Ideological Segregation Online and Oine
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1 Ideological Segregation Online and Oine Matthew Gentzkow Jesse M. Shapiro Chicago Booth and NBER
2 Motivation Democracy depends on citizens being exposed to information that may contradict their existing views
3 Motivation Democracy depends on citizens being exposed to information that may contradict their existing views How does Internet aect the likelihood of this?
4 Motivation Democracy depends on citizens being exposed to information that may contradict their existing views How does Internet aect the likelihood of this? Ambiguous Easier to access wide range of views Easier to self-segregate ideologically
5 Echo Chambers This freewheeling bazaar of news choices has generated an audience that is increasingly self-segregating (Kohut 2004) The Internet will act increasingly as an incredibly sensitive feedback loop, constantly playing back to us, in amplied form, our existing preferences (Carr 2008) A prism splits light into its component colors. The Internet is splitting, or polarizing the American electorate. (Bearse 2004) As our information supply increases, our common discourse and shared understanding decrease (Shenk 1997)
6 Sunstein (2004, 2007) Internet may lead to a situation where: People sort themselves into innumerable homogeneous groups, which often results in amplifying their preexisting views Liberals reading mostly or only liberals; moderates, moderates; conservatives, conservatives; Neo-Nazis, Neo-Nazis [Reduces] unplanned, unanticipated encounters that are central to democracy itself
7 Sunstein (2004, 2007) Especially costly if Internet substitutes for other interactions that are more diverse
8 Sunstein (2004, 2007) Especially costly if Internet substitutes for other interactions that are more diverse 1 Oine Media People who rely on [newspapers, magazines, and broadcasters] have a range of chance encounters... with diverse others, and also exposure to materials and topics that they did not seek out in advance
9 Sunstein (2004, 2007) Especially costly if Internet substitutes for other interactions that are more diverse 1 Oine Media People who rely on [newspapers, magazines, and broadcasters] have a range of chance encounters... with diverse others, and also exposure to materials and topics that they did not seek out in advance 2 Face-to-Face Interactions The diverse people who walk the streets and use the parks are likely to hear speakers' arguments about taxes or the police; they might also learn about the nature and intensity of views held by their fellow citizens. When you go to work or visit a park... it is possible that you will have a range of unexpected encounters.
10 Theory
11 Theory When does increasing the # of products (or lowering entry barriers) lead consumers to become more segregated along some dimension?
12 Dry Cleaners
13 Dry Cleaners
14 Action Movies Terminator Batman James Bond
15 Action Movies Terminator Batman James Bond Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London Fantastic Four Elfquest Elfquest II Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid Bad Boys III 17 Bullets Ninja Assassin: Antichrist Hellboy Asteroids
16 Measuring Ideological Segregation
17 Denitions Set of outlets in some medium Set of individuals (liberal or conservative) who either visit or do not visit each outlet on a given day Outlet's share conservative is share of viewers on site who are conservative Individual's conservative exposure is average share conservative on outlets this individual visits
18 Isolation Index Isolation index= Conservative Exposure of Average Conservative - Conservative Exposure of Average Liberal
19 Example Medium: Internet Two outlets: nytimes.com and foxnews.com 12 conservatives 12 liberals Each consumer visits exactly one site
20 Case 1 foxnews.com nytimes.com
21 Case 1 foxnews.com nytimes.com Conservatives' conservative exposure = 1 Liberals' conservative exposure = 0 Isolation index = 1
22 Case 2 foxnews.com nytimes.com
23 Case 2 foxnews.com nytimes.com Conservatives' conservative exposure =.5 Liberals' conservative exposure =.5 Isolation index = 0
24 Case 3 foxnews.com nytimes.com
25 Case 3 foxnews.com nytimes.com Conservatives' conservative exposure = ( ( ) + 1 ) = 5 9 Liberals' conservative exposure = ( ( ) + 1 ) = 4 9 Isolation index = 1 9
26 Data
27 Internet News comscore: main player in online media measurement Universe General news or politics sites, excluding local media and non-political (e.g. sports, entertainment) Supplement with 13 online lists of news and political sites Measuring site size MediaMetrix: Panel of 1m+ Internet users Distinguishes multiple users of same machine Measure average daily unique visitors over 12 months of 2009
28 Internet News Measuring site ideology PlanMetrix: Survey of 12,000 panelists In terms of your political outlook, do you think of yourself as...? [very conservative / somewhat conservative / middle of the road / somewhat liberal / very liberal] Measure average share conservative over 12 months of 2009 Final sample 119 sites 95+% of online news audience
29 Oine Media Nationally representative survey of 51,354 individuals conducted by MediaMark Research & Intelligence (MRI) Self-reported consumption of Cable news networks Nightly broadcast TV newscasts National newspapers Magazines Local newspapers Political outlook question parallel to comscore
30 Comparability Share Conservative (MRI) Yahoo! News msnbc.com nytimes.com usatoday.com cnn.com wsj.com cbsnews.com ABC News AOL News foxnews.com Share Conservative (comscore)
31 Face-to-Face Interactions Number Known module of General Social Survey (GSS) How many [of people you trust / are acquainted with] are you pretty certain are strongly [liberal / conservative]? Acquaintances through neighborhood, work, voluntary associations, family Cross-National Election Study (CNES) Respondents identify political discussants Up to ve people with whom you discuss politics sometimes or often Both respondents and discussants surveyed for ideology
32 Summary Statistics
33 By Medium US adults: 221m, 67 percent conservative Medium Share Conservative Share of Daily Visits Cable Local newspapers Broadcast news Internet Magazines National newspapers.57.03
34 Broadcast News Share Conservative ABC CBS NBC BBC PBS
35 Broadcast News Share Conservative ABC CBS NBC BBC PBS
36 Cable News Networks Share Conservative CNN Fox News Bloomberg Television CNBC MSNBC
37 National Newspapers Share Conservative Wall Street Journal USA Today New York Times
38 News Magazines Share Conservative BusinessWeek Fortune Newsweek Barron s US News Forbes TIME The Economist The Atlantic The New Yorker
39 Internet: Largest Share Conservative drudgereport.com foxnews.com AOL News usatoday.com msnbc.com Yahoo! News cnn.com nytimes.com huffingtonpost.com BBC News
40 Internet: Largest Share Conservative usatoday.com Yahoo! News drudgereport.com foxnews.com AOL News msnbc.com cnn.com nytimes.com huffingtonpost.com BBC News
41 Internet: Largest Share Conservative usatoday.com Yahoo! News drudgereport.com foxnews.com AOL News msnbc.com cnn.com nytimes.com huffingtonpost.com BBC News
42 Internet: Most Conservative Share Conservative.9 1 aclj.org drudgereport.com billoreilly.com rushlimbaugh.com glennbeck.com humanevents.com townhall.com thestate.com cnsnews.com realclearpolitics.com
43
44 Home About Us Contact U sea 9/22/2009 CNSNews.com - Obama Regulation Cz News CNSNews TV Commentary Cartoons About Us Subscribe Donate Resources RSS F Free CNSNews.com Daily E-Brief Enter your to start receiving daily CNSNews.com stories in your inbox! Enter your address signup Home» News» Politics Obama Regulation Czar Advocated Removing People s Organs Without Explicit Consent Friday, September 04, 2009 By Matt Cover CNSNews.com Toolbox Print Article or Share on the Internet click above! Subscribe to CNSNews.com (CNSNews.com) Cass Sunstein, President Barack Obama s nominee to head the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), has advocated a policy under which the government would presume Cass Sunstein speaking at Harvard Law someone has consented to having his School. (Photo: Matthew W. Hutchins, or her organs removed for Harvard Law Record.) transplantation into someone else when they die unless that person has explicitly indicated that his or her organs should not be taken. Under such a policy, hospitals would harvest organs from people who never gave permission for this to be done. Outlined in the 2008 book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, Sunstein and co-author Richard H. Thaler CNSNews.com News Ticker Listen to Commentary Podcasts Join CNSNews.com on: Related Articles GOP Congressmen Say Science Czar Should Explain His Views Harsh Realities Await as Obama Heads to United Nations Obama Says Health Insurance Mandate Is Not A Tax Increase Obama Says Missile Defense Decision Is Not About Russia Obama Favors Investigation Into ACORN Scandal Abortion President Makes False, Misleading
45 Internet: Most Liberal Share Conservative blogtalkradio.com bvblackspin.com dailykos.com alternet.org newsvine.com reddit.com BBC News moveon.org blogcritics.org thinkprogress.org
46 dailykos.com
47 Segregation
48 Average User Conservative exposure of Average conservative: Average liberal: Isolation index = = 0.075
49 Interpretation of Magnitudes Content: Average conservative (61 percent): usatoday.com Average liberal (53 percent): cnn.com Interactions: 0.57 (0.39) (0.53) = 45 percent of interactions cross-ideology 0.57 (0.43) (0.57) = 49 percent in one-site case Geography Average conservative (61 percent): MN, IA Average liberal (53 percent): MA, CA Racial segregation Black isolation (Glaeser and Vigdor 2001)
50 Media Conservative Exposure Internet Isolation Index
51 Media Conservative Exposure Broadcast News Magazines Cable Local Newspapers Internet National Newspapers Isolation Index
52 Local Geography Conservative Exposure Broadcast News Magazines Cable Local Newspapers County Internet Zipcode National Newspapers Isolation Index
53 Face-to-Face Interactions Conservative Exposure Broadcast News Magazines Cable Local Newspapers County Internet Zipcode National Newspapers Voluntary Associations Work Neighborhood Family People You Trust Isolation Index
54 Political Discussants Conservative Exposure Broadcast News Magazines Cable Local Newspapers County Internet Zipcode National Newspapers Voluntary Associations Work Neighborhood Family People You Trust Political Discussants Isolation Index
55 Extreme Users What is conservative exposure of most segregated individuals? How common are Echo Chambers?
56 Distribution of Exposure Share of Individuals th Pctile 95th Pctile Conservative Exposure
57 Distribution of Exposure Share of Individuals nytimes.com foxnews.com Conservative Exposure
58 Exposure by Detailed Ideology Exposure to: Very Somewhat Middle of the Somewhat Very Exposure of: Liberal Liberal Road Conservative Conservative Very Liberal Somewhat Liberal Middle of the Road Somewhat Conservative Very Conservative All Internet Users
59 Economics of Media Demand
60 Model of Internet News Demand Consumers care about both ideology and quality of an outlet Consumers can visit multiple outlets Two forces limiting segregation: Variation in quality Cross-visiting
61 Vertical Dierentiation Cumulative Size #20 #10 nytimes.com foxnews.com cnn.com msnbc.com AOL News Yahoo! News Site Rank
62 Segregation by Site Size Subset of Sites Share of Daily Cons. Exposure of Isolation with Size Rank Visitors Conservatives Liberals Index
63 Correlation in Tastes Mean utility: conservatives rushlimbaugh.com foxnews.com thinkprogress.org Yahoo! News AOL News cnn.com nytimes.com Mean utility: liberals
64 Sites vs Visitors Conservative Exposure of Average Visitor Share Conservative
65 Cross-Visiting: Baseline Share Visiting in the Same Month Site Yahoo! News foxnews.com nytimes.com Monthly Visitors of: Any Internet Site Yahoo! News
66 Cross-Visiting: Most Conservative Share Visiting in the Same Month Site Yahoo! News foxnews.com nytimes.com billoreilly.com rushlimbaugh.com glennbeck.com humanevents.com townhall.com thestate.com aclj.org cnsnews.com drudgereport.com realclearpolitics.com
67 Cross-Visiting: Most Liberal Share Visiting in the Same Month Site Yahoo! News foxnews.com nytimes.com thinkprogress.org blogcritics.org bvblackspin.com moveon.org BBC news blogtalkradio.com reddit.com newsvine.com alternet.org dailykos.com
68 4/7/2010 Newslinks & Articles - Stormfront Stormfront > News Newslinks & Articles ShareThis User Name User Name Remember Me? Password Log in Forgot Password? Register Donate Register Blogs FAQ Community Calendar Today's Posts Search Newslinks & Articles All news of interest to White Nationalists. Do not post the full text of copyrighted articles without permission of the owner. Limit "fair use" excerpts to 65 words. Popup Windows Radio Player Here! Truck Roy SF Radio Archives Complete Daily Schedule: Click Here! Tuesday & Thursday 9-11am Eastern: Derek Black on WPBR 1340 AM Nightly 12am Eastern: Paul Fromm "For Our People" "From Babylon" SF Radio Drama Derek Black on WPBR 1340 AM news/talk radio, covering south Florida and the world: Tue. & Thur. 9:00-11:00am ET Archive: 04/01 (with filmmaker Craig Bodeker) 03/30 03/25 (with Jared Taylor) 03/23 (with Dr. Kevin MacDonald) 03/18 03/16 03/11 03/09 03/04 02/11 03/02 02/25 02/23 02/18 02/16 02/11 02/09 Page 1 of > Last All» Threads in Forum : Newslinks & Articles Forum Tools Search this Forum Announcement: Stormfront Community Bulletin 01/04/09 Don Black (Proprietor of Stormfront) Views: 186, Thread / Thread Starter Rating Last Post Replies Views Sticky: David Duke's Latest Video - Should Christians Support Israel? - Page 1 has complete listings and links ( ) David Duke Today 04:32 AM by David Duke 42 4,211 Sticky: Ethnic Crime Report II ( Last Page) Scott Sticky: Jewish Crime Report ( Last Page) Elena Haskins Today 02:02 AM by LoKi ,904 Yesterday 12:32 AM by BoyHowdy ,901
69 Conclusion Online segregation is Similar to oine media Lower than face-to-face interactions Flows from fundamental economics of media Fixed costs drive vertical dierentiation Low access costs drive multiple readership
70 Content
71 Election Day: Activity News Website Visits per Individual Jan 1, 2008 Jul 1, 2008 Nov 4, 2008
72 Election Day: Segregation Isolation Index Jan 1, 2008 Jul 1, 2008 Nov 4, 2008
73 Virginia Tech: Activity News Website Visits per Individual Jan 1, 2007 Apr 16, 2007 Jul 1, 2007
74 Virginia Tech: Segregation Isolation Index Jan 1, 2007 Apr 16, 2007 Jul 1, 2007
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