Acknowledgments Editorial Notice Overview of International Law and Institutions PART I INTRODUCTION 1

Transcription

1 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Editorial Notice Overview of International Law and Institutions xix xxi xxiii xxv PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 Historical and Conceptual Foundations 3 A. Constitutional Background 3 1. Declaration of Independence 4 2. Articles of Confederation 6 3. United States Constitution 7 Federalist No. 3 (Jay) 8 Federalist No. 4 (Jay) 8 Federalist No. 11 (Hamilton) 9 Federalist No. 15 (Hamilton) 9 Federalist No. 42 (Madison) 9 Federalist No. 75 (Hamilton) 10 Federalist No. 80 (Hamilton) 10 Notes and Questions 11 B. Neutrality Controversy of Proclamation, April 22, Pacificus No Helvidius Nos. 1, 2 16 Grand Jury Charge of John Jay 20 Neutrality Act of Notes and Questions 22 C. Nature of U.S. Foreign Relations Authority 25 Ex parte Merryman 26 Chinese Exclusion Case (Chae Chan Ping v. United States) 27 Carter v. Carter Coal Co. 28 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 29 Notes and Questions 33 Note on Approaches to Constitutional Interpretation 37 PART II GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS 41 Chapter 2 Courts and Foreign Relations 43 xi

2 xii Contents A. Jurisdiction over Foreign Relations Cases 43 B. Justiciability: Standing, Ripeness, Mootness 45 Campbell v. Clinton 45 Notes and Questions 50 C. Political Question Doctrine 55 Goldwater v. Carter 56 Zivotofsky v. Clinton 60 Notes and Questions 63 D. Act of State Doctrine 69 Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino 70 Notes and Questions 78 E. Presumption Against Extraterritoriality 86 Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd. 86 Notes and Questions 96 F. International Comity and Abstention 107 Ungaro-Benages v. Dresdner Bank AG 107 Notes and Questions 111 G. Judicial Deference to the Executive Branch 119 Mingtai Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. United Parcel Service 120 Gonzalez v. Reno 122 De Los Santos Mora v. New York 126 Notes and Questions 128 Chapter 3 Congress and the President in Foreign Relations 135 A. Sources of Congressional Power 136 Fong Yue Ting v. United States 136 United States v. Clark 139 United States v. Bellaizac-Hurtado 143 Notes and Questions 145 B. Sources of Executive Power 155 President Monroe s Annual Message to Congress, December 2, Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography 156 William Howard Taft, Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers 156 George W. Bush, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Sept. 2002) 157 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 158 Notes and Questions 166 C. Relationship Between Congress and the President Congressional Support for Presidential Action 173 Dames & Moore v. Regan 173 Notes and Questions Conflicts Between Congress and the President 184

3 Contents xiii Zivotofsky v. Kerry (Zivotofsky II) 184 Memorandum from Walter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to Abner J. Mikva, Counsel to the President, Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes (Nov. 2, 1994) 202 Notes and Questions 204 Chapter 4 States and Foreign Relations 217 A. Statutory Preemption 218 Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council 218 Arizona v. United States 223 Notes and Questions 233 B. Treaty Preemption 236 Clark v. Allen 236 Notes and Questions 239 C. Dormant and Executive Branch Preemption 240 Zschernig v. Miller 240 American Insurance Association v. Garamendi 244 Notes and Questions 251 D. Federal Common Law of Foreign Relations 259 Republic of the Philippines v. Marcos 259 Torres v. Southern Peru Copper 261 Pacheco de Perez v. AT&T Co. 262 Patrickson v. Dole Food Co. 264 Notes and Questions 269 PART III INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE U.S. LEGAL SYSTEM 273 Chapter 5 Treaties 275 A. Self-Execution 276 Foster v. Neilson 276 Asakura v. City of Seattle 276 Medellin v. Texas 278 Notes and Questions 287 B. Conflicts Between Treaties and Federal Statutes 294 Whitney v. Robertson 294 Cook v. United States 295 Notes and Questions 296 C. The Treaty Power and Federalism 299 Geofroy v. Riggs 299

4 xiv Contents Missouri v. Holland 302 Bond v. United States 304 Notes and Questions 316 D. Conditional Consent 325 Power Authority of New York v. Federal Power Commission 326 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 330 U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 332 Louis Henkin, U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Conventions: The Ghost of Senator Bricker 333 Notes and Questions 337 E. Delegation of Authority to International Institutions 345 Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon 345 Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA 349 Notes and Questions 351 F. Interpretation, Termination, and Unsigning of Treaties Treaty Interpretation by U.S. Courts 360 El Al Israel Airlines v. Tseng The Role of the President and Senate in Treaty Interpretation 364 Memorandum from Charles J. Cooper, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to Abraham D. Sofaer, Legal Adviser, Department of State, Relevance of Senate Ratification History to Treaty Interpretation The President s Authority to Terminate Treaties 369 Goldwater v. Carter Presidential Unsigning of Treaties 375 Notes and Questions 377 Chapter 6 Executive Agreements 389 A. Congressional-Executive Agreements 389 Made in the USA Foundation v. United States 390 Memorandum from Walter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, to Michael Kantor, U.S. Trade Representative 393 Letter from Senators Biden and Helms to Secretary of State Powell 395 Notes and Questions 396 B. Sole Executive Agreements 403 United States v. Belmont 403 U.S. State Department, Foreign Affairs Manual 405 Case-Zablocki Act 406 Notes and Questions 406 C. Political Commitments The Atlantic Charter 413 Joint Declaration by the President and Prime Minister (The Atlantic Charter) Agreement with Iran Concerning Production of Nuclear Weapons Material 414

5 Contents xv Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 415 Notes and Questions 417 Chapter 7 Customary International Law 423 A. Part of Our Law 424 The Paquete Habana 424 Filartiga v. Pena-Irala 427 Notes and Questions 433 B. Alien Tort Statute: Nature and Source of the Cause of Action 440 Torture Victim Protection Act 441 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain 442 Notes and Questions 452 C. Alien Tort Statute: Corporate Liability and Extraterritoriality 458 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 458 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 464 Notes and Questions 471 D. Foreign Sovereign Immunity 482 Saudi Arabia v. Nelson 484 Notes and Questions 490 Note on Diplomatic and Consular Immunity 502 E. Individual Official Immunity 506 Samantar v. Yousuf 506 Yousuf v. Samantar (Samantar II) 512 Notes and Questions 517 F. The Charming Betsy Canon 523 Ma v. Reno 524 Serra v. Lapin 526 Notes and Questions 529 G. Reliance on Foreign and International Materials in Constitutional Interpretation 533 Roper v. Simmons 533 Notes and Questions 539 PART IV CRIME, WAR, AND TERRORISM 547 Chapter 8 International Crime 549 A. The Constitution Abroad 549 Reid v. Covert 549 United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez 553 Notes and Questions 558 B. Extraterritorial Application of Federal Criminal Statutes 560 United States v. Yunis 560

6 xvi Contents United States v. Lawrence 563 Notes and Questions 567 C. Piracy 573 United States v. Dire 573 United States v. Ali 579 Notes and Questions 584 D. Extradition 586 Treaty on Extradition Between the United States of America and Canada 587 Lo Duca v. United States 593 Ntakirutimana v. Reno 598 Notes and Questions 604 E. Extraterritorial Abduction 609 United States v. Alvarez-Machain 609 Notes and Questions 617 Chapter 9 War Powers 621 A. Congress s Role in Authorizing War Historical Background 621 Federalist No. 24 (Hamilton) 623 Federalist No. 25 (Hamilton) 624 Federalist No. 69 (Hamilton) The Undeclared War with France 625 Bas v. Tingy The War of Brown v. United States The Vietnam War 633 Orlando v. Laird 634 Notes and Questions 635 B. The President s Independent Military Powers The Mexican-American War The Bombardment of Greytown 645 Durand v. Hollins The Civil War 646 The Prize Cases The Korean War The Libya Intervention of Memorandum Opinion from Caroline D. Krass, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to the Attorney General, Authority to Use Military Force in Libya 653 Notes and Questions 658 C. Congress s Ability to Regulate the President s Use of Force 666 Little v. Barreme 666 War Powers Resolution 668 War Crimes Act of 1996 (as amended) 670

7 Contents xvii Memorandum from Walter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to Alan J. Kreczko, Special Assistant to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council, Placing of United States Armed Forces Under United Nations Operational or Tactical Control 671 Memorandum from Randolph D. Moss, Assistant Attorney General, to the Attorney General, Authorization for Continuing Hostilities in Kosovo 673 Testimony by Legal Adviser Harold Hongju Koh, U.S. Department of State, on Libya and War Powers, Before Senate Foreign Relations Committee 677 Notes and Questions 678 D. Covert Action Historical Background Statutory and Regulatory Framework U.S.C Presidential Approval and Reporting of Covert Actions 692 Executive Order 12,333: United States Intelligence Activities (as amended) The 1998 Covert Action Against Osama Bin Laden 696 Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 696 Notes and Questions 698 E. War and Individual Liberties The Civil War 705 Ex parte Milligan World War II 710 Korematsu v. United States 710 Ex parte Endo Vietnam War 719 New York Times Co. v. United States 719 Notes and Questions 723 Chapter 10 Terrorism 731 A. World War II Precedents 731 Ex parte Quirin 731 Johnson v. Eisentrager 736 Notes and Questions 739 B. Military Detention of Alleged Terrorists 743 Authorization for Use of Military Force 743 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 744 Notes and Questions 751 C. Military Commission Trials 770 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 770 Notes and Questions 779 D. Territorial Scope of Habeas Jurisdiction 785 Boumediene v. Bush 786

8 xviii Contents Notes and Questions 799 E. Interrogation, Surveillance, and Targeted Killing Coercive Interrogation 805 Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 805 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 806 U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Cong. Rec. S U.S.C U.S.C. 2340A 808 Memorandum from Jay S. Bybee, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C A 808 Memorandum from Daniel Levin, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to James B. Comey, Deputy Attorney General, Legal Standards Applicable Under 18 U.S.C A 811 Notes and Questions Targeted Killing 819 Al-Aulaqi v. Obama 819 Speech by Harold Hongju Koh, State Department Legal Adviser, at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law 824 Speech by Attorney General Eric Holder, at Northwestern University School of Law 825 Notes and Questions 827 Appendix A: Constitution of the United States 839 Appendix B: Select Jurisdictional Provisions 855 Appendix C: Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 863 Table of Cases 877 Index 887