Bibliography Abizadeh, A., Hobbes on the Causes of War: A Disagreement Theory, American Political Science Review, 105(2) (2011), pp Andreoni

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1 Bibliography Abizadeh, A., Hobbes on the Causes of War: A Disagreement Theory, American Political Science Review, 105(2) (2011), pp Andreoni, J., Erad, B., and Feinstein, J., Tax Compliance, Journal of Economic Literature, XXXVI(2) (1998), pp Applbaum, A. I., Legitimacy without the Duty to Obey, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 38(3) (2010), pp Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, T. Irwin (ed. and trans.), 2nd edn (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1999). Aubrey, J., Aubrey s Brief Lives, O. L. Dick (ed.) (London: Secker and Warburg, 1950). Austin, J., The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, W. E. Rumble (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Barry, B., Warrender and His Critics, Philosophy, 43(164) (1968), pp Bentham, J., A Fragment on Government, J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Blau, A., Uncertainty and the History of Ideas, History and Theory, 50(3) (2011), pp Bobbio, N., Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law Tradition, D. Gobetti (trans.) (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993). Boonin-Vail, D., Thomas Hobbes and the Science of Moral Virtue (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Bramhall, J., The Catching of Leviathan, or the Great Whale, in G. A. J. Rogers (ed.), Leviathan: Contemporary Responses to the Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1995). Brandon, E., The Coherence of Hobbes s Leviathan: Civil and Religious Authority Combined (London and New York: Continuum, 2007). Chwang, E., On Coerced Promises, in H. Sheinman (ed.), Promises and Agreements: Philosophical Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Cohen, G. A., History, Labour, and Freedom: Themes from Marx (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)., Lectures on the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, J. Wolff (ed.) (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014). Collins, J. R., The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)., Quentin Skinner s Hobbes and the Neo-Republican Project, Modern Intellectual History, 6(2) (2009), pp Cooke, P. D., Hobbes and Christianity: Reassessing the Bible in Leviathan (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996). Crignon, P., Introduction, in T. Hobbes, Du Citoyen, P. Crignon (trans.) (Paris: GF-Flammarion, 2010). 148

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5 152 Bibliography, On the Citizen, M. Silverthorne (trans.), R. Tuck and M. Silverthorne (eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1998)., Opera Philosophica Omnia. Vol. III, W. Molesworth (ed.) (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1999)., Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right, A. Cromartie and Q. Skinner (eds.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005)., Behemoth, or, The Long Parliament, P. Seaward (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2010)., Leviathan, N. Malcolm (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012). Hoekstra, K., The de facto Turn in Hobbes s Political Philosophy, in T. Sorell and L. Foisneau (eds.), Leviathan After 350 Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)., Disarming the Prophets: Thomas Hobbes and Predictive Power, Rivista di storia della filosofia, 21(1) (2004), pp , The End of Philosophy (The Case of Hobbes), Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 106(1) (2006), pp , Hobbes on the Natural Condition of Mankind, in P. Springborg (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes s Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)., Hobbesian Equality, in S. A. Lloyd (ed.), Hobbes Today: Insights for the 21st Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Holmes, S., Passions and Constraints: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1995). Horton, J., Political Obligation, 2nd edn (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). Hume, D., A Treatise of Human Nature: A Critical Edition. Vol. 1: Texts, D. F. Norton and M. J. Norton (eds.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)., Selected Essays, S. Copley and A. Edgar (eds.) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). Johnston, D., The Rhetoric of Leviathan : Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986). Jolley, N., Hobbes s Dagger in the Heart, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 17(4) (1987), pp Kant, I., Political Writings, H. B. Nisbet (trans.), H. S. Reiss (ed.), 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)., Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Arnulf Zweig (trans.), Thomas E. Hill, Jr. and Arnulf Zweig (eds.) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). Kavka, G. S., The Toxin Puzzle, Analysis, 43(1) (1983), pp , Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)., The Rationality of Rule-Following: Hobbes s Dispute with the Foole, Law and Philosophy, 14(1) (1995), pp , Why even morally perfect people would need government, Social Philosophy & Policy, 12(1) (1995), pp Klosko, G., The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation, 2nd edn (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004).

6 Bibliography 153 Krasnoff, L., Voluntarism and Conventionalism in Hobbes and Kant, Hobbes Studies, 25(1) (2012), pp Krom, M. P., The Limits of Reason in Hobbes s Commonwealth (London: Bloomsbury, 2011). Ladenson, R., In Defense of a Hobbesian Conception of Law, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9(2) (1980), pp Lee, D., Hobbes and the civil law: the use of Roman law in Hobbes s civil science, in D. Dyzenhaus and T. Poole (eds.), Hobbes and the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Lloyd, S. A., Ideals as Interests in Hobbes s Leviathan : The Power of Mind over Matter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)., Morality in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes: Cases in the Law of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Lobban, M. Thomas Hobbes and the common law, in D. Dyzenhaus and T. Poole (eds.), Hobbes and the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Locke, J., The Second Treatise of Government, in J. Locke, Two Treatises of Government, Peter Laslett (ed.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Loughlin, M., The political jurisprudence of Thomas Hobbes, in D. Dyzenhaus and T. Poole (eds.), Hobbes and the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Macpherson, C. B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2011). Madanes, L., El árbitro arbitrario: Hobbes, Spinoza y la libertad de expresión (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2001). Malcolm, N., Aspects of Hobbes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002)., Volume 1: Editorial Introduction, in T. Hobbes, Leviathan, N. Malcolm (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012). Martinich, A. P., The Two Gods of Leviathan : Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)., Hobbes (Oxford: Routledge, 2005)., Reason and Reciprocity in Hobbes s Political Philosophy: On Sharon Lloyd s: Morality in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, Hobbes Studies, 23(2) (2010), pp , Egoism, Reason, and the Social Contract, Hobbes Studies, 25(2) (2012), pp May, L., Limiting Leviathan: Hobbes on Law and International Affairs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Moehler, M., Why Hobbes State of Nature is Best Modeled by an Assurance Game, Utilitas, 21(3) (2009), pp Morris, C. W., An Essay on the Modern State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)., The Very Idea of Popular Sovereignty: We the People Reconsidered, Social Philosophy & Policy, 17(1) (2000), pp , State Legitimacy and Social Order, in J. Kühnelt (ed.), Political Legitimization without Morality? (Heidelberg: Springer, 2008).

7 154 Bibliography, State Coercion and Force, Social Philosophy & Policy, 29(1) (2012), pp Murphy, J. B., The Philosophy of Positive Law: Foundations of Jurisprudence (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005). Murphy, M. C., Deviant Uses of Obligation in Hobbes Leviathan, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 11(3) (1994), pp , Hobbes on Conscientious Disobedience, Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 77(3) (1995), pp , Hobbes and the Evil of Death, Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 82(1) (2000), pp , Philosophy of Law: The Fundamentals (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006)., Hobbes (and Austin, and Aquinas) on Law as Command of a Sovereign, in A. P. Martinich and K. Hoekstra (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Nagel, T., Hobbes s Concept of Obligation, The Philosophical Review, 68(1) (1959), pp Newey, G., Hobbes and Leviathan (London and New York: Routledge, 2008). Nozick, R., Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974). Perry, S., Law and Obligation, American Journal of Jurisprudence, 50 (2005), pp , Political Authority and Political Obligation, in L. Green and B. Leiter (eds.), Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Law, Vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Owens, D., Duress, Deception, and the Validity of a Promise, Mind, 116(462) (2007), pp Pettit, P., Made with Words: Hobbes on Language, Mind, and Politics (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008). Plato, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus, Harold North Fowler (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge and London: Loeb-Harvard University Press, 2005). Postema, G. J., Bentham and the Natural Law Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Rapaczynski, A., Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987). Rawls, J., Political Liberalism; with a New Introduction and the Reply to Habermas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996)., Lectures in the History of Political Philosophy, S. Freeman (ed.) (Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). Raz, J., Promises and Obligations, in P. M. S. Hacker and J. Raz (eds.), Law, Morality and Society: Essays in Honour of H. L. A. Hart (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977)., The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)., Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994)., Practical Reason and Norms, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)., The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

8 Bibliography 155, Between Authority and Interpretation: On the Theory of Law and Practical Reason (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Riley, P., Will and Political Legitimacy: A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1982)., A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence. Volume 10: The Philosophers Philosophy of Law from the Seventeenth Century to Our Days (Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York: Springer, 2009). Rosler, A., Racionalidad y autoridad política, Documentos de trabajo del CEMA, 206 (2001), pp , Hobbes y el naturalismo político en Aristóteles, Deus Mortalis. Cuaderno de Filosofía Política, 1 (2002), pp , Political Authority and Obligation in Aristotle (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005)., Naturalismo político y conflicto en Hobbes, in M. L. Lukac (ed.), Perspectivas latinoamericanas sobre Hobbes (Buenos Aires: Educa, 2008)., Hobbes y la autonomía de la política, DoisPontos, 6(3) (2009), pp , El enemigo de la república: Hobbes y la soberanía del Estado, in T. Hobbes, Elementos Filosóficos. Del Ciudadano, A. Rosler (trans.) (Buenos Aires: Editorial Hydra, 2010)., Odi et Amo? Hobbes on the State of Nature, Hobbes Studies, 24(1) (2011), pp Rousseau, J.-J., Du contrat social, B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond (eds.), in Ouvres complètes, Vol. III (Paris: Gallimard, 1964). Rudolph, R., Conflict, Egoism and Power in Hobbes, History of Political Thought, VII(1) (1986), pp Saada, J., Hobbes et le sujet de droit. Contractualisme et consentement (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2010). Schauer, F. Was Austin Right After All? On the Role of Sanctions in a Theory of Law, Ratio Juris, 23(1) (2010), pp , The Best Laid Plans, Yale Law Journal, 120(3) (2010), pp Shapiro, S. J., Authority, in J. L. Coleman and S. Shapiro (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002)., Legality (Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011). Seaward, P., General Introduction, in T. Hobbes, Behemoth, or, The Long Parliament, P. Seaward (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2010). Sen, A. K., Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6(4) (1977), pp Simmons, A. J., Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)., On the Edge of Anarchy: Locke, Consent, and the Limits of Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)., The Duty to Obey and Our Natural Moral Duties, in C. H. Wellman and A. J. Simmons, Is There a Duty to Obey the Law? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

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10 Index anachronism, 10 angels, see perfect agents arbitration, see also authority; law; sovereign Aristotle, 87, 106, 138n22 Aubrey, J., 18n49, 72 3, 76n40 Augustinian theory of fallen nature, 48 authoritative commands (directives, orders), see authority; command; law authoritative interpretation of moral notions, see also authority; law; sovereign authority absolute, comprehensive, 145 concept of, 43 6 correlativity between legal, and political obligation, 4n9 justification of legal, and political obligation, service conception of, 15 see also authoritative interpretation of moral notions; law; power; reason(s); sovereign Bentham, J., 63n2 Boonin-Vail, D., 73n33, 74n36 Bramhall, J., 82n68 coercion promises and contracts made under, 120, volitional and non-volitional, 128n9, Collins, J. R., 37n36 command, 42, 43 4, 54 6 see also law; sovereign commonwealth, 16, 28, 29, 30, 39, 43, 61n61, 77, 82 3, 86, 87, 94 7, 103, 105, 108 by acquisition, 99, 127 Christian, 78, 80 diseases of a, 92 by institution, 99, 127 normative dimensions of the concept of, 95 as a place of inequality, qua empirical reality, 95 see also contractarian(ism); sovereign conflict explanation of, 20 1, 34 grounded in disagreement, passions account of, 23 4, 26 8, 48 rationality account of, 21 3 shortsightedness account of, 24 5 see also state of nature consent, see contractarian(ism) contract, see contractual obligation contractarian(ism) actual vs. hypothetical, 7, 14 15, 85, express and tacit consent, 85, 103, 145 justification of legal authority and political obligation, , 108, 110 language, 94 vs. natural-duty justifications of legal authority and political obligation, 103n39 see also contractual obligation; law; state of nature 157

11 158 Index contractual obligation, , 119 deontological, evidence for the deontological account of, , evidence for the prudential account of, as introducing exclusionary reasons, 113 prudential, see also coercion; the promise to the thief counsel, 42, 54 5 covenant, see also contractual obligation crucial evidence, 119 Curley, E., 88n84 deliberation, 5, 55, 57, 65 7, 70, 76 7, 117, 127, 129, 134 5, 136, 139, 141 see also desire(s); egoism; good; value desire(s), 6, 53, 66, 68, 70, 83, 112 cause of, vs. content of, 73 other-regarding, 72 3, 76 self-regarding, 72 3 see also deliberation; egoism; good; moral reasons; passions; value disagreement, see conflict disobedience grounded in non-authoritative interpretation of moral notions, 91 2 legitimate (justified), 80 4 see also authoritative interpretation of moral notions; law; right(s); sovereign Dworkin, R. M., 102n34 Eggers, D., 111n61, 119n87 egoism, 64 act-, 63n2 psychological, 64 7 tautological, 68 9 see also deliberation; desire(s); good; value equality, empirical, 105 normative, 105 see also state of nature Everson, S., 69 fear as an excuse to leave the battlefield, 118 as a ground of contractual obligations, 114 as an invalidating condition of contractual obligations, 94n5 as a reason to enter contractual obligations, 127 as the relevant consideration to obey the law, 3n7, 26, 39, 46, 75 of someone else s actions, 83 see also contractual obligation; law; sanctions for non-compliance Finkelstein, C. O., 123n94, 127, 132, 134, 138, 139, 141 the Foole, 65, see also contractual obligation; justice; laws of nature Frankfurt, H. G., 140 Gaskin, J. C. A., 18n52 Gauthier, D. P., 32, 34 5, 104n44, 112n63, 116n76 Gert, B., 68 God, 39, 76n40, 77 80, 81, 102n33 see also political obligation; religious obligation; theological minimalism The Godfather, good common (of all), 19, 20, 26, 28 9 private (particular), 28, 30, 53, 56, 67, 74, 75, 76 see also deliberation; egoism; passions; value government, 27, 42, 47 8, 50, 91, 126, 145n3, see also authority; law Grotius, H., 146n6

12 Index 159 Hampton, J., 9 10, 21n2, 32 3, 34 5, 67n16, Hart, H. L. A., Harvey, M., 73n34 Hayek, F. A., 139 Hoekstra, K., 33, 106n49 Holmes, S., 37n36 Hume, D., 145 inequality, empirical (non-normative), 106 normative, 105, 106, see also law; power; sovereign interest(s), 1, 3n7, 6, 19 20, 27, 35, 45, 53, 59, 64, 69 70, 73, 84, 113 prudential, transcendent, see also contractual obligation the just man, 69, 73 6 see also moral reasons; passions justice, 74, 115 simulation of, 75 6 third law of nature, 104, 114 see also contractual obligation; the Foole; the just man; laws of nature Kant, I., 53n36, 146n6 Kavka, G. S., 12n31, 32, 34 5, 38n37, 84n74, 123, 138n23 law account of, 3, 12, 15, 34, 41 2, 44, 55, 93, 143, 144 affecting beliefs or actions, 60 2 civil, 7, 51, 52, 55, 60, 64, 83n73, 84 91, 124 coercive nature of, 25 8, 31 command theory of, 41 2, 54 6 distributive part, 51 motivating role of, 27, 47, penal or vindicative part, 48 purpose of, 48 see also authority; commands; laws of nature; the mutual containment thesis; political obligation; sanctions for non-compliance laws of nature, 19, 20 5, 25 8, 30, 47, 50, 59 60, 83n73, 84 91, 104, 106, 111, 114, 116, 118 the golden rule as a summary of the content of the, 91 see also authoritative interpretation of moral notions; the Foole; justice; law; the mutual containment thesis; sovereign liberty (freedom), 16, 43, 48, 76 7, 97, 117, 130 natural, 98, 99 normative, 81 2, 105 see also equality; right(s) Lloyd, S. A., 14n36, 19, 20, 34 40, 77n46 Locke, J., 103nn36, 38, 146 Madison, J., 47, 50 Malcolm, N., 15n41, 17n46 Martinich, A. P., 95n9 May, L., 96n10 moral duty, see laws of nature; moral requirements; political obligation moral reasons, 69 76, 125, 145 categorical nature of, other-regarding nature of, see also contractual obligation; the just man; passions moral requirements (moral duty or obligation), 7, 64 5, 69 70, 76, 86, 93, 104, , 118, 121, 146 see also authoritative interpretation of moral notions; contractual obligation; laws of nature; moral reasons; political obligation; soldiers Murphy, M. C., 104n43 the mutual containment thesis, see also contractarian(ism); law; laws of nature

13 160 Index natural laws, see laws of nature Nozick, R., 63n1, 102n34 oaths, 117 obedience, 107 absolute, 80 double obligation of, 97 simple, 77, 80 see also reason(s); sovereign obligation, see contractual obligation; political obligation particularity requirement, 103n39 see also contractarian(ism) passions, 69 70, 76, 91 anti-social, 23 4, 25 8, 31, 47, 48 other-regarding, 70 2 self-regarding, 70 see also conflict; the just man; moral reasons perfect agents, philosophical anarchism, 146n5 political disobedience, see disobedience political naturalism, 103 political obligation content of Hobbes theory of, as introducing all-thingsconsidered reasons, 145 justification of legal authority and, moral character of the concept of, 64 vs. religious duties, political voluntarism, 103, power, 3, 64 causal, 27, 41, 43 5, 51, 106, 108 coercive, 19, 20, 30 normative, 12, 13n35, 51, 79, 93, 97 8, 106 7, 108 sovereign, 7n15, 29, 106 see also law; right(s); sovereign practical reasoning, see deliberation prisoner s dilemma, 21n3, 24, 31, 47 see also conflict promise, see contractual obligation; the promise to the thief the promise to the thief, 90n88, 121 5, 131, see also coercion; contractual obligation protection agency, 63 see also sovereign Rawls, J., 102n34, 144 Raz, J., 4 5, 15, 38n38, 45 6, 51 2, reason(s) absolute, 38 authoritative, 6, 13, 40n41, 42, 44, 45 6, 53, 55 6, 57, 62, 143 content-independent, 45 exclusionary, 45, 53 4, 113 first-order, 44n12, 45 6, 52, for action vs. for belief, 60 2 pre-emptive, 46 pro tanto, 145 protected, 45n15 second-order, 45 6, 113 see also authority; contractual obligation; law; moral reasons; political obligation; sanctions for non-compliance right(s) to enslave ourselves, inalienable, 65, 94n6, 129 natural, 7, 77, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 110, 114, 145, 146 of nature, 81, 97 of private judgment, 82 to rule, 42, 43, 54, 81, 95n9, 97 8, 99n24, 107, 146 of self-defense, 94n6, 99, 118n86, 123n94 of self-government, 77, 93, 97, 99, 109, 110 see also soldiers; sovereign

14 Index 161 Rosler, A., 50n27, 69n21 Rousseau, J.-J., 103n38, 146n6 sanctions for non-compliance as providing incentives to comply with the law, 3, 46, 52, 53 4, 84, as providing the wrong kind of reasons to obey, 52 3 as the relevant consideration to obey the law, 2 3, 4, 12 13, 25 30, 39, 41 2, 46, 48, 50, 51, 75, 109 see also law; power; reason(s); sovereign Schauer, F., 11n24 Sen, A. K., 128n10 Shapiro, S. J., Skinner, Q., 9n21, slaves, 146n6 social contract, see contractarian(ism) Socrates, 103n38 soldiers, 118 see also contractual obligation Sommerville, J. P., 126n3 sovereign office of the, 3n5, 146 person of the, 3n5, 146 power, 3, 29, 64, 97, see also arbitration; authoritative interpretation of moral notions; authority; commands; commonwealth; disobedience; inequality; law; political obligation; power; protection agency; right(s); sanctions for non-compliance Spinoza, B. de, 110n60 state of nature, 10, 20 5, 25, 26, 28, 34, 48 50, 59 60, 77, 83n73, 87, 88, 92, 96n12, 97, 99n24, 102 3, 105 6, 127n8 see also conflict; contractarian(ism); equality; laws of nature; prisoner s dilemma Stavropoulos, N., 11 theological minimalism, 79 see also God the toxin puzzle, underdetermination of interpretation, 119 value, 67 see also egoism; good voluntariness, 120 1, 127 8, psychological vs. normative accounts of, 132 see also coercion; the promise to the thief voluntarism, see political voluntarism war, see conflict