Between a Rock and a Hard Place:
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1 Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Global Environmental Policy in the Era of Globalisation and Hegemony Presentation at the 2003 Open Meeting of the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Research Community October 2003 Montréal, Canada by Dr. Hermann E. Ott Director, Climate Policy Division Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany Already a Pretty Difficult Affair: Globalisation and the Environment from Holocene to the Anthropocene (Paul Crutzen) man and his civilisation have become a distinct factor of the Earth s systems (climate cycle, nitrate) economic globalisation is increasing man s burden on the Earth s systems directly and indirectly global environmental regulation is widely regarded as insufficient lack of strong environmental institutions no integration of Environment/Sust. Dev. in other policy areas lack of compliance mechanisms incoherence of regulations 1
2 The New Paradigm: A Hegemonic World Order the fall of the Berlin wall preceded the end of the Soviet Union and the end of the bipolar world this was followed by a uni/multipolar world (Huntington) US indispensable (Albright) for tackling global problems US cannot go it alone (Nye) leadership by a hegemon is not a precondition for regime building (Young) however, some leadership by a strong actor or group of actors is required (sorry, Oran Young again ) Some Problems of a Hegemonic World Order no problems really if the hegemon sets the agenda, takes the lead and the world follows (North Korea) problems if the hegemon does not set the agenda, does not lead and the world still acts (Land Mines, Biodiversity) big problems if the hegemon sets the agenda and only some countries follow (Iraq) even bigger problems if the hegemon does not lead and does not like the world s agenda (ICC, Kyoto Protocol) 2
3 Big Question: Is it possible to build a regime AGAINST a hegemon??? The Dilemma: A unilateralist attitude of the hegemon threatens to destroy the very basis of solutions for global problems - namely rational, co-operative, multilateral approaches. 3
4 Multilevel Environmental Governance: A Solution to Some Hegemonic Problems? influence and interference can take place at many levels: state to state level state to sub-state level sub-state to state level Multilevel Environmental Governance in a Hegemonic World Order (1) state to state level universalism minus X: Global problems may require global solutions, but they need not be universal varying coalitions with other state actors reform and strengthen the United Nations system strengthen international law find areas of co-operation with the hegemon and other states that stay outside a regime 4
5 Multilevel Environmental Governance in a Hegemonic World Order (2) state to sub-state level engage political actors below the federal level like states in the US, Länder in Germany or cities (ICCLEI, CCP) encourage and support financially non-governmental actors in other countries engage and offer opportunities for business actors form coalitions with NGOs (examples: International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Coalition of an International Criminal Court) explore possibilities to establish hybrid international organisations establish outposts within the hegemon Multilevel Environmental Governance in a Hegemonic World Order (3) sub-state to state level - non-profit civil society, local communities and business professionalize - the Greenpeace, WWF model form effective alliances - the CAN model build large coalitions and support like -minded states (CBL, CICC) explore the potential for hybrid international organisations (IUCN) support domestic groups in the hegemon to influence internal policy form NGO-business and B2B alliances encourage use of business solutions encourage new alliances between local communities 5
6 Some Preliminary Conclusions globalisation requires multilateral, co-operative activities a unilateralist attitude by the hegemon runs counter this need Multilevel Environmental Governance offers a multitude of options for state and non-state actors to build regimes without or even against the hegemon and, most importantly: a hegemonic world order might actually foster the process of political globalisation Merci! Thank you! more information: hermann.ott@wupperinst.org or: 6
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