The Reconstruction Battle Begins

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2 The Reconstruction Battle Begins Effects of the Civil War Change in meaning of American nationality Southern cities and farms in ruins Emancipation of slaves

3 The Reconstruction Battle Begins Abraham Lincoln s Plan Bring states together ASAP; respect private property Oath of allegiance to U.S. and laws Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill Required 50% of white male citizens to take loyalty oath before rewriting state s constitution Equality before law for former slaves Pocket vetoed by Lincoln

4 The Reconstruction Battle Begins Radical Republicans Prevent leaders of Confederacy from returning to power Wanted Republican Party to become powerful in South Guarantee African Americans voting rights Redistribution of Land Butler in Louisiana Sherman in Atlantic South Freedmen s Bureau Provide necessities to former slaves Managed abandoned lands

5 Johnson Takes Office Lincoln assassinated by John Booth Excluded officers and planter elite from pardon Southern legislatures enacted black codes Kept African Americans in a condition similar to slavery Children had to accept apprenticeships Adults to enter annual labor contracts Adults to get licenses to work in nonagricultural jobs

6 Radical Republicans Take Control Civil Rights Act & Fourteenth Amendment passed in 1866 Waving the bloody shirt Military Reconstruction Act Divided Confederacy into military districts Officers supervised registration of voters

7 Radical Republicans Take Control Passed the Tenure of Office Act Required Senate to approve removal of any gov t official Johnson wanted less radical officials Johnson fired Stanton House impeaches Johnson Senate acquits Johnson by one vote Criminal actions should be deemed impeachable Fear of Wade s policies

8 Radical Republicans Take Control Grant elected president in 1868 Had no experience in politics African Americans vote for Grant Republicans retain majorities in Congress Ku Klux Klan threatened elections Fifteenth Amendment (1869) All citizens have the right to vote Exact qualifications not included

9 The Meaning of Freedom Slaves left their home of servitude Many returned to seek work Others moved to cities Left predominantly white counties Church becomes first institution controlled by African Americans Segregated churches Baptist or Methodist churches Sharecropping

10 Republican Rule in the South African Americans Carpetbaggers From the North Won offices in FL, SC, and LA Scalawags Native Southern whites Modernists, small farmers, etc.

11 Southern Resistance Ku Klux Klan forms to drive out union troops and carpetbaggers from the South Terrorized African Americans & carpetbaggers Attempted to keep African Americans & Republicans from voting Enforcement Acts passed Crime to interfered with a citizen s right to vote Elections under supervision of federal marshals Outlawed Ku Klux Klan activities

12 Reconstructing the North Manufacturing economy Second to Great Britain Wage earners Pacific Railway Act of 1862 Union/Central Pacific companies Transcontinental railroad Railroads become first U.S. big business Liberal Republicans support businesses

13 The New South A South that would use its resources to develop industry Textile factories; coal, iron, steel processing Railroads expand Southern recovery limited Untrained labor force; low wages Few strong banks

14 African Americans Lose Freedoms State governments limit voting rights Poll taxes & literacy tests established Grandfather clause exempts whites Jim Crow laws Upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Separate but equal

15 The Grant Administration Grant scandals during 2 nd term Crédit Mobilier: Fraudulent contracts made with Union Pacific railroad Sec. of War William Belknap resigns after accepting bribes Whiskey Ring false tax reports Democrats investigate and embarrass Republicans Panic of 1873 Caused by bad railroad investments Jay Cooke and Company declare bankruptcy Stock market plummets; businesses shut down

16 Reconstruction Ends Reconstruction policies begin to wane Democrats win back support in the South Exceptions include FL, LA, and SC Rutherford B. Hayes Wins controversial victory over Samuel Tilden Compromise of 1877 Pulls troops out of the South Ends Reconstruction

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