construction. Since women are responsible for vegetable gardens and marketing of garden produce, one task of the LWU should be involved in awareness raising and ensuring markets Supplying Equipment and Materials The entitlements for resettlers include the supply of tools and equipment that are essential for the success of the livelihood development programme. Most households have some equipment but this is for the most part inadequate for participating in the establishment of new farming techniques and the improvement of old techniques. The supply of tools and equipment will take place during the preparation and relocation for all households and will be supervised by the RMU. It will occur only once unless other tools are required at a later date. The supply of planting materials, fertilisers and other items for agricultural production, however, will occur on a yearly basis initially for three years depending on results and the assessment of technical advisors. Resettlers will not have the required seeds and inputs for agricultural production and it will require several years before good yields can produce surplus amounts for sale and seed Training Programmes and Technical Support In the entitlements for resettlers there is a whole series of training programmes that intend to teach resettlers the essential techniques and transfer knowledge. This will involve a range of training techniques and methodologies, many of which have been tested on the demonstration farms and pilot village resettlement. These will include workshops, visits to sites and farms and on-the-job training for agricultural. The target for agricultural production will be based on production levels in the various household production models. These levels have been achieved in the demonstration farms and at the pilot village. These levels of production (sustainable) are outlined in detail in the section of this chapter that follow and will determine if technical assistance will be phased out and how. It is likely that the production of certain crops will be achieved before others and that consultations and on-the-job training will identify areas of further training required. Training and support will also be provided for the establishment of Village Forestry Associations and Committees. Considerable assistance will be required to have these organisations functioning, including January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 8

15 Addendum to Chapter 25: Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios Transition to Stability management skills, accounting and transfer of technical knowledge. Assessments these organisations will be ongoing during the first three years and if they are not fully established and operating, further training and support will be given. The same approach will be applied to the establishment of the Water User Groups (WUGs) Rice and Protein Food Supplement The project will provide each household with rice to meet the gap between the target income for a specific year and the actual income from all sources for the duration of the transition. The draft Resettlement Committee Regulation Number 5 stipulates that: At the time of the move to the new house in the new village, each household will receive 55 kg of rice for each person in the household. Six month later, each household will again receive 55 kg of rice for each person in the household. The two allocations together will amount to 50 percent of the person s estimated annual rice consumption. Households categorized as vulnerable by the RMU, according to data on record, will receive two allocations of 70 kg of rice for each person in a vulnerable household; this is a 27 percent higher allocation. This programme will be formalized and a fund established in each village under the VRC for easy and timely access Family Fund Management The flow of resettlement allowances and other cash funds will be managed by opening household bank accounts. Initially, these will be through micro savings and credit schemes, but later these will be formalized by the establishment of an official savings bank in Nakai by 6 months after financial close. Thus, the transition from a before-reservoir to an after-reservoir economy will not be abrupt, but will be gradual for a wide range of activities. This will make it possible to continue to maintain some existing income sources while at the same time developing new ones. This integrated approach should reduce risk. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 Addendum 9

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17 CHAPTER 26 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY STRENGTHENING Table of Content 26 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY STRENGTHENING INTRODUCTION STRENGTHENING OF COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS Village Administration, Resettlement and Development Reservoir and Fisheries Management Nakai Plateau Community Forestry Water Users Groups Community Savings and Loans Groups Other Groups LABOUR ISSUES Farm and Household Labour and Time Division Construction Labour Opportunities Livelihood Development and Long-term Non-farm Labour POVERTY Multi-dimensional Aspects of Poverty Poverty and Resettlement MEASURES FOR POTENTIALLY VULNERABLE GROUPS Definition and Criteria for Vulnerability Potentially Vulnerable Households (PVHs) Potentially Vulnerable Communities Potentially Vulnerable Ethnic Groups Mitigation for Vulnerable Groups GENDER Gender Resettlement Strategy EDUCATION Nursery Education Primary and Secondary Schooling Adult Education and Vocational Training CULTURAL HERITAGE Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Aspects Cultural and Religious Property Recovery and Relocation...22 List of Tables Table 26-1: Mitigation for Vulnerable Groups...14 Table 26-2: Indicative Training Courses to be Offered in Support of Livelihood Options...21 List of Figures Figure 26-1: Sample of Village Structure with Gender Sensitivity...4 Figure 26-2: Possible Organizational Linkages between Reservoir Stakeholders...6 Figure 26-3: Organisation Chart of Nakai Plateau Village Forestry Association (NPVFA)...7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 i

18 26 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY STRENGTHENING 26.1 INTRODUCTION Resettlement of villages on the Nakai Plateau has the potential to cause significant social, psychological and physiological stress that may have adverse effects on social, cultural and family structures. These include: Risks of adverse impacts associated with actual relocation processes and potential community discord; Risk of impoverishment relating to difficulties in adapting to a new livelihood system and resource base; Potential exploitation by others during and subsequently to relocation; and Possible conflicts within or between communities or with government agencies over access to resources. Risk of deepening existing gender inequities, women s labour burdens, and the socio-economic strains on the most vulnerable households; Risk of resettlement interventions stimulating community dependency rather than sustainable, community-led, and community-owned development. Certain measures already have and will continue to be taken to mitigate these adverse effects. Most important in this respect, is the ongoing participatory consultation process that has actively involved villagers in decision-making, and keeping them well informed at all times. According to a number of recent anthropological studies on resettlement, the familiar, is an essential aspect in minimizing possible negative consequences in relocating populations. Because the distance involved in moving the villages on the Nakai Plateau is not great, and because it involves relocation within a familiar habitat and usually within traditional and administrative village boundaries, the psychological and socio-cultural stress issues should be more manageable. Most villagers have shown a willingness to relocate to new sites and are attracted by the prospect of an improved lifestyle. Certain measures will be taken to avoid the possible adverse effects on social structure and cohesion due to the social, psychological and socio-cultural demands of relocation. Villagers will be involved not only in the decision making process but will be kept well informed at all times by means of PCPD visits as described in Chapter 4. In addition, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques have been used to familiarize village leaders and the community at large with the Project and to solicit their opinions and expectations. Many aspects, such as house design, conducting ritual procedures involved in moving houses and villages, and village layout have already been incorporated into resettlement planning. The villagers will be involved in deciding actual site locations and the sites of house plots and gardens and this should contribute significantly to reducing any possible psychological and social stress related to the relocation. PRA techniques are outlined as part of PCPD in Chapter 4 and are presently being employed for the Pilot Village Relocation program. In the longer term, there are also a number of positive social effects that will ensure that the displaced population derives benefits directly from the Project, and these aim to improve the present poor conditions on the Plateau. Significant benefits will accrue to villagers as a result of improved living conditions and improved economic welfare of households and communities due to additional educational opportunities, improved health conditions and employment opportunities, and the enhanced livelihood options for resettled villagers. Additional benefits include: 1. Improved transportation in the form of roads to each new village site. This will allow villagers access to markets and opportunities for work outside the village proper. 2. Enhanced water based transportation systems on the Reservoir. 3. Improved housing for the villagers who decide to opt for a new house. It is predicted that most will prefer the new houses since the majority of houses in the area are constructed of bamboo and are in poor condition. Those who decide to keep their present structures will be provided with support to relocate at the new village sites. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 1

19 4. Every village will have better access to schools and health services. Most villages at present do not have schools which function and none have good access to health facilities. 5. Opportunities to learn new skills to improve agricultural production, which should result in greater food security in the form of produce (field-crops, rice and livestock) and income generated from the sale of fish and timber. 6. Improved services (water, electricity, health, and education) which will make a significant difference in day to day living. This will be especially noticeable in the domestic sphere that is the prime concern of women. 7. Opportunities for gender and social equity will improve as women and other vulnerable community members gain new or increased access to education, technical training, financial resources, decisionmaking opportunities, and leadership positions STRENGTHENING OF COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS Probably the biggest current weakness in existing communities is a general lack of self-reliance. Villagers are not used to making decisions about their own future, managing common resources, or taking joint action to improve their welfare. Nor have villagers in the past had access to training on participatory development and decentralized community management. Most villages do not even have basic administrative equipment and facilities. The ongoing PCPD and the participatory methods used to date for planning the relocation process are already having dramatic effects in this respect. By women and men participating equally in planning and decision-making, local capacity is being raised, new skills are being learned, gender and social equities are improving, and villagers are beginning to see the benefits of cooperation. The advances already made in this respect, will greatly assist in reducing the potential risks of social upheaval and community dysfunction associated with relocation. In many cases, existing community structures can be moved directly with the relocation, as community composition will not change. In these instances, village heads, development committees, women s groups, traditional support systems, etc. can continue to function as before. In resettlement villages involving the consolidation of more than one community, some adjustment will be necessary, and this will be supported by the RMU, with NTPC TA assistance for organizing community discussions, village meetings, fair and open elections, etc. In consolidated resettlement villages, existing support systems and kinship groups will be largely maintained by allowing individual families choice in house location and who their neighbours will be. The development of a single, cohesive and harmonious community will be facilitated by the provision of physical infrastructure such as a meeting hall where community meetings and informal gatherings can take place, schools where children will make new friends and parents will meet, and markets where all members of the community will meet and talk. All resettlement villages will need to make joint decisions about the management of community resources in the resettlement area. This will require new community groups, structures and institutions to be established, developed and strengthened. Herein lies a change opportunity to empower women and other vulnerable individuals by including them in community management and leadership. These management systems will be required at two levels. First, at the village community level, there will be working committees for village resettlement, village forestry, village fisheries and reservoir management, irrigation water use, women s savings groups and other functions such as production or marketing support. Second, at the level of the entire resettlement area there is a need for inter-community decisions mainly on reservoir management and community forestry. These various institutions are essential to ensure the successful resettlement of villages into new locations and livelihood systems Village Administration, Resettlement and Development All resettlement villages will become officially recognized administration units and have the rights, powers and responsibilities that go with this. The traditional Village Administration Committee (VAC) will continue to consist of the elected Village Chief, in charge of overall village affairs, and his/her appointed deputies, responsible for finance/tax and socio-cultural affairs, respectively. In addition, formally each village also has a Village Grievance Committee (san kai kia), Council of Elders (thau khun) or Lao Front (nieu hom), Village Militia (khon hong), Women s Union (sahaphan mae nying) and the Youth Organization (sao January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 2

20 num). However, as discussed in 14.6, the roles and make-up of these groups can be overlapping, unclear to the citizenry, and largely dominated by a small group of male elites. These structures and positions, where they already exist, will be transferred with the relocation. However, at the suggestion of RMU and the Gender Workshop, all village units (Village Grievance Committee, the Council of Elders / Lao Front, and the Youth Organization) will be urged to improve women s participation and opportunities for leadership. In cases where new resettlement villages are created by the consolidation of two or more existing villages, new elections (which are normally held every 2 years, anyway) will be held to make these appointments. During the transitional resettlement period, the current village administration of 2-3 persons will be expanded to 5 to 7 persons, including at least three women, and termed the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC). The VRC will represent the community on relocation issues and lead the numerous resettlement tasks. At the same time, the VRC will broaden citizen s representation and improve the gender balance during the critical decision-making of resettlement. As resettlement efforts proceed, ad hoc committees will be formed to focus on: Infrastructure Development (relocation and construction of village structures, road access, land clearance, water and electricity operations), Family Affairs (relocation allowances, nutrition, rice banks, women s savings groups), household crisis support groups, Income Production (marketing, small livestock raising, gardens, orchards, fish-raising, tree nursery, forest association), Health (village hygiene, family hygiene, revolving medical kits, youth health and sex education, family planning, primary health care), Education (childcare centre, primary school, youth vocational training, adult non-formal education (NFE) linked to all of the above. Following the transitional resettlement period, the VRC will most likely transform into the Village Development Committee (VDC) and assume both administration and development tasks. Through the expansion of the VDC structure, the village administration can institutionalise the nationally promoted processes for decentralized management, democratic governance, and participatory development. The exact make-up of the VRC / VDC will likely vary according to village circumstances and size. Eventually, some villages may choose to set up local elections for setting up the VRC / VDC structures, as is being done elsewhere in the Lao PDR. To ensure gender equity, it is best if at least 30% of village VRC / VDC positions are reserved for women. Typically, members of the VRC / VDC might come from the village administration, the LWU, the LYU, the Lao National Front for Construction (includes elders), and various coordinators of ad hoc activities. Figure 26-1 is a draft diagram of how Nong Boua s institutional structure may emerge, based upon discussions with Nong Boua pilot village in late The intense efforts needed for resettlement and then development require broader active participation in the VRC / VDC and the potential working subcommittees. The aim is to diversify leadership, decentralize decision-making and management responsibilities, and encourage increase gender balance in the leadership and on the new working committees (see Section 26.5 for discussion on leadership and management training for women). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 3

21 Figure 26-1: Sample of Village Structure with Gender Sensitivity Sample of Village Structure with Gender Sensitivity Village Grievance Committee Selected from elders and respected persons 3 men 3 women Village Head (elected) Village Monitoring Committee 3 men 2 women Villege Resettlement/Development Committee 7-9 elected persons, with at least 3 women Village head, deputies and four additional persons Infrastructure Development Working Group (30% women) Family Affairs Working Group (60% women) Income & Food Production Working Group (50% women) Health Working Group (50% women) Education Working Group (50% women) Relocation Rice Bank Small Livestock Village Hygiene Child Care House Building Women's Savings and Loan Group Garden Family Hygiene Primary School Road Access Compensation Committee Orchards Primary Health Service Non Formal Education Irrigation Land Settlement Tree Nursery Youth Health and Sex Education Youth Vocational Training Schools Electricity Fishing Assoc. Family Planning Parents Students Association Public Buildings Forest Assoc. medical Kits Land Clearing Marketing Tradional Birthing NTFP Tradition Medicine Handicraft Village Health Volunteers In the case of the NT2 Resettlement Areas, the villagers livelihoods will be based on the utilisation of an unusually large number of community and area shared resources. This will require the development of both VDCs as well as area-wide resource management bodies, especially for: reservoir fishers; resettlement area forestry; irrigation; and drawdown zone grazing and agriculture. The successful evolvement of both the VDCs and the area-wide management bodies will require substantial institutional development and capacity building. To assist the RMU and district staff in promoting these aspects within village and area institutions, an Institutional Advisor will train staff in leadership training, decentralized management, participatory planning, gender and ethnic sensitivity in personnel management and good governance processes Reservoir and Fisheries Management Although the NT2 reservoir will be a valuable resource for resettled families, it will be used for a number of potentially competing and conflicting purposes by a wide variety of stakeholders. These multiple uses include power-generation, transport, conservation, fishing, tourism, agriculture (drawdown area) and other recreational and income related purposes. In order to manage these diverse functions, a Reservoir Management Coordination Authority (RMCA), comprising representatives of all the major stakeholders, will be established to formulate policy and take all major decisions in regard to reservoir management. The RMCA will reserve at least 30% of the positions on this body for women stakeholders, and will ensure that indigenous ethnic groups impacted by the reservoir are well represented on the RMCA. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project Social Development Plan Volume 2 4