Index. Cambridge University Press A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights Laura F. Edwards.

Transcription

1 Ableman v. Booth (1859), 70 abolition David Hunter and, 78 Democratic Party and, 94 Emancipation Proclamation and, 81 federal purview and, 80, 90 legal, 66, 76 Northern states and, 34, 83 Reconstruction and, 109 Republican Party and, 71, 87, 118 Ten Percent Plan and, 92 women s rights and, 138 Adams, John Quincy, 79 agriculture Confederate wartime, 52 Republican Party and, 35 versus manufacturing, 36 Agriculture, Department of, 37 Alabama, 19 amnesty, 97 Arizona, 116 Arkansas, 19, 85, 94 Articles of Confederation (and the Confederate States), 44 Attorney General (Confederate States), 55 Augusta Chronicle, 1 Bates, Edward, 22 Bingham, John A., 79 Black Codes ( ), 97, 99, 129, , 156, 166, 167 Black, Robert, 46 blockade, naval cotton trade and, 52 of Confederate ports, 19, 20, 52, 65 bounties, 31 Bradley, Joseph P., 158, 164 Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), 157, 158n11, 169 Bradwell, Myra, 157, 158, 170 Brown, Joseph, 56 Buchanan, James, 68 Bureau of Conscription (Confederate States), 61 Bureau of Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, 95 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 172 Butler, Benjamin, 65, California, 37, 111 Cameron, Simon, 72, 77, 79 Carnegie, Andrew, 39 Central Pacific Railroad, 37 Chase, Salmon P., 17, 24, 28, 39 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), 115, 124 Chicago Legal News, 157 citizenship ambiguiity of free black, 83 Dred Scott and, 84 immigrants and, 83 civil rights 1866 act, 100 1, 117, 122,

2 206 civil rights (cont.) Dred Scott and, 100 Johnson and, 101 protected rights of, 108 removal concept and, act, 133, 163, 164 civil rights (defined), 108 Civil Rights Cases (1883), Colorado, 116 Colorado Territory, 37 Compromise of 1877, 10 Confederate Quartermaster Bureau, 46 Confederate States centralization of authority within, 5, 43, collapse of authority within, 5, 44, demographics of ( ), 49 Emancipation Proclamation and, 81, 90 federal government and, 3 federal government liability for losses of, 108 federal office limitations on former officials of, 108 Fourteenth Amendment and, 109 legitimacy and, 57 postwar military districts of, 109 property rights of, 118, 135 price-fixing and, 43 slave labor and, 73 social order and heads of household, 58 slavery, 58 states rights and, 63 suffrage and, 109 U. S. Constitution and, 45 war-waging capability of, Confiscation Acts, 35, 118, 134 First (1861), 76, 77n19, 81 Second (1862), 80, 82 conscription, acts 1862 (Confederate States), 50, 51, 60 Foote s criticism of, (United States), 20, 50 African American volunteers and, 32 exemptions occupational schedule, 51 overseer, 53, 59, 61 standard service requirement, 60 twenty nigger rule, 53, 59, 61 substitutes Confederate, 62 Union, 32 constitutions Confederate States internal improvements and, 45 international slave trade and, 45 necessary and proper clause of, 45 protective tariffs and, 45 slavery and, 45 states rights and, 45, 47 supremacy clause of, 45 three-fifths rule and, 45 LeCompton (Kansas, 1858), 68 state, 47, 48, 97, 124 Tennessee, 90 United States Dred Scott and, 70 Fifteenth Amendment to, 7 gender inequality and, 139 political rights and, 110 removal concept and, 150 suffrage and, 110 Fourteenth Amendment to, 7, 104 African American rights and, 162 Bradwell and, 157 Civil Rights Act and, 105, 107, 117 citizenship and, 105 gender inequality and, 139 laborers and, 169 natural and civil rights and, 106 postwar extensions of, 8, 15 prohibited legal distinctions, 109 property accumulation and, 146 racial discrimination by states, 107 removal concept and, 150 slaughterhouse regulations and, 162 women and, 158

3 207 guarantee clause (Article Four) of, 99 Reconstruction Amendments to, 5 civil and political equality and, 110 creating equality by denying the past, 124 goal of, 121 immigrant laborers and, 111 property ownership and, 118 state constitutions and, 14 use of federal power to enforce, 151 slavery and, 13 states rights and, 68 Thirteenth Amendment to, 7, 13, 67, 87 88, 90, 98, 103, 153 African American legal status and, 155 Democratic Party and, 88 guarantee clause and, 99 Johnson and, 97 Lincoln and, 92 Republican Party and, 87 trajectory of support for, 94 Contrabands (African Americans), 72, 75, 86 contracts, 35 African Americans and, 97, 126 Civil Rights Act (1866) and, 100 free blacks and, 83 labor, 86, 111, 123, 141, 146, 166, 172 women and, 147, 157 married, 138, 139 unmarried, 139 contracts, labor, 122, 168 Cooke, Jay, 25, 39 cotton, 50 Cotton Bureau, 52 courts African American access to criminal and civil, 97 circuit, 48 Claims, 24 local, 137 Supreme Confederate, 55 U. S., 1, 28, 68, 70, 104, 113, 115, 133, 146, 153, 157, 161, 163, 169 Wisconsin, 70 currency, greenbacks, 25, 27, 29 national, paper, prewar federal government and, 25 Daily Evening Bulletin, 30 Dakota, 116 Davis, Jefferson, 44, 52, 55, 57 Dawes Act (1887), 173 debt, Confederate, 97 decentralization, 44 Delaware, 88, 94 Democratic Party slave states and, 36 Southern Conservatives and, 15 Department of Justice, 151 desertion, Confederate, 61 Douglas, Stephen A., 74 Douglass, Frederick, 71, 84, 107 draft, Union, 23, 31, 50 Dred Scott (1857), 1, 68, 100, 153 Fugative Slave Act and, 70 Dunning school, 7, 118, 174 Dunning, William A., 7 Edisto Island, 135 education, equal access to, 131 emancipation, compensated, 80 David Hunter and, 78 individual (slaves freeing themselves), 34, 65 legal limits of, problem of, politics of, 66 status of women and, 111 wage labor sharecropping after, 168 Emancipation Proclamation, Confederacy and, 81 Tennessee and, 90

4 208 embargo, cotton, 52 Enforcement/Force Acts ( ), 150, 161 enslaved Americans, 49, 64 89, 95 as domestic dependents, 124 asylum with U. S. Navy and U. S. Army, 65 conscription and, 51 Dred Scott and, 1 enlisting and arming (Confederate States), 59 property rights and, 14 restrictions on, 134, 154 slavery and, 13 Equal Rights Leagues, 130 equality contractual, 40 economic, special treatment and, 164, 176 states postwar commitment to, 121 Federalism (defined), 2 Fessenden, William Pitt, 26 First Battle of Bull Run, 19 Florida, 19, 78 Foner, Eric, 79 food crops, replacing Confederate cotton, 52 riots, 62 shortages (Confederate), 54, 58, 62 Foote, Henry, 55 Fort McHenry (Baltimore), 22 Fortress Monroe (Virginia), 65, as shelter for African Americans, 71, 73 free blacks Civil War goal of, 71, 84 confusion over status of, 58, 153 jurisdiction over, 83 restrictions on, 83, 153 rights of, 83 free soil (defined), 36 free soil, free labor, free men (Republican slogan), 32 Free State of Jones, 63 Freedmen s Aid Movement, 139 Fremont, John C., 20 Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 1, 71, 95 Dred Scott and, 70 Georgia, 19, 54, 56, 60, 61, 65, 78, 88, 115, 134 Gettysburg Address (Lincoln), 4, 91 governance, conceptions of mid-nineteenth century, 175 governors, Confederate, 55, 123 Grant, Ulysses S., 63, 96, 150 habeas corpus 1863 act, 23 removal and, act, 150 American Revolution and, 21 defined, 21 suspension of Confederate States, 53 United States, 20, Harney, William S., 74 Hepburn v. Griswold (1870), 28 Homestead Act (1862), 36, 112, 116 household governance, , 138, dependents, 33, 58, 124, 126, 154, 165 laborers as, 167 head of household, 34, 36, 39, 58, 125 African American, 127, 154 Plessy and, 165 Hunter, David, 78 John C. Fremont and, 79 Huntington, Collis, 39 Idaho, 116 Illinois, 83, 157 independence economic, 32 41, 128 land ownership and, 135 responsibility and, 124 social, 128 Indiana, 83 inequality intransigence of, legally sanctioned, 152 ethnic minority, 111

5 209 gender, 111, 125, , 147, , 187 racial, 125 Civil Rights Cases and, 164 Lochner and, 147 racial, 112 military service and, 85 Republican political vision and, 33 Iowa, 37, 83, 87 iron industry (Confederate), 52 Jefferson, Thomas, 33 Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), Johnson, Andrew, 88, 96, 108, 153 Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 100 Jones County (Mississippi), 63 Kansas, 36, 68 Kentucky, 19, 75, 88, 94 kiting, 27 Ku Klux Force Act (1871), 150 Ku Klux Klan, 143, 161 labor agricultural, 53, 166 free versus enslaved, 36 free, 141 lien laws, 167 manufacturing, 51 private property and, reforms, 141, 171 strikes, 169 wage, 40, 86, 122, 147, 166, 168 male, 159 women s, 138 land African Americans and, 135 labor conferring rights to, 134 pre-emption statutes and, 134 Land-Grant College Act, 37 lawlessness, 62 Lee, Robert E., 63, 96 legal tender, 27 Legal Tender Act (1862), 28 Lewis, John W., 54 Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 12, 19, 32, 64, 131 as a wartime dictator, 23 Lincoln, Benjamin, 96 localism, 48, 60 Confederate consequences of, 49 strict, 49 Lochner v. New York (1905), 146 Muller and, 147 Louisiana, 19, 94, 131 Colfax massacre, 163 election of 1872, 163 loyalty oath, 92, 109 Maine, 26, 83 manufacturing Confederate, 49 Confederate wartime, 51 direct taxes on, 30 Republican Party and, 38 wartime, 38 workers claims and, 171 marriage African Americans and, women and, 155, 157 Marshall, John, , 118, 124 martial law Confederate States and, 53 David Hunter and, 78 defined, 20 draft resistance and, 23 John C. Fremont and, 79 Missouri and, 19, 20, 79 suspension of habeas corpus and, 23 United States and, Maryland, 19, 21, 23, 74, 75, 94 Massachusetts, 83 Merryman, John, 22 Michigan, 83 military service, African American, 84 87, 130, 156 Militia Act (1862), 85 militias Confederate States, 19, 56, 60 nationalized, 50 South Carolina, 19 United States, 19 conscriptions and, 31 Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, 18 Mississippi, 19, 88, 151

6 210 Missouri, 19, 23, 75, 79, 94 mobilization, military, 31 Montana, 116 Montgomery Convention (February 1861), 44 Mugler v. Kansas (1887), 171n27 Muller v. Oregon (1908), 146, , 157, 158 Munn v. Illinois (1877), 171n27 National Labor Congress of Workingmen of the United States, 141 Native Americans, , 151, legal status of as domestic dependent nations (Marshall), 115, 124 as landless sovereign nations, 113 property rights and, 14 natural rights (defined), 106 Naturalization Act (1790), 83 Nebraska, 37 Nevada, 37, 116 New Hampshire, 83 New Jersey, 87 New Orleans, 137 New York, 83, 87 New York Herald, 16 Newton, Bella, 120, 122, 136, 140 Newton, William and Susan, 120, 127, 142 Noblin, Alexander, 120, 127, 142 North Carolina, 19, 52, 53, 56, 65, 85, 120, 132, 168 Northwest Territorial Ordinance (1787), 117 Nullification Crisis (South Carolina, 1832), 2 Nullification ordinances, 109 Ohio, 26, 83 Oregon, 116, 146, 147, 159 Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 37 Plessy v. Ferguson (1898), political rights as a privilege, 108 property ownership, 35, 83, 100 coverture, 138, 147 private Confederate, 118 Indian lands and, 117 labor and, Western lands and, workplace as employer s, 171 public equal access to, 132 segregation, 164 rights and, 126 protective tariffs, 38, 45 Quartermaster s Department (Confederate), 53 railroads Confederate, 49 military control of, 54 federal support for construction of, 52 nationalizing, 51 sectionalism and, 37 transcontinental, 37, 116 Native Americans and, 38, 116 subsidies for, 37 Railway v. Minnesota (1890), 171n27 Reconstruction, defined, 13 end of, 10 -era legal changes, 14 conceptions of, 14 federal jurisdiction and, 91 issues that derailed, 93 objections to Johnson s plan for, 98 revising Johnson s plan for, 100 tasks of, 4 Ten Percent Plan and, 93 Thirteenth Amendment and, 87 Reconstruction Acts, 109 removal concept (defined), 150 Republican party Congressional, 12, , 116, 118, 121, 150 Republican Party Congressional extension of federal authority and, 24

7 211 economic policies of, 17 political agenda of, 32, 68, 91 frontier thesis and, 117 slavery and, 69 states rights and, 68 territorial vision of the United States, 37, 91 Rhode Island, 83 rights, active seizure of, by African Americans, civil, 6, 14, 40, 58, 83, 97, 103 defined, 131 legislative response to violating, 150 social justice and, 149 violating, 163 civil (defined), 106 economic, 170 individual, 121 legal order and, 148, 175 labor, 126 legal process and, 126 of assembly, 83, 163 over subordinate peoples, 126, 143, 144, 149 political, 6, 14, 33, 40, 58, 83, 97, 103 legislative response to violating, 150 political citizenship and, 108 political defined, 106, 108 property, 126 Republican Party and, 133 social (defined), 131 to earn a livelihood, 170 to rise (Lincoln), 32 women s, 148, riots Baltimore (April 27, 1861), 19, 21 bread (1863), 42 43, 57 Richmond (Virginia), 42, 57 Salisbury (North Carolina), 42 draft (New York City, 1863), 32 race (Memphis and New Orleans, 1866), 143 Scott, Winfield, 21, 72 secession, 12 as a revolution (Davis), 44 centralization and, 47 constitutional legality of, 92, 98 decentralization and, 49 issues leading to, 2, 45 Lincoln s perception of, 19, 22 Republican Party and, 35 slavery and, 3 states rights and, 2, 5, 43 Second Freedmen s Bureau Act (1866), 100, 101, , 129 Johnson and, 101, 102 Second National Bank, 25 separate but equal doctrine, 165 sharecroppers, 168 Shays s Rebellion, 99 Sherman, T. S., 75 Sherman, William T., 75 Slaughter-House Cases (1873), 162, 169 slavery, 13 as an extension of household governance, Declaration of Independence and, 67, 69 District of Columbia and, 78 expansion of (into western territories), 64 federal territories and, 78 Lincoln and, 64 Northwest Territorial Ordinance and, 69 prohibition of, in many Western territories, 34 states rights and, 70, 80 U. S. Constitution and, 66, 67, 69, 71, 87 war powers and, 79 white southerners and, 58 Smith, Adam, 26 social order legal order and, 135, 136 women s perceptions of, 140 South Carolina, 2, 18, 65, 78, 134, 144, 151, 161, 167 Stanford, Leland, 39 Stanton, Edward, 77

8 212 State v. Cruikshank (1876), 162 states rights, 68, 107 civil and political rights and, 121 Plessy and, 165 post-revolution, 47 Stone, Kate, 65 suffrage, 108, 109 African American men and, 109 Sumner, Charles, 79 Taney, Roger B., 22 taxes, direct, 30 income, in-kind, Confederate, on agricultural produce, 52 Ten Percent Plan (December 1863), 92 94, 96, 98 Tennessee, 19, 53, 82, 90, 94 Lincoln Country petition, 97, 129 Lincoln County petition, 92, 96, 156 Texas, 19 treasury notes, 16 18, 24 Treaty of Paris, 38 Trumbull, Lyman, 99 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 117 Utah, 37 Vance, Zebulon, 56 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 39 Vermont, 83 violence, 149 against African Americans, , 161, 163 Enforcement/Force Acts and, 150 organized, 143 Virginia, 19, 52, 53, 65 Vorenberg, Michael, 87 voting rights free black, 1860, 83 war powers, defined (Adams), 79 extended to Congress, 98 wards of the state illegitimate children as, 154 Washington, 116 Washington, D. C., 19 Weekly Wisconsin Patriot, 1 West Virginia, 94 West, American, , 119 military presence in, 116 Whig Party, 37 Wisconsin, 70, 83 Wyoming Territory, 37