GREENDALE SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT Geography Elective

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GREENDALE SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT Geography Elective Name: ( ) Class: Secondary Date: Revision for EOY Exam 2015 - (2) 1 A group of Secondary 4 students conducted an investigation on

1 GREENDALE SECONDARY SCHOOL HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT Geography Elective Name: ( ) Class: Secondary Date: Revision for EOY Exam (2) 1 A group of Secondary 4 students conducted an investigation on the trends in tourism in Singapore. The hypothesis they investigated was: Tourists from countries that are farther away tend to spend more days in Singapore. They carried out a survey of visitors to Marina Bay in order to prove the hypothesis. Table 1 shows the findings of their survey. Origin of visitors Number of visitors to Marina Bay and their length of stay Length of stay No. of visitors interviewed No overnight stay 1 3 nights 4 7 nights 8 14 nights United States of America China Japan Australia India Malaysia Indonesia Table 1 (a) The students wanted to present the information shown in Table 1 using a suitable method. Suggest a presentation method and state 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using this method of presentation. Bar graph Adv: Allow multiple sets of data to be compared easily. Disadv: Change over time cannot be mapped [3] (b) What conclusion can the students make about the hypothesis? Support your answer with data from Table 1. [3] Tourists from countries that are farther away do indeed spend more days in Singapore. This can be seen in Table 1 where tourists from China and USA, which are relatively further, spent more days in Singapore. About 25% of the 1

2 tourists from China, and 14% of the tourists from USA spent a total of 8-14 nights in Singapore. Comparatively, there are no tourists from Malaysia and Indonesia, which are closer to Singapore, who stayed 8-14 nights in Singapore. (c) Students used systematic sampling method to collect the data in Table 1. Briefly describe this sampling method and explain the advantages of using this sampling method. [3] Describe: Systematic Sampling is collecting data at regular intervals, e.g. every 5 th person. [1] Advantages: Easy to carry out as samples can be easily selected. [1] Can cover a better portion of the population compared to random sampling. [1] (d) The students also asked visitors about their opinions of the Marina Bay area during their survey. The results of their findings are shown in Table 2. Opinions about Marina Bay Opinions No. of visitors who scored +1 and +2 No. of visitors who scored -1 and -2 It is an accessible area There are many attractions in the area The environment is clean and orderly Table 2 Present the information in Table 2 using a bipolar graph. [4] 2

2 (a) Study Fig. 1 and answer the following questions. Growth in international tourist arrivals for the world. Fig. 1 (i) Describe the changes in global tourism between 1995 and 2010.

3 2 (a) Study Fig. 1 and answer the following questions. Growth in international tourist arrivals for the world. Fig. 1 (i) Describe the changes in global tourism between 1995 and [3] Overall, the number of tourists increased from year 1995 to 2010 from 528 million to 940 million tourists. There is a sudden decline from 913 million tourists to 877 million tourists from year There is a sharp increase from year 2003 to 2004, from 684 million to 755 million. 3

4 (b) (ii) Calculate the percentage change in the growth of tourism between 1995 and % {( ) / 528 x100} The benefits of tourism outweigh the negative impacts that tourism has on a country. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your answer with suitable examples. [1] [8] I agree to a large extent that the benefits of tourism far outweighs the negative impacts. Some benefits are increased employment opportunities and infrastructure development. However, there are negative impacts like seasonal employment. One positive impact is increased employment opportunities. The growth of tourism has led to an increase in the number of tourismrelated jobs such as travel agents, tour guides, hotel staffs etc. With jobs, people will have income and the spending ability will increase. This contributes positively to the economy of the nation. For example, In 2011, UNWTO estimated that the tourism industry employed over 235 million people worldwide. This is roughly 6-8% of all the jobs in the world. Thus, increased employment opportunities is a positive economic impact as it allows the country to grow and develop. Another positive impact is infrastructure development. This refers to the construction of transport and communication networks, such as electrical frameworks, systems for water and waste disposal. Without sufficient infrastructure and facilities such as airports, roads, hotels, electricity, hotels, tourism cannot develop and will not be able to operate on a large scale. Developing infrastructure benefits the locals in the country as it allows locals to enjoy facilities and attractions at tourist sites. When the country has good transport networks, locals benefit from the ease of travelling from places to places. In addition, it creates employment for the locals as many workers are needed in the construction process. In both the cities of a Athens, Greece, and Beijing, China, underground railway systems were expanded to move large numbers of visitors during the Summer Olympic Games. Both rail systems continue to serve the local populations after the Games. Thus, infrastructure development is a positive economic impact as both locals and tourists get to enjoy better infrastructure and facilities. However, there are negative impacts as well. One of it is seasonal unemployment. The tourism industry in some countries experiences seasonal unemployment. Certain tourist activities depend on climatic 4

conditions. As such, they may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months, followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months.

5 conditions. As such, they may experience a rise in tourist numbers for several months, followed by a drop in tourist numbers for the next few months. Thus, people in some tourism-related jobs may have to find other sources of income during the off-peak period. This is a problem for people as a stable income allows people to lead a good life with good standard of living. With seasonal unemployment, some people may have problem finding other jobs during the off-peak period, decreasing the income earned. In time to come, it may affect the economy of the country. A large number of visitors will visit the city of Sapporo, Japan during December to February to engage in winter sports like skiing and snowboarding. Mountain ski resort operators will have to employ more people during this winter period to provide service. However, during other periods of the year, they will be asked to seek other sources of income. Thus, seasonal unemployment is a negative economic impact as people will not be able to earn a stable and consistent income. This may cause problems for their lives and the economy. In conclusion, although tourism does have negative economic impacts, the benefits far outweighs the problems this I agree to this statement to a large extent. (Note that the factors given in this answer scheme are economic factors. Students can give socio-cultural and environmental factors as well.) 3 (a) Figure 2 shows information of the Haiti earthquake which happened on 12 January Time Fig. of 2 Occurrence: local time Epicentre:15km southwest of Port-au- Impact of Haiti earthquake Deaths Injured Homele million 5

6 (i) With reference to Fig. 2 only, describe the impacts of the Haiti Earthquake. There are deaths injured 1.2 million homeless [3] (ii) Using Fig. 2 as well as information you have learnt, explain the other factors affecting the impacts of earthquake. One factor that affects the impacts of earthquakes is level of preparedness. In countries where countries are prepared, they have evacuation drills and people know exactly how to evacuate when earthquakes strike. This reduces the number of deaths. With reference to Fig. 2, probably the level of preparedness in Haiti is not high thus accounting for the high death rate. Another factor is magnitude. When the magnitude is high, the death toll is usually high as the level of destruction is high. The earthquake in Haiti is of magnitude 7, which could have resulted in the high death toll of people. Distance from the epicenter is another factor. The nearer a place is to the epicenter of the earthquake, the higher the level of destruction. In this case, Haiti is only 15km away from the epicenter thus explaining the high death rate. [3] (b) Short-term responses are the most effective in minimising the impacts of earthquakes. Evaluate this statement. [8] I agree to this statement to a large extent. Some of the short-term responses are searching for and rescuing casualties and providing medical aid, food and water. However, there are long-term responses that are effective as well, such as improving infrastructure. Searching for and rescuing casualties involve quickly locating and freeing people who are trapped under collapsed buildings. This is important as the faster survivors can be found and rescued, the lesser the number of deaths. For example, after the earthquake in Tohoku, Japan in 2011, sniffer dogs and heat sensors were deployed and successfully rescued many who were trapped. However, rescue workers only have a limited number of time, of 72 hours or 3 days to find trapped survivors. Without food and water, trapped people are unlikely to 6

7 survive after 3 days. Nevertheless, this short-term response is effective in minimising the impacts of earthquake as it can greatly reduce the number of deaths. Another short-term response is providing medical aid, food and water. The injured are treated and clean drinking water is provided to survivors to prevent dehydration and the spread of diseases. This provision of immediate aid helps survivors to continue with their lives, which is greatly effective in reducing the impacts of earthquake. For example, after the earthquake in Afyon in 2002, the Turkish Red Crescent Society immediately responded by delivering tents, blankets and 3000 heaters to the region. This helped greatly in reducing the number of deaths. However, there could be situations where the medical supplies, food and water may not be sufficient and this may lead to social unrest, which adds on to the problem caused by the earthquakes. Nonetheless, this response is still effective in minimising the impacts of earthquake. However, apart from short-term responses, long-term response like improving infrastructure can be critical in ensuring that the impacts of future earthquake are minimal. Usually, infrastructure and amenities are rebuilt and improved upon after an earthquake. Authorities often develop stricter building codes to ensure infrastructure is restored at a higher safety level than before. This will help ensure that buildings do not collapse easily in the event of an earthquake, reducing the number of deaths. An example is the buildings in Japan, which are mainly earthquake-proof. Thus, the number of people killed as a result of the earthquake is greatly reduced. However, reinforced buildings are only good in protecting against earthquakes but in times of tsunamis, these buildings could still be destroyed. Nonetheless, this response is still effective in minimising the impacts of earthquake. In conclusion, I feel that short-term responses are more effective as they are the immediate help given to the victims and these aids could be the main life-savior. 7

Human Impacts of Natural Disasters. Surf Coast Secondary College Year

Human Impacts of Natural Disasters Surf Coast Secondary College Year 9 2016 Learning Intention I can identify some of the impacts of natural disasters on the human population. I understand why displacement