Ans 4.D. Explanation: All given statements are correct(article 14,article18,article 17 and article 16) Article deals with right to equality

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1 Ans 1. D Explanation: All given statements are correct Topic: Introduction to Indian Polity Ans 2.A. Explanation: Constituent assembly was not directly elected by the people.(partly elected partly nominated) Even though, the constituent assembly was not elected by all citizens, it comprised representatives of all sections of the society including women. so,it was not proper to say that the constituent assembly did not represent the Indian people Topic: Introduction to Indian Polity Ans 3.A. Explanation: Part III Of The Constitution Deals With Fundamental Rights, which are Justiciable, not Absolute In nature(reasonable Restrictions can be imposed) Topic: Fundamental Rights Ans 4.D. Explanation: All given statements are correct(article 14,article18,article 17 and article 16) Article deals with right to equality Topic: Fundamental Rights Ans 5. D. Explanation: All given statements are correct.(article23, 21,30,&32) Topic: Fundamental Rights Ans 6. B Explanation: DPSPs are non justiciable in nature 44 th amendment act removed right to property as a fundamental right by repealing article 19(1)(f) and article 31 from part III of the constitution At present its only a legal right Topic: FR DPSP Difficulty Level: moderate Ans 7. B. Explanation: The Indian constitution embodies positive secularism. Topic: FR Ans 8. A. Explanation: Article 3 authorises the Parliament to: (a) form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state, (b) increase the area of any state, (c) diminish the area of any state, (d) alter the boundaries of any state, and (e) alter the name of any state Ans 9. D Explanation: 73rd constitutional amendment act is about rural local government. other three given statements are correct Ans 10 D Explanation: All given statements are correct Topic: Local Govt Difficulty Level: difficult Ans 11.D Explanation: Indian constitution provides for single citizenship. division of powers is one of the main features of federal form of government. Topic: Intro to Indian Polity

2 Difficulty Level: Difficult Ans 12. B Explanation: Forests is a concurrent subject. Topic:Centre-state relations Ans. 13 B Topic : Center state relations Explanation: Forest and education comes under concurrent list and both centre and states can make laws on them Ans 14 C Topic: Judiciary Explanation: Even though, senior most judge is appointed normally as chief justice of India, chief justice of India is appointed by the president and not by the prime minister Ans 15 D Topic: Intro to Indian Polity Explanation: It is not necessary to make a fresh reference to the state legislature every time an amendment to the bill is moved and accepted in Parliament. In case of a union territory, no reference need be made to the concerned legislature to ascertain its views and the Parliament can itself take any action as it deems fit. Constitution authorises the Parliament to form new states or alter the areas, boundaries or names of the existing states without their consent. In other words, the Parliament can redraw the political map of India according to its will. Hence, the territorial integrity or continued existence of any state is not guaranteed by the Constitution. Therefore, India is rightly described as an indestructible union of destructible states. Ans 16 D Topic : Judiciary Explanation: All given statements are correct. Ans 17 C Topic: FR Explanation: Writ of Habeas Corpus: This writ is used to protect individual's liberty. Habeas Corpus literally means 'to have the body' i.e. physically producing the person whose detention is questioned before the court in order to enable the court to ascertain the grounds of detention. Mandamus literally means 'command', therefore when it is issued it commands a public authority or officer to do or not to do something which is in the nature of his/her public duty. Quo warranto-this writ can be issued only against a person holding a public office in order to ensure that a public office is not usurped by a person who is not qualified to hold the office. Certiorari - court orders a lower court / other authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the higher authority or court. Ans 18 C Topic : FR Explanation: Right to work is not a fundamental right. It comes under article 41(directive principles of state policy).other three given statements are correct. Ans 19 D Topic : State Machinery

3 Explanation: A state legislature that has two houses known as Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad, is a bicameral legislature. In Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, there are two Houses known as legislative council and legislative assembly. In the remaining states, there is only one House known as legislative assembly. Ans 20 D Topic : Schedules All given statements are correct. Ans 21 D All statements are correct. Ans 22 C Explanation: An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. Article 75 deals with collective responsibility says council of ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. They are answerable to the Rajya Sabha but not responsible because RS cannot pass either no confidence motion or adjournment motion. Ans 23 C Explanation: Article 110 of the Constitution deals with money bills. A money bill can be introduced / originated only in Lok Sabha (or in legislative assembly in case of bicameral legislature in states).once a money bill is passed in the Lok Sabha and sent to the Rajya Sabha for its consideration. Rajya Sabha has following limited powers in this context It can accept the bill It can neither reject nor amend the money bill. It can make only recommendations and has to return the bill with or without recommendations to Lok Sabha in 14 days. If Rajya Sabha does not even return the bill in 14 days, it is considered passed in both houses. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept all or any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha. Whether accepted or not, thus returned bill is considered passed in both. There is no provision of joint sitting in case of money bills because opinion of Rajya Sabha is immaterial in this case. Difficulty Level: Difficult Ans 24 B Explanation: The only ground for impeachment of president is violation of the constitution. But, constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase violation of the constitution. The president can give his assent, withhold his assent, but cannot return the money bill for reconsideration of the parliament. Normally the president gives his assent to the bill as it is introduced in the parliament with his prior permission. Ans 25 B Explanation: The prime minister can be a member of the Lok sabha or the Rajya sabha. He must become a member of either of the houses within six months if he is not a member at the time of his selection as prime minister. The size of union council of ministers shall not exceed 15% of total number of members of the lok sabha. Since prime minister is the head of the council of ministers, the other ministers cannot function when the prime minister s office become vacant (re-signs or dies etc). In other words, the council of ministers automatically dissolves and thereby generates a vacuum. However, the resignation or death of any other minister merely creates a vacancy. The cabinet decisions bind all cabinet ministers even if they differed in the cabinet meeting-principle of collective responsibility Difficulty Level: Difficult Ans 26 B

4 Explanation: Article 75-The President should appoint the leader of the majority party or alliance which is in majority in the Lower house (Lok Sabha) as the Prime Minister of India. However, when no party or alliance enjoys majority, the President enjoys the discretion to appoint the leader of the single largest party or alliance as the Prime Minister. But he has to seek a vote of confidence in the Lower House of the Parliament within a month. Ans 27 D Explanation: Nominating the candidates will be done by the political party. election commission doesn t play a role in conducting elections to the panchayat (done by the state election commission) Ans 28 C First pass the post system-the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate in the constituency wins. (the highest number, not necessarily a majority, of votes is elected) Ans 29 D The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history. Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. For example-it attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. Ans 30 C Idea of concurrent list is borrowed from Australian constitution. Ans 31 C Explanation: United states constitution - concept of judicial review Irish constitution - directive principles of state policy French constitution - principles of liberty, equality and fraternity. Canadian constitution - Idea of residual powers Ans 32 B Explanation: Though the Indian Constitution is federal and envisages a dual polity (Centre and states), it provides for only a single citizenship, that is, the Indian citizenship. The citizens in India owe allegiance only to the Union. There is no separate state citizenship. The other federal states like USA and Switzerland, on the other hand, adopted the system of double citizenship. In USA, each person is not only a citizen of USA but also of the particular state to which he belongs. Thus, he owes allegiance to both and enjoys dual sets of rights one set conferred by the national government and another by the state government. Ans 33 C Explanation: Election commission is not concerned with elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states.it is done by the state election commission. Difficulty Level: Difficult Ans 34 A Explanation: Article 72- Pardon: means complete pardon. It removes both the sentence and conviction and completely absolves the convict from all sentences, punishments and disqualifications. Reprieve: Temporary suspension of sentence (stay of the execution of a sentence for a temporary period to enable the convict to seek pardon or commutation from the president) Respite: awarding lesser sentence due to some special fact such as pregnancy of women offender or physical disability of a convict. Commutation: Changing one form of punishment to lighter form. For example- death sentence commuted to rigorous imprisonment for ten years.

5 Ans 35 D All given the statements are correct. Ans 36 D All the given statements are correct. Ans 37 C Explanation: The resolution for removing the vice president of India can be moved in the Rajya Sabha alone. Article 67(b) -The Vice-President cannot be formally impeached, unlike the President. He can be removed by the resolution of Rajya Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha. Ans 38 C Explanation: The purpose of the inclusion of directive principles of state policy in the Indian constitution is to estabelish social and economic democracy. (political democracy by fundamental rights) Ans 39 B Explanation: The constitution of India recognizes only religious and linguistic minorities-article 29. Ans 40 C Explanation: Money bill can be introduced in the state legislature only on the recommendation of governor of the state. Ans 41 B Explanation: The President of India is vested with the following three types of veto power. 1. Absolute Veto (withholding assent to the bill) 2. Suspensive Veto (overridden by the legislature with an ordinary majority) 3. Pocket Veto (taking no action on the bill passed by the legislature) (qualified veto is a power possessed by the American president and not by the president of India which needs to be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority) Ans 42 C Explanation: Nominal and real executives, majority party rule, collective responsibility to the Lok Sabha, dissolution of lower house is some of the features of Parliamentary form of government. Ans 43 B Explanation: Citizenship(Amendment) Bill, 2016 has been amended to make it religion neutral following its widespread criticism. Now, it includes persecuted minorities irrespective of religion. The Bill allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law. This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences (eg. parking in a no parking zone). Ans 44 C The constitution of India cannot be amended by the special majority of the Lok Sabha only (special majority in both houses of the parliament-article 368).therefore no such provision. Ans 45 A Ans 46 A

6 Explanation: 73 rd constitutional amendment act- panchayati raj 74 th constitutional amendment act- muncipalties. 42 nd constitutional amendment act - fundamental duties. 44 th constitutional amendment act- deleted right to property as a fundamental right. Ans 47 D Explanation: All the statements are correct. written constitution, judicial review, federal system, fundamental rights limit the sovereignty of Indian parliament. Ans 48 C Explanation: Constitutional provisions with respect to enactment of budget-no demand for grant is to be made except on the recommendation of the president Ans 49 D Explanation: Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a Union of States rather than a Federation of States. The country is described as Union although its Constitution is federal in structure. According to Dr B R Ambedkar, the phrase Union of States has been preferred to Federation of States for two reasons: one, the Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states like the American Federation; and two, the states have no right to secede from the federation. The federation is a Union because it is indestructible. India has single citizenship while the US has dual citizenship. Ans 50 D Explanation: The Supreme Court, however, held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Court stated that the opinion tendered by it in the Berubari Union (1960) in this regard was wrong, and held that the Preamble can be amended, subject to the condition that no amendment is done to the basic features. In other words, the Court held that the basic elements or the fundamental features of the Constitution as contained in the Preamble cannot be altered by an amendment under Article 368. Ans 51 C Explanation: The homogeneity in the composition has named this layer upto 90km of atmosphere as homosphere. Above 90km its s called heterosphere due to its changing composition. Ans 52 D Topic: Basic geography and geomorphology Explanation: sociology/social/cultural Geography encompasses the study of society and its spatial dynamics as well as the cultural elements contributed by the society Pedology/Soil Geography is devoted to study the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use. Human geography and its study is demography Ans 53 B Explanation: Troposphere spreads up to 16km at equator and at poles the height is about 10km. Reason behind spread up to 16km at equator is as stated in statement 2. Ans 54 D Explanation: Longer the length of the day, longer is the insolation. Higher the altitude of a place, lesser the angel of sun rays. Thus the net energy gets distributed in a larger area and the energy received per unit area decreases. Higher lands are away from the main heat source (Ground: conduction and convection) Thus cooler and less insolation.

7 Sunspots are responsible for the periodic disturbances and explosions on the surface of the sun which in turn influences the amount of insolation received. Concept of Aphelion and perihelion influences the amount of insolation (Nearer the sun to the earth, more is the insolation and vice-versa) Ans 55 B Explanation: Advection-Transfer of heat through horizontal movement of the air. Conduction- Process of heat transfer between two bodies of unequal temperature when they are in contact. Convection- The process of vertical heating of the atmosphere. Ans 56 B Topic: Geomorphology Explanation: El Tatio is a famous geyser field situated within the Ander Mountains. Northern Chile at 4300meters height. El Tatio is the third largest field on the earth and largest field in southern hemisphere. Ans 57 A Explanation: Thermally induced pressure belts are result of the difference in the temperatures whereas dynamically induced pressure belts are the result of end effect of thermally induced pressure belts. Ans 58 C Explanation: Atmospheric motion or wind movements are divided into three categories. Primary circulation of wind movements includes planetary wind systems. Secondary circulation includes cyclones, anti-cyclones, monsoons and air masses. Tertiary circulation includes local winds. Ans 59 B Topic: Geomorphology Explanation: Mercury, Venus, Earth and mars are called as the inner planets as they lie between the sun and the belt of asteroids the other five planets are called the outer planets Ans 60 D Explanation: High altitude clouds found between 6000 to 12000m. Cirrus, cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus are examples. Middle clouds found between 2100 to 6000m. Altostratus and altocumulus are examples. Low clouds are found below 2100m. Stratocumulus, stratus and nimbostratus are the examples. Ans 61 B Explanation: Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27 degree Celsius. This large area helps in intensification with continuous supply of moisture. Ans 62 B Explanation: The continuous vertical upliftment of air parcel results in formation of cumulonimbus clouds. This extends up to height of 20km. Lifting of the air can be caused by:

8 Unequal warming of the earth surface Orographic lifting of air flow Dynamic lifting because of frontal zone. Ans 63 D Explanation: Barometer is the instrument used to record pressure at different locations. Hypsometer is used to measure the absolute height above sea level Pyrometer is used to measure very high temperatures Cryometer is used to measure very low temperatures. Ans 64 C Topic: Oceanography, Current affairs Explanation: Apart from the two statements, these plastics break down to smaller polymers, concentration of suspended particulates in the upper water column makes the patch invisible from satellite photography. Ans 65 A Topic: Oceanography, Current affairs Explanation: Technology introduced by Charlie Paton(Britisher) to enable cultivation of crops in arid regions by using seawater and solar energy. The technique of pumping sea water helps to humidify and cool the air and also it is evaporated by solar heating and then distilled to produce fresh water. This technology is a response to global water crisis. Ans 66 Level: Easy B Topic: Oceanography Explanation: Ocean bottom topography is divided majorly into the continental shelf, the continental slope, Oceanic deeps and The deep sea plains. Continental shelves are the shallowest part and extended margins of the continent.continental slopes connect the shelves with oceanic basins. These structures sharply drop off into a steep slope. Deep-sea plains are the flattest and smoothest regions on the earth. Depths vary between m. These are covered with fine-grained sediments like clay and silt. Trenches are about 3-5 km deep. Occur along the island arcs, active volcanoes and strong earthquakes Ans 67 C Topic: Oceanography Explanation:Sea mounts are those mountains rising from the seafloor. These do water surface. Guyouts are the flat topped sea mounts. not reach the Ans 68 A Topic: Oceanography Explanation: Indian ocean-70,560,000sq.km Atlantic ocean-85,133,000sq.km Pacific ocean-168,723,000sq.km Southern ocean-21,960,000sq.km Arctic ocean- 15,558,000sq.km Ans 69 C Topic: Oceanography Explanation: Atlantic ocean- Angola,Gulfstream,Falklandetc Pacific ocean-kuroshio,oyashio,north equatorial etc

9 Indian Ocean-East Australian current, Mozambique etc Arctic Ocean- beaufort current, transpolar drift stream etc Southern Ocean- Antarticcircumpolar,Tasman outflow etc Ans 70 D Topic: Oceanography Answer: d Explanation: Latitude- temperature of surface water decreases from equator to poles. Unequal distribution of land and water- Northern hemisphere receives more heat due to their contact with larger extent of land. Prevailing winds- winds blowing from land increases the temperature and vice versa. Ocean currents- Warm currents increase the temperature and vice versa. Submarine ridges are formed due to eruptions of magma. This increased temperature increases the temperature of ocean water Ans 71 A Topic: Origin of Universe Explaination : Light year - Distance that the light can travel in one year Astronomical unit-distance between the sun and earth. It is used to measure distance within the solar system Parsec- Distance from earth to a star with a parallax of 1 arc second Ans 72 D Topic : Origin of universe Explaination : 1) Umbra region is that region from which all direct sunlight is excluded during solar eclipse. 2) Penumbra region is that region of diffused sunlight during the solar eclipse Difficulty Level : Difficult Ans 73 C Topic: Origin of Universe Explaination: 1) Venera was a mission to venus by USSR Space agency. 2) It was the first man made mission to enter atmosphere of other planet and make a soft landing on it. Level: Difficult Ans. C 74 Topic : Evolution of the earth Explaination: 1) Tilt of the earth s axis responsible for different seasons 2) Tilt of the earth s axis is responsible for the length of day and night. 3) Earth s axis is tilted at an angel of 66.5 degrees from the eliptical orbit plane Level : Easy Ans. 75 A Topic : Earth s Structure Answer: a Explaination : Otions 1, 2 and 3 are the direct souces of information unlike options 4,5 and 6 Ans 76 D Topic : Earth s Structure Explaination: 1) Hypocenter is the point where the seismic energy is released 2) Epicenter is the point on the surface nearest to the focus of an earthquake Level: Easy

10 Ans. 77 C Topic : Earth s structure Explaination : 1) Foreshocks are those earthquakes that precede larger earthquakes. 2) Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes following the main earthquake Level : Easy Ans 78 D Topic: Geomorphology Explanation: major plates are as follows : (i) Antarctica and the surrounding oceanic plate (ii) North American (with western Atlantic floor separated from the South American plate along the Caribbean islands) plate (iii) South American (with western Atlantic floor separated from the North American plate along the Caribbean islands) plate (iv) Pacific plate (v) India-Australia-New Zealand plate (vi) Africa with the eastern Atlantic floor plate (vii) Eurasia and the adjacent oceanic plate. Some important minor plates are listed below: (i) Cocos plate : Between Central America and Pacific plate (ii) Nazca plate : Between South America and Pacific plate (iii) Arabian plate : Mostly the Saudi Arabian landmass (iv) Philippine plate : Between the Asiatic and Pacific plate Level: Easy Ans 79 C Topic : Climatology Explaination : It s then that the atmosphere would be cooled of the most before receiving the sunlight Level : Moderate Ans. 80 A Topic : Soil Bio- geography Explaination: 1) These bacteria releases certain volatile chemical compounds(geosmin and 2 methyl isoborneol) that gives the peculiar smell 2) Streptomycetes are grouped under actinomycetes. 3) They are abundantly present in dry warm soil. 4) Smell can be felt on newly ploughed fields also. Level : Moderate Ans. 81 C Topic: Earthquakes Explaination : 1) Megaquakes are theoretically those quakes which register a magnitude of 10 and above but realistically it is not possible. 2) Earthquake lights are those which doesnot have a theory to explain its occurrence Level : Moderate Ans. 82 D Topic : Volcanism Explaination : 1) The term vulcanisity covers all the processes in which molten rock material or magma rises into the crust or is poured out on its surface there to solidify as a crystalline or semicrystalline rock. Vulcanisity is a broader mechanism that is related to environment, endogenetic and exogenetic mechanism. 2) The term volcano refers to the vent or opening through which heated materials containing gases, water, lava and fragments of rocks are ejected Level : Moderate Ans. 83 C Topic : Volcanism Explaination : 3 rd statement is wrong because magma is the term to be used. Lava as a term is used only when the magma has popped out onto the surface of the earth. Level : Moderate Ans. 84

11 Topic: Oceanography Explanation: Temperature is directly related to thermal expansion which controls the density of the water. Temp increases-density decreases and vice versa Pressure has compressive effects which affects the density of water.pressure increases-density increases and vice versa. Salinity adds dissolved substances which determines the density of the water. Salinity increases- density increases and vice versa. Ans. 85 A Topic: Oceanography Explanation: Pycnocline-Transition zone of rapidly changing seawater density between low density upper layer and high density deep seawater Thermocline-Transition layer between warmer mixed water at the ocean's surface and cooler deep water below. Halocline-An intermediate layer of oceanic water in which salinity increases more rapidly with depth than in the layers above and below it Ans. 86 B Explanation: Igneous rocks make 85% of volume Sedimentary rocks Difficulty: Moderate 5% volume Ans. 87 D Explain Alluvial fans & cones are depositional features of rivers at foothills is fluvial cycle Ans. 88 C Explain Ria, Fiord submergent coast and N W submergent Coast Ans. 89. B Explain Stalagmite depositional landform Inselberg erosional land form of wind, Lappies erosional landform of underground water Ans. 90 B Explain Terrestrial radiation is in form of longwave length and insolation is of short wavelength Atmosphere is transparent to short wavelength & opaque to long wave length Ans. 91 C Explain = 35% is albedo which is reflected before reaching surface 6% reflected by atmosphere 27% reflected by clouds 2% reflected by snow ups of ice Ans. C Ans. 92. B Explain They are thermal in origin, eye wall has rain bearing clouds, which is feeder band, Eye is having clear skies, temperate cyclone are accompanied by anticyclones Level:Moderate Ans. 93 B Explain Epipelagic top to 200 mts (photic zone) Mesopelagic 200 to 1000 mts Bathypelagic 1000 mts to 4000 mts Abyssopelagic Bottom

12 Level: Difficult Ans. 94 B Explanation: Other than Troposphere no layer holds the effective atmosphere that support the life on earth Level: Easy Ans. 95 C Dew point = when relative humidity become 100% if air cooled become it condensation occurs Ans. 96 C C = Sodium nitrate Nitrate salts Ans. 97 C Explain It is for conservation & development of indigenous breeds in a focused & scientific manner 1) It is focused project under NPBDD 2) It is irrespective of vote clans & Gender Ans.C Ans. 98 A Topic: Geomorphology Explanation: Youth stage active stage downcutting and vertical erosion. Matured stage-horizontal erosion Old stage-deposition Level: Easy Ans. 99 D Explan i, 4 ii interchange iii, illegal logging not only limited to tropical forest, but extends to temperate 4 boreal forest region also Ans. d Ans. 100 B Explanation: Himalayas-South Asia Andes- South America Rockies-North America Alps-Europe