and good news Results and perspectives from the ROSE study Svein Sjøberg and Camilla Schreiner University of Oslo, Norway Based on work supported by

Transcription

1 Young people, science and technology Bad news, surprising news and good news Results and perspectives from the ROSE study Svein Sjøberg and Camilla Schreiner University of Oslo, Norway Based on work supported by

2 ROSE-articles etc. / Other articles on 2

3 Sources and evidence Eurobarometer on Science and Technology Attitudes, interests, values, knowledge, priorities etc. Adults, 32 European countries ROSE-study Attitudes, interests etc. 15 year old students, 40+ countries

4 ROSE and Eurobarometer Standard survey methods Target populations: EB: Adults (15+) ROSE: 15 year-olds in schools Representative R t ti samples (N> 1000) in each country EB and ROSE: appr. 200 items!

5 Europe April 2010 Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Denmark Czech Republic England Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Russia (Karelia) Scotland Slovenia Spain (Baleares) Sweden Turkey Collected data Not finished

6 Countries, April 2010 Europe Collected data separate map Not finished

7 Lifelong perspectives: More important than high scores at 15 In many countries: Students are on top of score leagues, but they hate the subject (TIMSS/PISA) Attitudes and values as important learning goals as well as determinants of future behaviour Also important for those who do not pursue S&T careers (i.e. the majority) When science concepts are forgotten, the ethos or atmosphere of the subject remains Our concerns: - Promote lasting interest in, appreciation of and respect for S&T - Understanding the nature of S&T, the values (and limitations) of S&T, S&T as part of human culture, S&T for democracy

8 ROSE Instrumentet Utviklet over en periode på 1½ år av en gruppe science educators fra alle kontinenter I alt 250 enkle spørsmål under 7 overskrifter, alle på 4-punkters Likert scale: Uenig Enig Aldri - Ofte Mine erfaringer utenfor skolen Hva jeg vil lære om Jeg og miljø-utfordringene Mine naturfagtimer på skolen Min mening om vitenskap og teknologi Meg som forsker (Hva og Hvorfor?) (Åpent spørsmål) 8

9 All ROSE items have the following format:

10 Some simple data Only single variables: Mean values for girls and boys in different countries

11 Science and technology are important for society Countries are sorted by Human Development Index (and geography) Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Children in most countries agree strongly that Science and technology are important for society Girls Boys Mean G1. Science and technology are important for society

12 Comparing adults and young people: p Agreement about the importance of Science, technology and (basic) research! (But youth in rich countries are more ambivalent..) 12

13 (EB) Science and technology make our lives healthier, easier and more comfortable Agreement in all European countries. Men are a little more positive than women. Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 Science and technology make our lives healthier, easier and more comfortable 13

14 (ROSE) Science and technology make our lives healthier, hi easier and more comfortable Scepticism c among youth in the Nordic countries and Japan, in particular among girls. Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Strong agreement among youth in less developed countries Mean G4. Science and technology make our lives healthier, easier and more comfortable

15 (EB) The application of science and new technologies will make peoples lives more interesting Adults in all Europe agree, small gender differences Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 The application of science and new technologies will make peoples work more interesting 15

16 (ROSE) New technologies will make work more interesting Scepticism and ambivalence among young people in the Nordic countries and Japan, in particular among girls. Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean G5. New technologies will make work more interesting

17 (EB) The benefits of science are greater than the harmful effects that it could have The adult Europeans have a strong belief in the benefits of science. Norway on the top! (surprise?) Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 The benefits of science are greater than any harmful effects it may have 17

18 (ROSE) The benefits of science are greater than the harmful effects that it could have In Japan, the scepticism towards science is considerable Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Students in most countries see more benefits than harmful effects in science, but Mean G6. The benefits of science are greater than the harmful effects it could have

19 Positive attitudes to funding of (basic) research 19

20 Even if it brings no immediate benefit, scientific research should be supported by Government Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway 10 1,0 15 1,5 20 2,0 25 2,5 30 3,0 35 3,5 40 4,0 45 4,5 50 5,0 Even if it brings no immediate benefits, scientific research which adds to knowledge should be supported by Government 20

21 What do you consider to be very scientific? 21

22 What do you consider to be very scientific? (4+5 on a 5-point scale) All 32 countries Homeopathy History Economics Astrology Psychology 53 Astronomy Mathematics Biology Physics 83 Medicine

23 What do you consider to be very scientific? (Changing Astrology to Horoscopes) Horoscopes 13 Homeopathy History Economics 40 Psychology 53 Astronomy Mathematics Biology Physics 83 Medicine

24 Scientific: Horocsopes? Not seen as scientific in most countries Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Po land Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Greece Po rtugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Seen as scientific in a few countries, but In all countries: More women than men see horoscopes as scientific Mean Horoscopes: Scientific? 24

25 Scientific: Homeopathy? Only moderate support in Nordic and other countries Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Po land Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Po rtugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Seen as scientific in many countries In most countries: More women than men see homeopathy as scientific Mean Homeopathy: Scientific? 25

26 Inspired by our Norwegian princess Märtha Louise 26

27 Norway Princess Should Drop Title Norwegian Newspaper Urges Princess to Renounce Title After Saying She Communicates With Angels The 35-year-old princess has come under intense media scrutiny for her involvement in an alternative school that aims to teach people how to get in touch with angels.

28 28

29 Slide 29

30 Experience: Taken herbal medicine or had alternative treatments (acupunture, homeopathy, yoga, healing etc.) Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe b Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) Malaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Nordic young people have little experience with alternative medicine Mean H28. taken herbal medicines or had alternative treatments (acupuncture, homeopathy, yoga, healing, etc.)

31 Interest in: Alternative therapies (acupuncure, homeopathy, yoga, healing etc.) and how effective they are. Nordic girls would like to learn about alternative thearpies, while Nordic boys are among the least interested 31 Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) Malaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean C12. Alternative therapies (acupuncture, homeopathy, yoga, healing, etc.) and how effective they are

32 Interest in: Ghosts and witches, and whether they may exist Similar gender pattern: Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) Malaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean C14. Ghosts and witches, and whether they may exist

33 Interest in: Thought transference, mind-reading, sixth sense, inuition etc. Same gender pattern Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) Malaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean C15. Thought transference, mind-reading, sixth sense, intuition, etc.

34 Trust? Who are best qualified to explain the impacts of S&T on society? 34

35 Trust? The overall pattern, all 32 EB-countries Best qualified to explain impacts of S&T (max 3) Scientist in university or government laboratory Television journalist Scientist in industry laboratory Newspaper journalist Medical doctors Environmental protection associations Consumer organization Writers and intellectuals The government The industry Politician Religious leaders The military 12,6 10,1 6,4 59 5,9 5,6 2,2 2,2 20,0 23,4 52,8 32,9 28,1 26,9 Independent (hopefully!) researchers have by far the largest trust

36 Trust: University scientists? t Large national differences! Denmark: Low trust in University scientists! Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Best qualified..: Scientist working at a university or government laboratory 36

37 Trust: Environmental protection associations? In Norway: Extraordinary high trust in Environmental protection associations Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Best qualified: Environmental protection association (Note scale!) 37

38 Science ce knowledge score for the adults (EB) 38

39 Knowledge questions USA-data from Science & Engineering Indicators 2004, EU-data from Eurobarometer 1999 og 2005 Percent correct answers Norway 2005 Norway 1999 EU 2005 USA 2004 The centre of the Earth is very hot The oxygen we breathe comes from plants Radioactive milk can be made safe by boiling it (No) The continents on which we live have been moving for millions of years and will continue to move in the future It is the mother s genes that decide whether the baby is a boy or a girl (No) The earliest humans lived at the same time as the dinosaurs (No) Antibiotics kill viruses as well as bacteria (No) Lasers work by focusing sound waves (No) All radioaktivitet er skapt av mennesker (No) Human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier Electrons are smaller than atoms Average 74,1 64,4 66,2 63,4 39

40 Knowledge score in % for 32 countries, males and females (sorted by score) Sweden on top, Swedish women higher than men in all other countries Turkey Cyprus Bulgaria Malta Po rtugal Latvia Romania Lithuania Greece Spain Po land Ireland Estonia Croatia Italy Austria N Ireland Slovakia Hungary Iceland Great Britain France Germany W Switzerland Belgium Luxemburg Slovenia Norway Finland Denmark Netherlands Czech Republ Germany E Sweden In all countries: Men score higher than women Overall Mean of correct responses 40

41 Lasers work by focusing sound waves Most questions are have systematic ti gender differences. (Selection made by men?) Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Lasers work by focusing sound waves 41

42 Mother s genes determine whether the child is a boy or a girl Only a few questions have higher scores for women Turkey Romania Bulgaria Croatia Hungary Slovakia Latvia Lithuania Estonia Poland Czech Republ Slovenia Malta Cyprus Greece Portugal Spain Italy France Germany E Germany W Austria Switzerland Ireland N Ireland Great Britain Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway It is the mother s genes that decide whether the baby is a boy or a girl 42

43 Interest to learn about: 108 simple items Underlying logic: Different science contents (physics, biology, chemistry, earth science, space science..) Placed in different contexts (academic, technical, personal, social, philosophical, p ethical, aesthetical )

44 Main pattern: The more developed country, the less overall interest

45 Overall interest: large differences between countries Philippines Uganda Bangladesh India (Gujarat) Zimbabwe Swaziland Botswana Trinidad & T Overall country mean for 108 ROSE items of "I want to learn about" 3,1 3,04 Malaysia 2,93 y g Ghana (Centr) 286 2,86 Greece Russia (Karel) Portugal Latvia Ireland Poland N. Ireland England Estonia Japan Norway Iceland Sweden Denmark Finland 2,73 2,66 2,64 2,63 2,58 2,53 2, ,48 2,47 2,43 2,41 2,36 2,36 2,35 2,83 2,99 2,97 3,02 3,17 3,21 3,2 In less wealthy countries: Everything is interesting Nordic and Japanese students have the lowest interest (or: are the most selective in their interests?) 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4

46 Grand mean of all items on Interest vs HDI (Human development Index) 3,20 Uganda Bangladesh Philippines India (Gujarat) Zimbabwe Swaziland Botswana 3,00 Trinidad & T ACE mean grand 2,80 2,60 R = - 0,85 Ghana (Centr) Malaysia Russia (Karel) Latvia Poland Estonia Greece Portugal Ireland England 2,40 R Sq Linear = 0,719 Norway 2,20 Overall measure of interest to learn S&T: negative correlation with HDI Finland N. Ireland Japan Iceland Sweden Denmark 0,500 0,600 0,700 0,800 0,900 1,000 HDI

47 The more developed, the less interest for school science also practical, relevant and everyday

48 How plants grow and reproduce Very low interest, 20 % average

49 Atoms and molecules No context t Low interest, in particular for girls

50 Chemicals, their properties and how they react No context or school context Low interest, in particular for girls

51 Detergents, soaps and how they work Everyday context Low interest for all

52 Famous scientist and their lives Biographies of scientists. Low interest, in particular for girls

53 The more developed, the larger gender difference in interests (Context is the key word): Boys interests (and NOT the girls ): The technical, mechanical, electrical, spectacular, violent, explosive Girls interests (and NOT the boys ) Health and medicine, beauty and the human body, ethics, aesthetics, wonder, speculation (and the paranormal..)

54 How computers work Technical context Technical context large (and growing) gender difference

55 How petrol and diesel engines work Technical context Only of interest for boys

56 Explosive chemicals Violent and spectacular context Only of interest for boys

57 What to eat to keep healthy and fit Body and health Girls interest, growing g gender difference

58 Cancer, what we know and how we can treat it Health and medicin Girls interest, growing gender difference

59 Eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia Beauty and health Girls interest, growing gender difference

60 Why the stars twinkle and the sky is blue Beauty and aesthetics Girls interest

61 Black holes, supernovas and other spectacular objects in outer space Space and wonder popular for girls and boys

62 The winner is: The possibility of life outside earth Space, life, wonder, oppenness The most popular for girls and boys

63 The environment and sustainable development? Important for all, but mainly for girls Boys think problems are exaggerated and trust experts to sort out the problems Girls believe that each individual makes a difference Girls are willing to pay the price, Boys are reluctant

64 People should care more about protection of the environment Boys in some of the richest countries are more ambivivalent Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Strong agreement in all countries, in particular among girls We should care more about the protection of the environment People should care more about protection of the environment

65 I can personally influence what happens with the environment More pessimism in some (English- speaking) countries Many young people, mainly girls,and also in rich countries, think that they can personally make a difference! Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean D6. I can personally influence what happens with the environment

66 Environmental problems should be left to the experts Many young people, mainly boys in rich (Nordic) countries, think that environmental problems should be left to the experts Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean D13. Environmental problems should be left to the experts

67 Science and technology can solve all environmental problems Many boys in the richest countreis think that S&T can solve all environmental problems

68 Science and technology can solve nearly all problems! Many boys have a very strong belief that science and technology can solve nearly all kinds of problems, while girls are more skeptical (and realistic?)

69 Important for future work: The prime importance of values, attitudes and meaning! (For Girls in particular) Girls priority: Working with, and helping people Boys priority: Working with their hands, with things, machines and tools (AND: Earning lots of money, becoming the boss at the job, becoming famous ---. and having an easy job )

70 Working with something that fits my attitudes and values Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) Malaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Attitudes and values are important for all - - but in particular for girls Attitudes and values seem to be least important for boys in the rich Nordic countries Mean B16. Working with something that fits my attitudes and values

71 Future work: Working with people rather than things Many boys,, in particular in Scandinavia, are not very interested in working with people. Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Girls want to work with people p Working with people instead of things

72 Helping other people Many boys, in particular in the wealthier countries, are not very interested in helping other people. Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Same pattern: Girls want to help other people, boys are reluctant t Mean B2. Helping other people

73 Building or repairing objects using my hands Boys want a job where they can build and repair things with their hands girls do not want such jobs! Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Mean B6. Building or repairing objects using my hands

74 Experience with School science -- at the end of obligatory school School Science is less interesting than other subjects, and Has not opened my eyes for new and exciting jobs Han not increased my career possibilities Has not increased my appreciation for nature Has not taught me how to take care of my health Has not increased my curiosity Has not shown me the importance of S&T for our way of life

75 I like school science better than most other subjects

76 School science has opened my eyes for new and exciting jobs

77 I think that the science I learn at shcool will improve my career chances

78 School science has shown me the importance of science for our way of living.

79 Recruitment to S&T: A prime political l concern for Europe and (most) OECD Countries

80 What about future careers and studies in S&T? Very few want to become scientists (In particular girls) Extremely few girls want to go into technology (and also boys are ambivalent)

81 I would like to become a scientist In wealthy countries, very few want to become scientists in particular not the girls Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway In poor countries, everybody want to become scientists, (but very few get the possibility) I would like to become a scientist

82 I would like to get a job in technology In wealthy countries, nearly no girls want to work with technology, and even boys are ambivalent Uganda Ghana (Centr) Lesotho Swaziland Zimbabwe Botswana Philippines Bangladesh India (Guj) India (Mumb) M alaysia Trinidad & T. Turkey Greece Portugal Spain (Bal) Russia (Kar) Poland Czech Rep. Latvia Estonia Slovenia Austria Germany Ireland Scotland N. Ireland England Japan Finland Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Same pattern: In poor countries, everybody want to work with technology, but Japan may face a problem I would like to get a job in technology

83 Conclusions (and beginnings?) All students want something meaningful, something that fits their values and identities But (in the more developed countries) they do not think that they can find this in S&T studies and careers Our challenge for recruitment: The mismatch between ee youth culture and the (perceived) nature of S&T in society How can we address this problem Without distorting the real nature S&T? And without cheating the young?

84 Factors influencing recruitment, retention and gender equity in SMT higher education Am I interested in the subject? What is my friends' opinion i about this? Will I find the work meaningful? What about mom and dad's work? Will the profession suit med? Am I good enough? Will I manage to get a job? How are the salaries What are the employees in the field concerned about at work? Does it suit boys or girls? How large is the risk, and what do I have to sacrifice? Secured basic EU FP7 funding, Norwegian pilot ( students) ongoing: Vilje-con-valgl A network (based on ROSE) A network (based on ROSE) of 50+ countries want to take part. (not yet funded)

85 ROSE-articles etc. / Other articles on 85