Index Aceh 59, 61 Africa 27, 28, 122, 123, 130 Aileu 55, 78, 103, 107, 113, 117, 123, 130 Ainaro 78, 103, 133 Aitarak militia (Group Nine) 11, 106, 16

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1 Index Aceh 59, 61 Africa 27, 28, 122, 123, 130 Aileu 55, 78, 103, 107, 113, 117, 123, 130 Ainaro 78, 103, 133 Aitarak militia (Group Nine) 11, 106, 162, 163 Aliansi Orsospol Pendukung Otonomi, see Alliance of Sociopolitical Organisations Supporters of Autonomy allegiance xxi, 11, 12, 13, 75, 121, 138, 142, 150, 171 of East Timorese to Indonesia 11 13, 61 2, 69, 105, 116, 121, 123, 164 Alliance of Sociopolitical Organisations Supporters of Autonomy (Aliansi Orsospol Pendukung Otonomi) 15 alliances 142 ancestral 20, 92, 93 broken 29 building 51, 89, 93, 98, 117, 121 and emplacement house-based kinship 103, 104, 144 and land 100, 117 marriage 100, 116, 165 narratives 88 9 networks 103, 104 new 52, 116, 143, 155 7, 165 notions of 19, 20, 121 obligations 99n.1 paths of 51 processes xxii traditional 88, 95, 143, 144 Alor 7, 61, 94, 171 Ambon 94 America, see United States ancestors and belonging 74 communication with 109, 114, 122 dreams about 104, 108 and identity 19 protection from 12, 105, 116 reunion with 12, 131 and sacrifice 122, 131 shared 19, 38 ancestral alliances 20, 92, 93 authority 111, 112 expressions of origin 165 land of origin 98, 131 landscape 92 migrations 32, 33, 94 origin house 113 origins 81 pathways 19, 74, 75, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94 regalia 90, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 117 relations, maintenance of xxi, 83, 165 return to land 32, 73,

2 Divided Loyalties rituals 162, 163 stories 12, 31, 72, 79, 84, 91 symbolism 74, 75, 98 ties to land 116, 165 ancestry, understanding of 19, 20 Apodeti, see Timorese Popular Democratic Association Apodeti Youth Union 146n.6 Araujo, Basilio xviii, 69 ASDT, see Social Democratic Association of Timor Associação Popular Democrática Timorense, see Timorese Popular Democratic Association Associação Social Democrática Timorense, see Social Democratic Association of Timor Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 171 associational alliances life 142, 158 associations benefits of community 141, 143, 144, 148n.8, 157, 158 democratic 37 8 East Timorese 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152, Indonesian 142, 146, 156 kinship 101 mythic 105 and origin entitlements 81 political 141, 142, 143, 158 pro-indonesia 142, 144, 146 8, 149 refugee religious 156 restrictions on 144, 148 student 144, 145, 146 youth 146 Atambua 1, 11, 18, 31, 40, 89, 91, 97, 99, 110, 126, 136n.4, 163n.2 Bunaq refugees in 38, 39 East Timorese refugees in 38, 62, 107 ethnolinguistic groups 49 Kemak refugees in 30, 31, 39, 44, 92 protests in 152, 153 UNHCR in 57, 58 Atamimi, Ali 150, 159n.16 Atapupu 30, 44 Atsabe 11, 12, 18 alliance with Portuguese 26, 28, 29 Kemak in Atambua 92 Kemak in Belu 18 19, 39, 45, 93, 94 origin stories 94 refugees from 18, 19, 38 return of refugees 40 Atsabe Family Union 148n.10 Australia 6, 11, 38, 60, 126, 157n.13, 159 Austronesian languages 103, 105 societies xxii, 19, 74, 77, 93, 109, 114n.8 autonomy 2, 8n.3, 40, 54, 69, 120 rejection of 2, 147, 161 see also pro-autonomy, referendum on autonomy/independence Ba Hera 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114 Babinsa, see vigilantes Badan Kesatuan Bangsa, Politik, dan Perlindungan Masyarakat, see Indonesian Agency for National Unity, Politics, and Community Protection Badan Koordinasi Intelegen Negara, see Indonesian Intelligence Coordinating Agency Bakin, see Indonesian Intelligence Coordinating Agency Bali 41, 145, 170 Balibo 15, 28, 29, 39, 91,

3 Index Barisan Rakyat Timor Timur, see East Timor People s Front Baucau 4, 130, 139, 168n.5, 171 alliance with Portuguese 27 evacuation effort 128 military operations in 119, 124, 127 militia in 128, 129 origin narratives 78, 163 parliament 3, 69 refugees from 15, 43 4, 55, 61, 63, 68, 107, 119 Baucau Indonesia Union 148n.10 Bekais 44, 49 Belu 7, 8n.3, 9, 12, 58, 118 Bunaq in 37, 39, 52, 83, 88 9 compensation to East Timorese camps in 2, 38, 57 East Timorese in 15, 16, 44, 53, 62, 64, 67, 162 fieldwork in 1, 8, 10, 53, 75, 97, 162 and government census 38 historical migration 32, 35 housing 6, 154 Idate in 44, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115 Kemak in 18, 31, 39, 45, 90, 93, 94 linguistic groups 8, 49 Mambai in 99, 102 origin narratives 100 parliament 67, 153, 159, 160 partisan forces 11 politics 149 protests in 152 returnees 32 Tetun in 39, 99, 103 Besi Merah Putih (BMP) 106, 127 Besikama 32, 33, 76 Betun 1, 10n.5, 32, 44, 77, 97, 103, 104 BMP, see Besi Merah Putih Boa Ventura, war of 32 Boaventura, Dom 32, 91, 103 Bobonaro 8, 40, 44, 76, 78 Bunaq in 35, 39, 88, 89 Kemak in 39, 91, 92 see also Marobo Boneana 10n.4, 15, 156 BRTT, see East Timor People s Front Bunaq 99n.1, 108, 133 alliance building 88, in Belu 8, 37, 39 displacement in World War II 35, 37 displacement narratives 52, 83 90, 93, 94, 95, 98 historical resettlement 52, 75 ideas about land 89, 90 location in West Timor 44, 49, 50 in Malaka 8, 35, 37 refugees 34 8 support for Japanese 35 in Wehali land 35 Cailaco 25, 26, 28, 92 Camenaça (Camenasse/Camenassa) 32, 71, 79, 103, 104 CAVR, see Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor Celcom (community cell) 144 Célular da Comunidade, see Celcom census 16, 38, 62n.5, 63, 153, 154 Circle of Imagine Society in Timor (CIS Timor) 91, 103n.3 CIS Timor, see Circle of Imagine Society in Timor citizen militias (moradores) 27n.3 see also militias, paramilitary groups, vigilantes citizens struggling 152 5, 158, 160 stubborn 141, 142 citizenship 18, 20, 137, 165, 168 activist 142, 143, 154 5, 158 demand for rights xxi, 63, 69,

4 Divided Loyalties exercising rights of 54, 66 Indonesian 58, 62, 63, 64 inferior 20, 165 maintenance of 64, 66, 68 performance of 141, 150 practices 19, 20, 142, 149, 157, 160 transnational 19n.9, 161 2, 165, 171 UN conceptions of 58 understanding of 19, 20, 161, 172 colonial 10, 125 encounters 25 7 militias 27n.3 colonialism rebellion against 24, 25, 37, 130 struggle against 75, 83, 86, 88, 130 suffering under 75, 86 7, 120, 136 colonisation 51, 83, 120 Dutch 7, 31, 83, 86 Portuguese 24, 27, 28, 31, 35 7, 83, 86, 87, 127, 131 see also decolonisation, postcolonial nationalism Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste, see Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) 24 Commission of Truth and Friendship (CTF) 169 community cell, see Celcom Conceciao, Manuel 18, 19, 20 Conselho Revolucionário de Resistência Nacional, see Revolutionary Council of National Resistance Correa, Armando Pinto 71 corruption 154, 157 Cota Bo ot (Carabao) 91, 92 Cotubaba 28 9, 30, 31 Cova 28, 29, 30 Cova Lima 8, 133 CRRN, see Revolutionary Council of National Resistance CTF, see Commission of Truth and Friendship da Câmara, Captain Eduardo 27, 28, 29 da Câmara, Governor Filomeno 31, 103 da Costa, Agusto 2, 3, 69 da Costa, Fernando 55, 56, 57 da Costa Marcal, Cornelis 101 Dadilado, Olkes 91, 99n.2, 103n.3 da Silva, José Celestino 27, 28, 29 de Araujo, Abilio 91 de Camara, Filomena 31 decolonisation 2, 25, 37, 142, 143, 166 see also colonisation, postcolonial nationalism Democratic Union of Timor (UDT) 37, 38 democratisation 141, 145, 146, 155, 166, 169 Deribate 18, 26, 28, 29, 30 1 deterritorialisation 11, 20, 74 diaspora 19n.9, 74 Dili 12, 68, 78, 124, 128, 144, 145, 148, 169, 170, 171 burning of 2 evacuations from 106 independence declaration in (1975) 38 land claims 123 militias 106 Portuguese colonisation 26, 27, 28, 31 refugee resettlement in 57 refugees from 61, 99n.1 violence in 12,

5 Index Dirun 10n.5, 49, 89, 90 dispersion 8, 16, 25, 41, 42 in Belu 38, 44, 53, 159 complexity of 13, 52 across East Nusa Tenggara province 41 of Idate 107, 113 ideas of 116, 155 of Kemak 30, 38, 75, 92, 113 in Malaka 44 displacement Bunaq 35, 37, 52, 83 90, 93, 94, 95, 98 Idate 98, 105 6, 107, 112, 116 Kemak 31, 39, 75, 90 1, 94, 95, 98 Mambai 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105 Tetun 1, 34, 39, 75, 79, 81, 88, 90, 93 4, 95, 98 dos Santos, Antonio 159n.16 Dos Santos, Fernando 89 Duarte, Alferes Francisco 27, Dubesi 50, 99 Dutch 7, 10, 27 colonisation of Timor 7, 34, 76, 83, 85, 86 Contract of Paravicini 76 granting of asylum 29, 32, 71 relations with Portuguese 31 2, 34, 52 East Java 5, 41, 170 East Timor People s Front (BRTT) 14, 147 eks pengungsi, see ex-refugees El Tari 83, 127 Elvaim, Captain Francisco 28, 29 emplacement 6, 25, 51, 74, 79, 81, 84, reemplacement 75 Ermera 18, 25, 26, 28, 76, 78, 92, 103, 130 evacuation of East Timorese 12, 15, 16, 41, 57, 66, 106 of military personnel 120, 125, 128 ex-refugees (eks pengungsi) 53, 54, 59, 60 claims for assistance 60, 65 problems with label 55, 62, 66, 95 resistance to label 60, 161 see also labelling, new citizens, refugees exchange cultural 19 kinship mechanisms 94 land as symbolic 90, 92 marriage 92, 134 obligations 99n.2, 117 representations of 73 ritual 19, 100, 117, 121 role of land in 89, 101, 105 value of sacrifice in 134, 137 Fahik, Nimrot 99, 100, 101 Falintil, see National Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor Fataluku 43, 45, 48, 99n.1, 109n.4 Fatisin 104, 105 Fatumean 28, 78 Fernández, Francisco 75 Fialaran 98, 99, 100 Flores 7, 94, 127 Fohorem (Forem) 28, 35, 37 Fohoterin 79 80, 82 Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, see National Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor Ford, Gerald 38 Forum for Communication among Religious Leaders (Forum Komunikasi antar Pimpinan Agama)

6 Divided Loyalties Forum for Unity, Democracy and Justice (FPDK) 14 15, 147 Freitas, Mauricio 68 9, 159n.16 Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente, see Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor Fretilin, see Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor Front Persatuan Pendukung Otonomi, see United Front for East Timor Autonomy Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi, see Young Guards Upholding Integration Garda Paksi, see Young Guards Upholding Integration Gerakan Indonesia Raya, see Great Indonesia Movement Party Gerindra, see Great Indonesia Movement Party government Belu district 38, 53, 112n.6 East Nusa Tenggara provincial 5, 41, 57, 60, 114 Kupang district 65 see also Indonesian Government Government of Timor-Leste 113 Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) 151, 152, 156n.11, 160n Group Nine, see Aitarak militia Guedes, Mateus 162 3, 165 Gusmão, Xanana 144, 169 Guterres, Eurico , 151, 160n Habibie, B. J. 2, 40, 57 Haliwen 10n.5, 44, 57 Hansip 143, 166 see also vigilantes head tax, see Portuguese head tax Holarua 97, 98, 99, 100 2, 118n.9 Idate 105 6, 107 in Belu 44, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115 cultural life 105, , , 117 dispersion of 107, 113, 117 displacement 98, 105 6, 107, 112, 116 location of 43, 48, 50 resettlement 98, 105 7, 110, 112, 116 support for Indonesia 105, 117 unification of 113, 116 identity 54, 74, 123, 126, 159 cards 62n.5, 165 and refugees 20, 65, 122, 123 see also imagined community identity, East Timorese collective 69, 74, 81, 83, 88, 94, 168 complexity of 5, 13 external construction of 20 hybrid 75 imagined 81 and land of origin 19, 74, 98, 117 loss of 109 maintenance of 51, 69, 94, 161, and mobility 94, 95 national 20, 172 negotiation of 68 politics 11 reconstruction of 20, 132, 163, 167 role of place in 12, 20, 74 self-construction 73 shared 92 3, 94 and silence 132 through suffering 123, 126, 132 transformation of 10, 83, 88 understanding of 10 11, 13, 68 IDP, see internally displaced person imagined community 64, 66, 74, 81, 88, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 132, 137, 138,

7 Index independence, see referendum on autonomy/independence Indonesia 6, 7, 8n.3, 16, 41, 59, 61, 81, 122, 133, 137, 138, 156, 168 acceptance of external assistance 57 and democracy 144n.1, 145 6, 155, 166, 169 East Timorese allegiance to 11 13, 61 2, 69, 105, 116, 121, 123, 164 East Timorese flight to 38 and East Timorese identity 4 5, 20, 68, 69, 75, 88, 125, 161, 163, 165 East Timorese migration to 7, 13, 95, East Timorese sacrifice for 61, 62, 120 1, 129, 130 4, 136 7, 139 East Timorese settlement in 21, 59, 68, 126, 160, 161, 165 end of assistance to East Timorese 16, 62, 148 as land where blood was spilled 4, 61, 130 local government 65, 66, 154 relations with Timor-Leste 138, 166, resistance to 144, 145, 146, 148 withdrawal from East Timor 2 Indonesia Sovereign Party (PKBI) 159n.16 Indonesia Youth Scout movement 144, 145 Indonesian -backed militias 2, 11, 40, 127, 129, 132, 133 4, 143, 146 7, 166 citizenship of East Timorese 54, 55, 58, 62 4, 66, 69, 131, 141, 149, 150, 157, 159 civil service 14, 67, 106, 120, 131, 143, 164, constitution 143, 144n.1, 145 development assistance 42, 66, 68, 112, 145, 152 displacement of East Timorese 39, 40 52, 59, 116, 119 elections 16, 143, 150, 160, 165 evacuations 15, 55 6, 120, 128 flag 11, 12, 61, 62, 130, 131, 135 independence 86 7, 123, 130, 146 integration of East Timor 2, 38, 40 1, 75, 87 8, 117, 123, 126, 130 1, 133, 143, 147 judiciary 154 labelling of East Timorese 20, 56, 59, 60, 62 4, 66, 68, 95 language 97, 108, 127, 134n.3, 166, 168 nationalism 62, 64, 75, 83, 117, 123, 125, 130 1, 137 occupation of East Timor 7, 40 1, 51, 113, 127, 136, 142 politics 15, 66 7, 142, 143, 150 1, 156, 158 refugee policy 59 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 153 repatriation of refugees 40, 42, 57, 60 1, 168 resettlement of East Timorese 66, 97, 104, 107 special forces (RPKAD, now Kopassus) 11, 127, 166 state-building 121 Indonesian Agency for National Unity, Politics, and Community Protection (Kesbangpolinmas) 53 Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Welfare and Poverty Alleviation 57 Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) 143 Indonesian Farmers Union

8 Divided Loyalties Indonesian Government 14, 104, 127, 131 assistance for East Timorese settlers 42, 60, 66, 92, 112, 142, 152 3, 160 compensation for East Timorese sacrifice 120, 123, 131, 133, 134, end of support for East Timorese 62, 69, 148 labelling of East Timorese 20, 54, 57, 59, 63 management of East Timorese settlers 55 national imagination 123 policy 141, 158, 160, 166 recognition of referendum result 148 refugee policy 59 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 153 refugee repatriation 40, 42, 57, 60 1, 168 regulations 8, 143, 144 resettlement projects 65n.7, 97, 107 vote for East Timorese settlers 59 welcome of external intervention 57 see also New Order regime Indonesian Intelligence Coordinating Agency (Bakin) 38 Indonesian Interreligious Communication Forum 156 Indonesian military 14, 51, 61, 112n.6, 124, 127, 128, 133, 138, 144, 156, 170 employment of East Timorese 4, 56, 104, 106, 119, 120 1, 123 5, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 143, invasion of East Timor 25, 37 40, 131, 133, 136, 142, 143 operations 2, 146, 119, 125 and pro-indonesia associations 142, 144, 146 8, 149 see also Indonesian special forces Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Education 130, 170 Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 170 Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs 14, 16 Indonesian Ministry of Labour and Transmigration 5 Indonesian Ministry of Mining and Energy 114 Indonesian Ministry of Public Housing 16n.8, 62n.5, 63, 154 Indonesian Ministry of Public Works 63, 92 Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs 63, 152 Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) 154 Indonesian National Coordination Agency for Disaster Management and the Handling of Refugees 59n.2 Indonesian Public Prosecutor 154 Indonesian Retired Armed Forces Association (Pepabri) 156 Indonesian Veterans Association 156 internally displaced person (IDP) 20, 54, 56, 57, 59 60, 63, 108, 141, 161 see also refugees Jakarta 5, 16n.8, 38, 57, 59, 145, 150, 154, 160, 170 Japanese 25, 35, 126 Java 63, 145, 171 Kabuna 10n.5, 12, 31, 44, 45, 50, 92 Kalimantan 59, 60 Kamanasa 32, 34, 35, 44, 50, 79, 82,

9 Index Kefamenanu 49, 62 Kemak 18, 30, 75, 94, 113 in Atambua 30, 31, 39, 44, 49, 92, 126 from Atsabe 19, 38, 39, 45, 92, 94 in Belu 8, 18 19, 31, 39, 45, 49 50, 93, 94 in Bobonaro (Marobo) 38, 39, 91, 92 from Deribate 18, dispersion of 30, 38, 75, 92, 113 displacement 31, 39, 75, 90 1, 94, 95, 98 exchange practices 18, 92 identity 90, 92 3, 94, 113 land acquisition 18, 90, 91, 92 3 language 103, 108 origins 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 98, 113 rebels Kereana 44, 50, 97, 102 Kesbangpolinmas, see Indonesian Agency for National Unity, Politics, and Community Protection Kisar 25n.1, 51n.8, 94 Kissinger, Henry 38 Kletek 32, 34, 44, 50, 71, 79 Kobalima 10n.5, 35, 37, 44, 50 Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, see Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights Komnas HAM, see Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights Kopassus (Indonesian special forces) 11, 127, 166 labelling as accommodation 53, 62 3 analysis of 18, 53, 54, 63n.6 creation of dependency 54 creation of outsiders 20, 53 and deviance 53, 66 as ex-refugees 59 62, 65, 95 impacts of 65 6, 68 in legitimising assistance 53, 60 as means of control 54, 64, 144 of militias 13 as new citizens 55, 62 4, 65, 66, 95, 161 official 54, 62, 63, 65, 68 as political action 54 as refugees 13, 54, 55 8, 60, 63n.6, 65, 66, 95 resistance to 54, 60, 64, 66 responses to 55, 66 self 73 as simplification 13 success of 54 as traitors 121 as victims 18 Labur 44, 107, 108, 109, 110 Laclo 26, 27, 32 Laclubar 105, 106, , 112, 113, 114, 116, 117 Lakulo 32, 33, 34, 85 Lamaknen 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 44, 49, 52, 83, 88, 89 Laran 76, 79, 80, 123 Lautem 15, 43, 44, 55, 99n.1, 171 Lidak 31, 49, 99 Liquiçá 2, 26, 44, 67, 76, 106, 127 Lisbon 27, 28 Makasae 43, 48, 107, 108, 113, 119 Malaka 1, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 44, 75, 84, 99n.1, 118 Bunaq in 35, 37, 44, 50 militias in 133, 160n.17 Tetun in 34, 38, 39, 44, 50 Mambai 103, 108, 109n.4, 117 alliance networks , 103, 104, 116, 117 in Belu 50 cultural practices 98, 99n.1, 113,

10 Divided Loyalties displacement 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105 from Holarua 97, 98, , 118n.9 integration 98, 99, 100 1, 103, 105, 116 in Kupang 48 location of 44, 48, 103 from Maubisse resettlement 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, Manatuto 26, 27, 43 4, 55, 76, 105, 106, 107, 127 Manumutin 10n.5, 18, 19, 31, 39, 49 Manusak 10n.4, 43, 44, 48, 55, 119 Marcal, Rosario 97, 98, 101, 102 Mariano, Armindo Soares xvii, 63, 150, 151, 159n.16, 160n.17 Marlilu 76, 77 Marobo 27, 38, 39, 85, 91 see also Bobonaro Matheos, Bapa 61 Mau Mali, Alexander 30 Maubisse 98, Maunmutin 30, 31, 91 Meco, João 150 Mendoza, Dominggus Mendoza, Romaldo Merah Putih, see Red and White Merdeka 43, 48, 55 Metan, Antonio 131 Meto 8, 35n.6, 74, 79, 99n.1, 108, 110, 112, 113n.7, 123, 156 militias activity during referendum 41, 97, 121, 127, 147, 148 Aitarak (Group Nine) 11, 106, 162, 163 in Baucau 128, 129 citizen (moradores) 27n.3 colonial 27n.3 Dili 106 Indonesian-backed 2, 11, 40, 127, 129, 132, 133 4, 143, 146 7, 166 labelling as 13 in Malaka 133, 160n.17 Portuguese 27n.3, 28 9, see also paramilitary groups, vigilantes moradores, see militias citizen Nai Loro Nubatak 78, 80 Naibonat 1, 2 3, 6, 10n.4, 43 4, 48, 63, 67, 68, 106 7, 119, 120, 127, 129, 134 6, 154, 156n.12, 167 Naibuti, Carlos 18 19, 30, 31 Naitimu 50, 99, 100, 101, 102 National Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor (Falintil) 56, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 144 see also Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor National Mandate Party (PAN) 151, 160n National Resistance of East Timorese Students (Renetil) 145 Naueti 43, 48, 131, 133 Naunu 43, 48, 107 new citizens (warga baru) 53, 54, 62 bureaucratic use of label 63 contrast with established citizenship 63 dissatisfaction with label 63, 64, 161 as divisive categorisation 64 problems with label 55, 63, 65, 66, 95 UNHCR designation 58 see also ex-refugees New Order regime 40, 59, 130, 131, 142, 143 see also Indonesian Government Noelbaki 10n.4, 43, 48, 119 Núcleos de Resistência, see nucleus of popular resistance nucleus of popular resistance (Nurep) 144 Nurep, see nucleus of popular resistance 200

11 Index Obulo 27, 28, 85 Oebelo 10n.4, 43, 45, 48, 55, 61, 65, 99n.1 Oecussi 2, 7, 25, 28, 34, 35n.6, 75, 85, 127 Oefafi 43, 48, 55 Oekfoho 106, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116 PAN, see National Mandate Party Pancasila ( five principles ) 144 paramilitary groups 143 see also militias, vigilantes Parera, A. D. M. 90 Partai Amanat Nasional, see National Mandate Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, see Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Kedaulatan Bangsa Indonesia, see Indonesia Sovereign Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, see United Development Party PDI, see Indonesian Democratic Party Pepabri, see Indonesian Retired Armed Forces Association Pigafetta, Antonio 75 PKBI, see Indonesia Sovereign Party PNTL, see Polícia Nacional de Timor- Leste Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (PNTL) 170 Portuguese 10, 37, 52, 83, 108, 130, 131 alliances with Timorese rulers 26 7, 29, 75, 125 6, 143 black 85 colonial army 2, 127 colonisation of Timor 2, 7, 25, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 63, 85 87, 131 decolonisation of East Timor 37, 38, 87, 142, 166 and East Timorese displacement 25, 36, 71, 79 head tax xxii, 25, 26, 31 2 military campaigns 25 6, 27, 28 30, 31 rebellion against 24, 25, 26 7, 30 1, 71, 103, taxes 71 and Timorese militias 27n.3, 28 9, Portuguese Government 26, 27 postcolonial nationalism 62, 75 see also Indonesian nationalism PPP, see United Development Party pro-autonomy campaign 14 conflict 41 settlers in West Timor 5, 138 supporters 105, 147, 167 see also autonomy, referendum on autonomy/independence Raihat 31, 39, 44, 49, 52 Raknamo 10n.4, 14, 43, 44, 48, 55, 107, 119, 167 Ratu, Monsignor Anton Pian 62 Red and White (Merah Putih) 11, 12, 61, 62, 130, 131, 135 referendum on autonomy/ independence xxi, 59, 121, 123, 161, announcement of 2, 40 dispersal after 13, 113 dispersal before 41, 120 displacement experiences 65, 121, 133, 147, 161 Indonesian acceptance of result 148 lead-up to 41, 105, 127 9, 147 militia activity 41, 97, 121, 127, 147, 148 post-referendum silence 132 post-result evacuation 41, 106, 120,

12 Divided Loyalties pro-indonesia activity 142, 147 rejection of result violence after 7, 18, 65, 132 violence before 41, 65, 132 refugee associations definition of 18, 42, 56, 57, 58 end of status as 16, 53, 58, 59 Indonesian policy 59 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 153 refugees 2, 18, 38, 42, 69n.10, 122 Atsabe 18, 19, 38, 40 in Australia 60, 157n.13, 159 Baucau 15, 43 4, 55, 61, 63, 68, 107, 119 Bunaq 34 8, 39 and deterritorialisation 20 Dili 57, 61, 99n.1 East Timorese in Atambua 38, 62, 107 historical Timorese 25n.1, 29, 52, 79 humanitarian assistance 55 8 Idate 107 and identity 20, 65, 66, 122, 123 Indonesian repatriation of 40, 42, 57, 60 1, 168 Kemak in Atambua 30, 31, 39, 44, 92 labelling as 13, 54, 55 8, 60, 63n.6, 65, 66, 95, 161 and political involvement 141, 157n.13, 158, 159 politics of 18, 20 post-referendum 41, 56 7, 107 return of 40, 57, 60 self-perception as 32 Wehali relations with xvii, 72 3, 78 from World War II 35 7 see also ex-refugees, internally displaced persons, labelling, new citizens Renetil, see National Resistance of East Timorese Students Revolutionary Council of National Resistance (CRRN) 144, 145n.4 Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) 37, 38, 120, 131, 144, 167 see also National Armed Forces for the Liberation of East Timor Rote (Roti) 7, 73, 76, 85, 128 RPKAD, see Indonesian special forces sacrifice xxi, to ancestors 122, 131 and belonging 118, 120, 121 3, 125, , 141 compensation for 120, 123, 131, 133, 134, East Timorese for Indonesia 61, 62, 120 1, 129, 130 4, 136 7, 139 and identity 123, 132 ideology of 118, 121 3, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137 by Indonesian collaborators 118, 120, 121, 132 to maintain identity 20, 123 narratives 20, 120, 121, 123, 126, 129, 132 6, 139 and nationalism 130, 131, 132, 137 ritual 109, 111, as ritual shared 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 139, 161 silence as 11, 118, 132 3, 137 value of 121, 132, 134, 137 Sadi 30, 31, 39, 44, 49 Saldanha, Manuel 114 Same 76, 78, 103, 130 Sanir 29, 30, 31 Seran, Domi Yos 33,

13 Index Sibae, Celestine 108 Silawan 15, 39, 44, 49 silence, see sacrifice silence as Soares, Abílio Osório 105, 109, 112, 114, 160n.17 Soares, Antonio 160n.17 Soares, João Sino Osório 114, 116 Soares, José Osório 105 Social Democratic Association of Timor (ASDT) 37 Statistics Indonesia 16n.8, 62n.5, 63 Suai 2, 32 3, 34, 39, 44, 71 4, Subianto, Prabowo 151, 156n.11 Suharto, President 40, 59, 130, 145, 146, 147 see also New Order regime Sukabitetek 99, 101, 102 Sukabiwedik 79, 80, 82 Sukarno, President 4 Sulawesi 41, 59, 63, 171 Sulit 10n.5, 97, 98, 101 2, 117 Sydney, see Australia Sylvan, Fernando 23, 24, 52 Tasifeto 31, 38, 39, 49, 50, 99, 100 Tavares, Arnaldo 149, 150, 159n.16 Tavares, João 150 Tenu Bot 10n.5, 11, 12, 31, 38, 44, 162, 163n.2 Tetun 1 alliances 77, 78, 79, 98, 99, 100 1, 103, 105, 116 in Belu 8, 39 in Dili 48, 108 displacement 34, 39, 75, 79, 81, 88, 90, 93 4, 95, 98 from Fohoterin and land 52, 83, 89, 90, 104 language 33, 72, 76, 77, 103, 162 in Malaka 8, 34, 38 origin narratives 32, 72, 74, 75 8, 80 2, 90, 93, 94 returnees 31 4, 75 9, 81, 98 in Suai 32, 34, 39, 72, 74, 76 9, 80, 81, 82, 83 Terik 1, 43, 44, 48, 50, 105, 107 in Wehali 72, 76 8, 80 2, 98, 100, 103, 104 Timorese Popular Democratic Association (Apodeti) 37, 38, 87, 105 Tirta 107, 109, 110 Tohe 30, 31, 49 Tuapukan 10n.4, 42, 43, 48, 55 6, 57, 106 7, 119 UDT, see Democratic Union of Timor UN-Habitat 63 União Democrática Timorense, see Democratic Union of Timor UNIF, see United Front for East Timor Autonomy Union East Timorese in Indonesia (UNTAS) 147, United Development Party (PPP) 143 United Front for East Timor Autonomy (UNIF) 147 United Nations (UN) xxi, 2, 54, 58, 133, 148 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) 56, 57 High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 16, 20, 42, 54, 57, 58, Office for the Co ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) 58 Security Council 57 United States 11, 133, 157 Uni Timor Aswain, see Union East Timorese in Indonesia UNTAS, see Union East Timorese in Indonesia 203

14 Divided Loyalties vigilantes 143, 148, 166 see also militias, paramilitary groups Viqueque 15, 43, 55 6, 61, 78, 99n.1, 103, 107, 123, 124, 125, 130 1, 133, 171 Wahid, Abdurrahman 148 Wehali alliances 98, 100, 104, 116 authority of 75 6, 78, 81, 105 Bunaq in 34 5 displacement to 39, 71, 72, 78, 79 gifting of land 80, 104 in Malaka 50 and Mambai 98, 103, 105 as origin place 71 3, political disruption in 75, 76, 79 relations with refugees xvii, 72 3, 78 returnees to 32, 72, 73, 75 9, 81, 82 settlement in 71, 73, 76, 79 Tetun in 39, 72, 78, 80 traditional rulers 71, 75, 76 Widodo, Joko 169 Ximenes, Bonifacio ( Boni ) , 129, 132, 134, 136, Ximenes, Francisco ( Sico ) 2 6, 68, 127 9, 132, 134, 136 7, 140 Ximenes, Mama Olandina 55, 56, 60, 61 Young Guards Upholding Integration (Garda Paksi) 146 7, 166 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang 68, 150, 153,

15 This text is taken from Divided Loyalties: Displacement, belonging and citizenship among East Timorese in West Timor, by Andrey Damaledo, published 2018 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.