Contents. What Is International Law? 1. xli xlix lix. Preface to the Seventh Edition Acknowledgments Editorial Notice

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1 Preface to the Seventh Edition Acknowledgments Editorial Notice xli xlix lix 1 What Is International Law? 1 A. The Definition of International Law 2 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 38 5 Third Restatement, Section Notes and Questions 5 B. Histories of Public International Law 9 I.A. Shearer, Starke s International Law 10 Antony Anghie, Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth Century International Law 14 Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 15 Stephen C. Neff, A Short History of International Law 17 Barry E. Carter, Making Progress in International Law and Institutions 20 Eric Posner, Liberal Internationalism and the Populist Backlash 23 C. The Nature of International Law and the Compliance Challenge: Is International Law Really Law? 25 Louis Henkin, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy 25 Notes and Questions 31 Andrew Clapham, Brierly s Law of Nations 32 xvii

2 xviii Contents The Case of the S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey) 34 Notes and Questions 35 Thomas M. Franck, Legitimacy in the International System 37 Jack Goldsmith & Eric A. Posner, The New International Law Scholarship 39 Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument 40 Harold Hongju Koh, Why Do Nations Obey International Law? 42 Ryan Goodman & Derek Jinks, Socializing States: Promoting Human Rights Through International Law 44 Oona A. Hathaway, Between Power and Principle: An Integrated Theory of International Law 45 Notes and Questions 48 Steven R. Ratner & Anne-Marie Slaughter, Appraising the Methods of International Law: A Prospectus for Readers 50 D. International Law in Action: The United States and the International Response to ISIS 51 Introduction Is ISIS a State, a Terrorist Organization, or Both? 52 Notes and Questions The Military Coalition Response to ISIS 56 Brian Egan, International Law, Legal Diplomacy, and the Counter-ISIL Campaign 58 Notes and Questions Other International Responses to ISIS 63 United Nations Security Council Resolution United Nations Security Council Resolution Notes and Questions 64 2 Creating Legal and Nonlegal Norms: Treaties, Customary Law, Activities of International Organizations, and Private Norm-Creation 69 A. Treaties Why Do States Obey Treaties? 70 New Revised Standard Bible 70 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article Notes and Questions The Formation of Treaties 72 a. What Is a Treaty? 73 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 2 73

3 xix Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) 73 Duncan B. Hollis, Defining Treaties 75 Notes and Questions 78 b. Distinguishing Treaties from their Alternatives: Political Commitments, Contracts, and Unilateral Declarations 80 Duncan B. Hollis, Defining Treaties 80 (1) United States-Japan FCN Treaty 82 (2) Remarks by President Obama and President Xi of the Peoples Republic of China in a Joint Press Conference 82 (3) Paris Agreement 83 (4) The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 84 (5) Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) on Training of NA AEB Mission Specialist 86 Notes and Questions 87 c. Concluding a Treaty 90 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 7, Notes and Questions Invalidity of Treaties 93 a. Coercion 94 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article Notes and Questions 94 b. Conflict with Jus Cogens 95 Anthony Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice 95 Dinah Shelton, Normative Hierarchy in International Law 96 Notes and Questions Reservations 98 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 19, 20, 21, Notes and Questions 100 Declaration of the Netherlands 102 Declaration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 102 Notes and Questions 103 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 103 Loizidou v. Turkey 105 Notes and Questions Interpretation of Treaties 108 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 31, Problem 109 Notes and Questions Termination and the Suspension of the Operation of Treaties 113 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article

4 xx Contents Notes and Questions 114 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 61, Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia) 117 Notes and Questions Withdrawal from or Denunciation of a Treaty 119 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 54, 56, Notes and Questions 120 Problem: Brexit and VCLT Article 70(1)(b) 122 B. Customary International Law Formation of Customary International Law 123 a. Elements of Customary International Law 123 Third Restatement, Section Notes and Questions 126 International Law Association, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law 129 Notes and Questions 131 b. Key Variations on the Formation and Scope of Customary International Law: Specially Affected States, Persistent Objectors, and Regional Custom 133 Notes and Questions The Effect of Treaties on Customary International Law 136 Notes and Questions 138 C. General Principles of Law 138 Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 139 Notes and Questions 141 D. Judicial Decisions and the Teachings of Publicists 143 Notes and Questions 144 E. International Organizations and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) as Creators of Law International Organizations 145 Notes and Questions Intergovernmental Networks 147 Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order 147 Notes and Questions Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) 149 Notes and Questions Multinational Corporations 152 Thomas G. Weiss & Rorden Wilkinson, Foreword 153 Notes and Questions 155 F. Soft Law 157 Notes and Questions 158

5 xxi 3 The Relationship Between International and Domestic Legal Systems: The Case of the United States 161 A. Domestic Legal Perspectives on International Law 162 Mortensen v. Peters 162 Trendtex Trading Corporation Ltd. v. Central Bank of Nigeria 166 I.A. Shearer, Starke s International Law 169 Notes and Questions 171 B. Article II Treaties 173 U.S. Constitution, Articles II, VI Scope of the Treaty Power and Limitations Thereon 174 Missouri v. Holland 175 Reid v. Covert 177 Bond v. United States 182 Notes and Questions The Effect of Article II Treaties as Domestic Law 191 a. Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Treaties 191 Fourth Restatement, Section Asakura v. City of Seattle 193 Medellin v. Texas 194 Notes and Questions 203 b. Reservations 206 Notes and Questions 207 c. Last-in-Time Rule 208 Breard v. Greene 208 Notes and Questions 210 d. Treaty Termination, Reinterpretation, and the Political Question Doctrine 211 Fourth Restatement, Section Zivotofsky v. Clinton 215 Notes and Questions 218 C. Presidential Power and Other International Agreements 219 U.S. Constitution, Articles I, II Presidential Foreign Relations Power 221 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. 221 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 223 Notes and Questions 229 Zivotofsky v. Kerry 230 Notes and Questions Executive Agreements 243 Department of State Circular Notes and Questions 245 Case Act 246

6 xxii Contents a. Congressional-Executive Agreements 247 Notes and Questions 247 b. Presidential Executive Agreements 248 United States v. Pink 249 Dames & Moore v. Regan 251 Daniel Bodansky & Peter Spiro, Executive Agreements+ 256 Notes and Questions Presidential Powers and the Global Struggle Against Terrorism 261 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 262 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 266 Notes and Questions 273 D. Customary International Law Part of Our Law 282 The Paquete Habana 282 Filartiga v. Pena-Irala 284 Notes and Questions 289 Torture Victim Protection Act 290 Notes and Questions 291 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain 292 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 299 Notes and Questions The Charming Betsy Canon and Statutory and Constitutional Interpretation 305 E. The Fifty States and Foreign Affairs 306 Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council 307 American Insurance Association v. Garamendi 312 Notes and Questions International Dispute Resolution 319 A. Negotiation, Mediation, and Conciliation 320 J.G. Merrills, International Dispute Settlement 320 Madeleine K. Albright, Foreword 325 Phillip R. Trimble, Arms Control and International Negotiation Theory 325 Notes and Questions 329 B. International Court of Justice The Structure and Organization of the ICJ Jurisdiction of the ICJ in Contentious Cases 334 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article a. Jurisdiction by Special Agreement 335 Notes and Questions 336 b. Jurisdiction Under a Dispute Settlement Clause in a Treaty 337

7 xxiii Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights Between the United States of America and Iran 337 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 337 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 338 Notes and Questions 340 c. Jurisdiction Under the Optional Clause 342 Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway) 344 Notes and Questions 345 d. Jurisdiction Under the Optional Clause Applied: The Nicaragua Litigation 347 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 349 Notes and Questions 352 e. Forum Prorogatum 355 Notes and Questions Procedure in the ICJ 356 a. Provisional Measures 357 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article Notes and Questions 358 b. Admissibility 359 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 359 Notes and Questions 361 c. Request for an Interpretation of a Judgment 361 Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article Advisory Opinions 362 U.N. Charter, Article Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article a. Jurisdiction 362 Notes and Questions 363 b. Discretionary Grounds for Declining to Give an Opinion 364 Notes and Questions Assessment of the ICJ 366 Notes and Questions 369 C. Regional and Specialized Courts 371 Karen Alter, The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights The Court of Justice of the European Union 372 a. Structure and Jurisdiction 373 Court of Justice of the European Union, CURIA 374 b. The Relationship of European Union Law to National Law 376 Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen 377 c. The Supremacy of Union Law and the Restriction of National Powers 379

8 xxiv Contents Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal S.p.A. 379 Notes and Questions The Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization 385 John H. Jackson, William J. Davey & Alan O. Sykes, Jr., Legal Problems of International Economic Relations 386 United States Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline 390 Notes and Questions 394 Notes and Questions 399 D. International Arbitration History of Arbitration 401 J. L. Simpson & Hazel Fox, International Arbitration: Law and Practice Arbitration: What It Is and How It Works 405 J.G. Merrills, International Dispute Settlement 406 J.G. Merrills, International Dispute Settlement 407 Notes and Questions 408 Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania (Second Phase) 410 Notes and Questions Investor-State Dispute Settlement 412 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Investor-State Dispute Settlement 413 Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States 415 Philip Morris Brands SARL v. Uruguay 418 Notes and Questions 420 Problem 422 Chester Brown, The Cross-Fertilization of Principles Relating to Procedure and Remedies in the Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals 423 Notes and Questions International Commercial Arbitration 425 Notes and Questions 428 Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler Plymouth 429 Notes and Questions Enforcement of International Arbitral Awards 430 Gary B. Born, 3 International Commercial Arbitration 431 New York Convention, Articles I, V 432 Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co. v. Societe Generale de L Industrie du Papier (RAKTA) 434 Notes and Questions 437 E. Domestic Courts The Role of International Law Enforcement of Another State s Civil Judgments 441 Gary B. Born & Peter B. Rutledge, International Civil Litigation in United States Courts 442 Gary B. Born & Peter B. Rutledge, International Civil Litigation in United States Courts 444 Notes and Questions 445

9 xxv 5 States, International Organizations, and Other Subjects of International Law 449 A. States and Their Governments What Is a State? 450 Third Restatement, Section Notes and Questions What is the Effect of Being a State? 453 Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 454 Notes and Questions Who Decides on Questions of Statehood? Issues of State Recognition and Self-Determination 457 a. Does Statehood Require Recognition? 457 Report of the Committee on the Admission of New Members Concerning the Application of Palestine for Admission to Membership in the United Nations 460 Depositary Notification Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court State of Palestine: Accession 461 Depositary Notification Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Canada: Communication 462 Notes and Questions 462 b. Self-Determination 464 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations 464 Notes and Questions Recognition of Governments: Who Governs the State? 468 P.K. Menon, The Law of Recognition in International Law 468 Notes and Questions What Is the Significance of Recognition of a Government? 474 Notes on the Special Status of Taiwan 475 Taiwan Relations Act 477 Notes and Questions And Then the Recognized Government Changes: Who Is Responsible for What? 478 Notes and Questions State Succession 482 Third Restatement, Sections 209, Geoffrey Watson, The Law of State Succession 483 Notes and Questions 488 B. Territories and Other Subjects of International Law Puerto Rico 490

10 xxvi Contents Notes and Questions Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 492 Notes and Questions 493 C. International Organizations Defining IOs and Their Powers 495 Jan Klabbers, An Introduction to International Organizations Law 495 José E. Alvarez, International Organizations as Lawmakers 499 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 502 Notes and Questions The Responsibilities of IOs 507 Notes and Questions Surveying International Organizations 509 a. The United Nations: Its Structure, Purposes, and Future 510 United Nations, The United Nations Today 510 Notes and Questions 517 b. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 522 (1) The GATT 523 (2) The World Trade Organization 524 What Is the WTO? 524 The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? 527 Notes and Questions 528 c. The European Union 530 (1) Foundations and Development of the European Union 531 T.C. Hartley, The Foundations of European Union Law 532 (2) Political Institutions of the European Union 534 Roger J. Goebel, Eleanor M. Fox, George A. Bermann, Jeffrey Arik, Frank Emmert & Damien Gerard, Cases and Materials on European Union Law 534 (3) Decision Making in the European Union 541 T.C. Hartley, The Foundations of European Union Law 541 (4) What Does It All Add Up To? 542 Notes and Questions 543 (5) Budget 544 (6) Important EU Principles 544 Notes and Questions 546 (7) The European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 546 (8) Free Movement of Workers 548 (9) The External Activities of the European Union 549 Notes and Questions 550 (10) The Future of the European Union 551 Notes and Questions 553

11 xxvii 6 Jurisdiction: The Allocation of Legal Authority Among States 555 A. Jurisdiction to Prescribe Public Law 557 The S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey) 558 I.A. Shearer, Starke s International Law 561 Fourth Restatement, Section Notes and Questions Territory: Where Do U.S. Laws Apply? 569 Morrison v. National Australian Bank 571 Notes and Questions 577 Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California 580 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A. 584 Notes and Questions Nationality 591 Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Trade Controls for Political Ends 593 Barry E. Carter, International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard U.S. Legal Regime 594 Compagnie Européenne des Petroles S.A. v. Sensor Nederland B.V. 595 Andreas F. Lowenfeld, Congress and Cuba: The Helms-Burton Act 598 Notes and Questions Protective Principle 601 Fourth Restatement, Section United States v. Romero-Galue 602 Notes and Questions Passive Personality 605 Fourth Restatement, Section United States v. Columba-Collela 606 Notes and Questions Universal Jurisdiction 612 Fourth Restatement, Section Curtis A. Bradley, Universal Jurisdiction and U.S. Law 613 Notes and Questions 614 B. Jurisdiction to Enforce and Adjudicate Public Law Jurisdiction to Enforce 615 Fourth Restatement, Section United States v. Alvarez-Machain 618 Notes and Questions Jurisdiction to Adjudicate 626 Fourth Restatement Part III, Introductory Note, Sections 301, 302, Notes and Questions 628

12 xxviii Contents C. Choice of Law in Private Disputes 632 William M. Richman & William L. Reynolds, Understanding Conflict of Laws 632 Pancotto v. Sociedade de Safaris de Mozambique, S.A.R.L. 635 Notes and Questions Foreign Sovereign Immunity and the Act of State Doctrine 641 A. The Immunity of Foreign States Absolute Immunity 641 Joseph M. Sweeney, The International Law of Sovereign Immunity Restrictive Immunity 644 Letter from Jack B. Tate, Acting Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, to Philip B. Perlman, Acting Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice 644 Notes and Questions 646 Testimony of Monroe Leigh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State, on the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of Notes and Questions The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: An Overview 649 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976), Sections Notes and Questions Entities Covered by the FSIA 654 Mohamed Ali Samantar v. Bashe Abdi Yousuf et al. 656 Notes and Questions Waiver Exception Counterclaim Exception Commercial Activity Exception 665 House Report No Saudi Arabia v. Nelson 667 Notes and Questions Noncommercial Torts 675 Letelier v. Republic of Chile 675 Risk v. Halvorsen 677 Notes and Questions Expropriation Enforcement of Arbitral Agreements Terrorist Acts 682 Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran 683 Notes and Questions 687

13 xxix 12. Immunity from Attachment or Execution 691 House Report No Notes and Questions Foreign Sovereign Immunity Outside the United States 695 Pierre Hugues Verdier & Erik Voeten, How Does Customary International Law Change? The Case of State Immunity 695 Joseph W. Dellapenna, Suing Foreign Governments and Their Corporations 697 Notes and Questions Jus Cogens Violations as an Exception to Sovereign Immunity? 702 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy, Greece Intervening) 703 Notes and Questions The Legal Status of Embassies and Consulates 707 Notes and Questions Personal Immunity for Diplomats and Consuls 710 Notes and Questions Head-of-State Immunity 713 United States v. Noriega 713 Notes and Questions Other Immunities 716 Problem 717 B. The Act of State Doctrine 718 Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, Receiver 719 Notes and Questions 722 W.S. Kirkpatrick & Co. v. Environmental Tectonics Corp. 723 Notes and Questions International Human Rights and State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens 729 A. State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens The Law of Diplomatic Protection 729 J.L. Brierly, The Law of Nations 730 Third Restatement, Section Notes and Questions Attribution of Conduct to the State 736 Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Articles Notes and Questions 738 Notes and Questions 741

14 xxx Contents 3. Property Rights 743 Third Restatement, Section Notes and Questions 745 Problem Nationality 748 Third Restatement, Sections 211, Notes and Questions 751 B. International Human Rights Background 752 Louis Henkin, The Age of Rights U.N. Charter and Universal Declaration 754 Louis B. Sohn, The New International Law: Protection of the Rights of Individuals Rather Than States 755 Notes and Questions The International Covenants 759 Notes and Questions Other Global Human Rights Treaties 764 Notes and Questions U.N. Human Rights System Customary International Human Rights Law 771 Third Restatement, Section Christian Tomuschat, Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism 772 Bruno Simma & Philip Alston, The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles 773 Notes and Questions The Enforcement of Human Rights 776 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Article Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Articles 49, Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Article Notes and Questions Role of NGOs 780 Kenneth Roth, Human Rights Organizations: A New Force for Social Change 780 Notes and Questions The United States and International Human Rights Law 783 a. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties 783 Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent 783 Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent 786

15 xxxi Louis Henkin, U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Conventions: The Ghost of Senator Bricker 788 Notes and Questions 789 b. Diplomatic Pressure and Economic Sanctions 791 Notes and Questions 794 c. Domestic Litigation 796 Notes and Questions Regional Human Rights Law 799 a. European System 800 Manfred Nowak, Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime 800 Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria 802 Notes and Questions 807 b. Inter-American System 812 Christian Tomuschat, Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism 812 Notes and Questions 814 c. African System 816 Javaid Rehman, International Human Rights Law 817 Notes and Questions International Humanitarian Law Law of the Sea 823 A. History of the Law of the Sea 825 B. Nationality of Vessels Customary Law 827 Lauritzen v. Larsen Flags of Convenience LOS Convention, Articles 91, 92, Notes and Questions 830 C. Internal and Territorial Waters Baselines 835 a. General Provisions 835 Lewis M. Alexander, Baseline Delimitations and Maritime Boundaries 835 Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway) 836 Notes and Questions 841 b. Dealing with Islands LOS Convention, Article Questions 842 c. The Special Case of Archipelagic States LOS Convention, Article Notes and Questions 842

16 xxxii Contents 2. Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters 843 Questions Breadth of the Territorial Sea 844 Notes Rules for Passage 847 a. Innocent Passage 847 Questions 848 b. Passage Through International Straits and Archipelagic Sea Lanes 848 Note 849 D. Contiguous Zones and Hot Pursuit LOS Convention, Article Notes and Questions 850 E. The Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf Historical Background 850 The Truman Proclamations U.S.C. 1332, Congressional Declaration of Policy After the Truman Proclamations 853 D.P. O Connell, The International Law of the Sea 855 Notes and Questions The Law of the Sea Convention and the Current Status of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf 857 a. Disputed Island Claims Under the LOS Convention: The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotoro 857 Clyde Haberman, Japanese Fight Invading Sea for Priceless Speck of Land 858 Notes and Questions 860 b. The South China Sea Arbitration 861 South China Sea (Philippines v. China) 862 Notes and Questions 867 c. U.S. Policy on the EEZ and the Continental Shelf 869 President Reagan, U.S. Ocean Policy 869 Notes and Questions Opposite and Adjacent States 871 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands) 872 Jonathan I. Charney, Progress in International Maritime Boundary Delimitation Law 873 Jonathan I. Charney, International Maritime Boundaries 874 Notes and Questions 875 F. The Regime of the High Seas 875 Third Restatement, Sections 521, Notes and Questions 878 G. Dispute Settlement Under the LOS Convention 880 Louis B. Sohn, Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Ocean Conflicts: Does UNCLOS III Point the Way? 880

17 xxxiii Notes and Questions 882 H. The Deep Seabed Mining Regime and the 1994 Agreement 883 Statement of Ambassador David A. Colson, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans 885 R.R. Churchill & A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea 886 Notes and Questions 890 I. Widespread Acceptance of the Convention 891 Letter of Submittal from the State Department to the President 891 Notes and Questions 893 J. Antarctica 894 Notes and Questions International Environmental Law 897 A. Background and Customary Law 898 Trail Smelter Case (United States v. Canada) 899 Jacqueline Peel, International Law and the Protection of the Global Environment 901 Stockholm Declaration, Principles 21, Rio Declaration, Principle Third Restatement, Section Jacqueline Peel, International Law and the Protection of the Global Environment 905 Notes and Questions 908 B. Treaty Law: Global Approaches Challenges in Developing International Environmental Law 912 Daniel Bodansky, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law 912 Notes and Questions Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) 915 Alexandre Kiss & Dinah Shelton, International Environmental Law 915 Michael G. Faure & Jürgen Lefevere, Compliance with Global Environmental Policy 919 Questions Protecting the Ozone Layer 921 Alexandre Kiss & Dinah Shelton, International Environmental Law 922 Montreal Protocol, Article 2(9) 924 Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency 925

18 xxxiv Contents Michael G. Faure & Jürgen Lefevere, Compliance with Global Environmental Policy 926 Notes and Questions Global Climate Change 931 a. Scientific Aspects and Policy Challenges 932 Alexandre Kiss & Dinah Shelton, Guide to International Environmental Law 933 Notes and Questions 935 b. The Climate Change Regime: From Rio to Paris 936 (1) Rio: The U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change 936 (2) The Kyoto Protocol 937 Alexandre Kiss & Dinah Shelton, Guide to International Environmental Law 937 (3) The Copenhagen Accord 939 Daniel Bodansky, The Copenhagen Climate Change Accord 939 (4) The Paris Agreement 941 UNFCCC Secretariat, Summary of the Paris Agreement 942 Notes and Questions Trade and Investment versus the Environment? Use of Force and Arms Control 951 A. International Legal Norms Before World War II Legal Norms Prior to World War I 952 Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 952 Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States 953 Destruction of the Caroline 955 Sir Humphrey Waldock, The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law 957 Notes and Questions Developments from World War I to World War II 959 a. The League of Nations 959 b. The Kellogg-Briand Pact 960 The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War 960 Notes and Questions 961 B. Use of Force After World War II The Nuremberg Charter and Trials 962

19 xxxv 2. Overview of the U.N. Charter s Use of Force Regime 963 U.N. Charter, Articles 2(4), Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force The Prohibition on the Use of Force 966 Notes and Questions Exceptions to the Prohibition on the Use of Force: Self-Defense 968 Allen S. Weiner, The Use of Force and Contemporary Security Threats: Old Medicine for New Ills? 968 Notes and Questions Problems of Application: Cyber Operations, the Use of Force, and Self-Defense 971 Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations 972 Notes and Questions Other Claimed Justifications for the Use of Force 978 a. Protection of Citizens Abroad 978 Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 978 Notes and Questions 980 b. Anticipatory or Preemptive Self-Defense 981 Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 981 Notes and Questions 983 c. Intervention and Counterintervention 987 Notes and Questions 988 Louis Henkin, Use of Force: Law and Policy 989 Notes and Questions 991 d. Countermeasures and Reprisals 992 Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 992 Notes and Questions 993 e. Dealing with Terrorists 994 Allen S. Weiner, The Use of Force and Contemporary Security Threats: Old Medicine for New Ills? 996 Remarks by Stephen W. Preston, General Counsel, Department of Defense 1000 Notes and Questions 1002 f. Problems of Application: September 11, Afghanistan/Pakistan, and Associated Forces 1004 Notes and Questions 1006 Notes and Questions 1009 g. Humanitarian Intervention 1011 Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 1011 Jane Stromseth, Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: The Case for Incremental Change 1015 Notes and Questions 1016 C. Collective Security: U.N. and Regional Use of Force and Peacekeeping Efforts 1020

20 xxxvi Contents 1. U.N. Use of Force and Peacekeeping Efforts 1020 U.N. Charter, Chapter VII, Articles Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 1021 Current U.N. Peacekeeping Operations 1027 Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force 1029 Notes and Questions The Iraqi Security Challenge: The U.N., the United States, and the Two Gulf Wars 1035 a. The First Gulf War 1035 U.N. Security Council Resolution Notes and Questions 1037 b. The Second Gulf War 1039 U.N. Security Council Resolution William H. Taft IV & Todd F. Buchwald, Preemption, Iraq, and International Law 1041 Thomas M. Franck, What Happens Now? The United Nations After Iraq 1042 Notes and Questions The Protection of Civilians and the Libya Intervention 1044 Notes and Questions Regional Peacekeeping Efforts 1048 U.N. Charter, Chapter VIII, Articles 52, Louis Henkin, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy 1049 Notes and Questions 1051 D. Regulation of the Conduct of War: International Humanitarian Law Development of International Humanitarian Law 1053 Frits Kalshoven, Constraints on the Waging of War The Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law 1056 a. International Armed Conflict Geneva Conventions, Common Article Steven R. Ratner, Jason S. Abrams & James L. Bischoff, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law 1056 Notes and Questions 1057 b. Common Article 3 and Armed Conflict Not of an International Character 1058 Notes and Questions 1058 c. Wars of National Liberation Substantive International Humanitarian Law Rules Additional Protocol I, Articles 35, Notes and Questions Problems of Application: The Law of Armed Conflict and the Fight Against Terrorists 1066 Gary D. Solis, The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War 1066 Notes and Questions International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law 1071 Notes and Questions 1073

21 xxxvii E. Combating the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction A Brief History and the Present Threat Chemical and Biological Weapons 1076 Notes and Questions Nuclear Arms Control 1078 a. The Test Ban Treaties 1079 Notes and Questions 1080 b. U.S. Soviet/Russian Nuclear Arms Control 1080 Notes and Questions 1082 c. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty 1082 Arms Control Association, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty at a Glance 1083 Paul Meyer, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Fin de Régime? 1084 Notes and Questions 1086 d. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1087 Notes and Questions 1089 e. The North Korean and Iranian Proliferation Crises 1089 Scott D. Sagan, The Korean Missile Crisis: Why Deterrence Is Still the Best Option 1091 Paul K. Kerr, Iran s Nuclear Program: Status 1093 Gary Samore, The Iran Nuclear Deal: A Definitive Guide 1095 Notes and Questions U.N. Security Council Resolution Notes and Questions 1098 F. U.S. Domestic Law Regarding the Use of Force: The War Powers Resolution 1099 Notes and Questions International Criminal Law 1105 A. Transnational Crimes and International Legal Cooperation 1106 Notes and Questions 1109 B. Substantive International Criminal Law Nuremberg and Individual Criminal Responsibility 1111 Judgment of the International Military Tribunal 1111 Notes and Questions Additional Individual Responsibility Issues 1116 a. Immunity 1117 Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 1117 Notes and Questions 1119 b. Command Responsibility 1121 In re Yamashita 1122 Notes and Questions 1123

22 xxxviii Contents c. Vicarious Responsibility 1125 Prosecutor v. Furundžija 1125 Notes and Questions International Crimes 1127 a. Genocide 1127 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Articles 2, Prosecutor v. Krstić 1129 Notes and Questions 1131 b. Crimes Against Humanity 1134 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo 1135 Notes and Questions 1138 c. War Crimes 1140 First 1949 Geneva Convention, Articles 50, Additional Protocol I, Article Notes and Questions 1143 d. Aggression 1145 Notes and Questions 1146 e. Torture 1146 Torture Convention, Article Notes and Questions 1147 f. Terrorism-Related Offenses 1147 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Articles 2, 5, 6, Notes and Questions 1149 C. Institutional Arrangements for the Prosecution of International Crimes Prosecution of International Crimes Before Domestic Courts 1151 Notes and Questions The Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda 1155 Notes and Questions Hybrid ( Mixed ) Tribunals 1161 Laura A. Dickinson, The Promise of Hybrid Courts 1161 Notes and Questions The International Criminal Court 1166 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 12, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article Notes and Questions 1175

23 xxxix 5. Alternatives to Criminal Prosecution 1178 Allen S. Weiner, Ending Wars, Doing Justice: Colombia, Transitional Justice, and the International Criminal Court 1178 Notes and Questions 1180 Table of Cases 1183 Index 1189