Bibliography 279 Dalton, Russell J; Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds) (1984a): Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Princeton,

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1 Bibliography Abzug, Bella (1984): Gender gap. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Agresi, Alan (1996): An introduction to categorical data analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Baker, Kendall, Russell Dalton & Kai Hildebrandt (1981): Germany transformed: Political culture and the New Politics. Cambridge: Harward University Press. Barnes, Samuel H: (1974): Italy: Religion and class in electoral behavior, Chap. 4 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: A comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press. Bartolini, Stefano & Peter Mair (1990): Identity, Competition and electoral availability: The stabilisation of the European electorate, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bean, Clive (1999): The forgotten cleavage? Religion and politics in Australia, Candian Journal of Political Science 32 (3): Bennie; Lynn, Jack Brand & James Mitchell (1997): How Scotland votes. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Betz, Hans-Georg (1993a): The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe, Comparative Politics 25: Betz, Hans-Georg (1993b): The two faces of radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Review of Politics 55: Borre, Ole & Jørgen Goul Andersen (1997): Voting and political attitudes in Denmark. Århus: Aarhus University Press. Boy, Daniel & Nonna Mayer (2000): Cleavage voting and isue voting in France, Chap. 7 in Michael S. Lewis-Beck (ed.): How France Votes. New York: Chatham Budge, Ian & Hans Keman (1990): Parties and Democracy: Coalition formation and government functioning in twenty states. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carty, R.K. (1988): Ireland: From predominance to competition, Chap. 10 in Steven B. Wolinetz (ed.): Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies. London: Routledge. Crouch, Colin (1999): Social Change in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Daalder, Hans (1987): The Dutch party system: From segmentation to polarization and then?, Chap. 4 in Hans Daalder (ed.): Party systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium. London: Frances Pinter. Daalder, Hans & Ruud Koole (1988): Liberal parties in the Netherlands, Chap. 7 in Emil J. Kirchner (ed.): Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dalton, Russell J. (1984): Cognitive mobilization and partisan dealignment in advanced industrial democracies, Journal of Politics 46: Dalton, Russell J., Paul Allen Beck & Scott C. Flanagan (1984): Electoral change in advanced industrial democracies, Chap. 1 in Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds): Electoral change in advanced industrial democracies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 278

2 Bibliography 279 Dalton, Russell J; Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds) (1984a): Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Dalton, Russell J; Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds) (1984b): Political forces and partisan change, Chap. 15 in Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds): Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Dalton, Russell J. (1990): Religion and party alignment, pp in Risto Sänkiaho et al.: People and their polities. Jyväskylä: The Finnish Political Science Association. Dalton, Russell J. (1996): Citizen politics. Public opinion and political parties in advanced western democracies. 2nd edn Chatham House. De Winter, Lieven & Dumont, Patrick (1999): Belgium: party system(s) on the eve of disintegration?, Chap. 10 in David Broughton & Mark Donovan (eds): Changing party systems in Western Europe. London: Frances Pinter. Dogan, Mattei (1967): Political cleavages and social stratification in France and Italy, Chap. 4 in Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds): Party systems and voter alignments. New York: The Free Press. Eijk, Cees van der et al. (1992): Cleavages, conflict resolution and democracy, Chap. 20 in Mark N. Franklin et al. (eds): Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Elder, Neil; Alistair H. Thomas & David Arter (1983): The Consensual Democracies? The Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Elgie, Robert (1994): Christian democracy in France: The politics of electoral constraint, Chap. 9 in David Hanley (ed.): Christian democracy in Europe: A comparative perspective. London: Pinter. Fienberg, Stephen E. (1980): The analysis of cross-classified categorical data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Flanagan, Scott C. (1984): Patterns of realignment, pp in Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds): Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Flanagan, Scott C & Russell J. Dalton (1984): Parties under stress: Realignment and dealignment in advanced industrial societies, West European Politics 7 (4): Franklin, Mark N. et al. (1992): Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Franklin, Mark N., Thomas T. Mackie, Henry Valen (1992): Introduction, Chap. 1 in Mark N. Franklin et al. (eds): Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Franklin, Mark N. (1992): The decline of cleavage politics, Chap. 19 in Mark N. Franklin et al. (eds): Electoral change: Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in western democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frears, John (1988): Liberalism in France, Chap. 6 in Emil J. Kirchner (ed.): Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gallagher, Michael (1985): Political Parties in the Republic of Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Gallagher, Michael, Michael March & Paul Mitchell (2003): How Ireland voted London: Palgrave Macmillan.

3 280 Bibliography Halman, Loek & Ruud de Moor (1994): Religion, churches and moral values, Chap. 3 in Peter Ester, Loek Halmann & Ruud de Moor (eds): The individualizing society. Value change in Europe and North America. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press. Heath, Anthony etal. (1991): Understanding political change: The British voter Oxford: Pergamon Press. Hill, Keith (1974): Belgium: Political change in a segmented society, Chap. 2 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: A comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press. Inglehart, Ronald (1984): The changing structure of political cleavages in Western societies, Chap. 2 in Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan & Paul Allen Beck (eds): Electoral change in advanced industrial societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, Ronald (1977): The Silent Revolution changing values and political styles among western publics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Jagodzinski, Wolfgang & Karel Dobbelaere (1995a): Secularization and church religiosity, Chap. 4 in Jan van Deth & Elinor Scarbrough (eds): The Impact of Values, Volume 4 in Beliefs in Government. European Science Foundation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jagodzinski, Wolfgang & Karel Dobbelaere (1995b): Religious cognitions and beliefs, Chap. 7 in Jan van Deth & Elinor Scarbrough (eds): The Impact of Values, Volume 4 in Beliefs in Government. European Science Foundation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Karvonen, Lauri (1994): Christian parties in Scandinavia: Victory over the windmills?, chapter 7 in David Hanley (ed.): Christian democracy in Europe: A comparative perspective. London: Pinter. Kersbergen, Kees van (1999): Contemporary Christian Democracy and the demise of the politics of mediation, Chap. 12 in Herbert Kitschelt et al. (eds): Continuity and change in contemporary capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kitschelt, Herbert (1988): Left-libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems, World Politics XL: Kitschelt, Herbert (1995): The Radical Right in Western Europe A comparative analysis. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press. Knutsen, Oddbjørn (1995): The Impact of Old Politics and New Politics Value Orientations on Party Choice A Comparative Study, Journal of Public Policy 15: Knutsen, Oddbjørn (1996): Value orientations and party choice: a comparative study of the relationship between five value orientations and voting intention in thirteen West European countries, pp in Oscar W. Gabriel & Jürgen W. Falter (eds): Wahlen und politische Einstellungen in westlichen Demokratien. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Knutsen, Oddbjørn (1998): Social class, sector employment and gender as political cleavages in the Scandinavian countries. A comparative longitudinal study, Research Report No. 2. Oslo: Department of Political Science. Knutsen, Oddbjørn (2003): Overall and traditional left right class voting in eight West European countries: A comparative longitudinal study Paper presented at the ECPR s Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh, March 28 April 2.

4 Bibliography 281 Lane, Jan-Erik & Svante Ersson (1999): Politics and Society in Western Europe. 4th edn London: Sage. Lewis-Beck, Michael & Andrew Skalaban (1992): France, Chap. 8 in Mark N. Franklin et al.: Electoral change. Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in western democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lijphart, Arend (1974): The Netherlands: Continuity and change in voting behavior, Chap 5 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: A comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press. Lipset, Seymour Martin & Stein Rokkan (1967a). Cleavage structure, party systems, and voter alignments: an introduction, Chap. 1 in Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds): Party systems and voter alignments. New York: The Free Press. Lipset, Seymour Martin & Stein Rokkan (eds) (1967b): Party systems and voter alignments. New York: The Free Press. Lucardie, Paul & Hans-Martien ten Napel (1994): Between confessionalism and liberal conservatism: The Christian Democratic parties of Belgium and the Netherlands, Chap. 3 in David Hanley (ed.): Christian democracy in Europe: A comparative perspective. London: Pinter. Mair, Peter (1997): Party system change. Approaches and interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Mair, Peter (2001): The freezing hypothesis. An evaluation, Chap 3 in Lauri Karvonen & Stein Kuhnle (eds): Party systems and voter alignments revisited. London: Routledge. Manza, Jeff & Clem Brooks (1998): The gender gap in U.S. Presidential elections: When? Why? Implications?, American Journal of Sociology 103: Manza, Jeff & Clem Brooks (1999): Social cleavages and political change. Voter alignment and US party coalitions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martin, David (1993): A general theory of secularization. Aldershot: Gregg Revivals Mosteller, Frederick (1968): Association and estimation in contingency tables, Journal of the American Statistical Association 63: Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (1985): The Greens in Western Europe. Similar But Different, International Political Science Review 6: Newell, James L. (1994): The Scottish National Party and the Italian Lega Nord. A lesson for their rivals?, European Journal of Political Research 26: Nieuwbeerta, Paul (1995): The democratic class struggle in twenty countries Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. Norris, Pippa (1999): Gender: A gender-generation gap?, Chap. 8 in Geoffrey Evans & Pippa Norris (eds): Critical elections. British parties and voters in longterm perspective. London: Sage. OECD (2002): OECD Historical Statistics Paris: OECD. Pridham, Geoffrey (1988): Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicano Italiano (PRI) and the Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI), Chap. 3 in Emil J. Kirchner (ed.): Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reynolds, H.T. (1984): Analysis of nominal data. 2nd edn Series: Quantitative applications in the social sciences. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. Rose, Richard (ed.) (1974a): Electoral behaviour: a comparative handbook. New York: Free Press. Rose, Richard (1974b): Comparability in electoral studies, Chap. 1 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: a comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press.

5 282 Bibliography Rose, Richard (1974c): Britain: Simple abstractions and complex realities, Chap. 10 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: a comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press. Rose, Richard & Derek Urwin (1969): Social cohesion, political parties and strains in regimes, Comparative Political Studies 2: Rose, Richard & Derek Urwin (1970): Persistence and change in Western party systems since 1945, Political Studies XVIII: Seawright, David (2000). A confessional cleavage resurrected? The denominational vote in Britain, Chap. 4 in David Broughton and Hans-Martien ten Napel (eds): Religion and mass electorial behaviour in Europe. London and New York: Routledge and ECPR. Shamir, Michal (1984): Are western party systems frozen? A comparative dynamic analysis, Comparative Political Studies 17: Sinnott, Richard (1995): Irish voters decide: Voting behaviour in elections and referendums since Manchester: Manchester University Press. Smith, Gordon (1989): Politics in Western Europe a comparative analysis. 5th edn Aldershot: Dartmouth. Steed, Michael & Peter Humphreys (1988): Identifying liberal parties, Chap. 16 in Emil J. Kirchner (ed.): Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Svensson, Palle & Lise Togeby (1991): Höjrebölge?. Århus: Politica. Thomas, Alastair H. (1988): Liberalism in Denmark: agrarian, radical and still influential, Chap. 11 in Emil J. Kirchner (ed.): Liberal parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge. Togeby, Lise (1994): Political implications of increasing numbers of women in the labor force, Comparative Political Studies 1994: Urwin, Derek (1974): Germany: Continuity and change in electoral politics, Chap. 3 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: A comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press. von Beyme, Klaus (1985): Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot: Gower. Wald, Kenneth D. (1987): Religion and politics in the United States. New York: St. Martin s. Whyte, J.H. (1974): Ireland: Politics without social bases, Chap. 12 in Richard Rose (ed.): Electoral behaviour: A comparative handbook. New York: The Free Press.

6 Index Agrarian Liberal Party (Denmark), 19, 27, 62, 104, 142, 145, 174, 208 Alleanza Nazionale (Italy), 18, 31, 64 Anglican Church of England, 46 Anti-Revolutionary Party (Netherlands), 17 Australia, social structure and party allegiance, 9 Austria, social structure and party allegiance, 9 Belgium church attendance, 83, 88, 89, 98, , 102, , 124 7, 227, 241 Ecolo/Agalev Party, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 173, 174, 177, 227: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts, 167; overlap, 241; trends with time, 166 Flemish Bloc, 18, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 gender effects, 202, 203 4, 227: trends with time, 206, party families, 20, 21 party family support, 24, 25: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 33; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, , 124 7, 227; church religiosity, 104; educational level, 168, , 172, 173, 174, 177, 227; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, , 227; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 61, 67 8, 227; social class, 227, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 26, 60, 61, 67 8; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 141, 147 9, 227 PCB/KPB Parties, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PRL/PVV Parties, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PS/SP Parties, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PSC/CVP Parties, 26, 104, 141, 174 religious cleavage, 235, 241 religious denomination, 48, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 61, 67 8, 227, 251: non-affiliated, 52; overlap, 241 religious structure, 46 social class, 227, 236, 241, 244, 252 social cleavage, 227, 231, 237, 244, 248 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 244; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 244; gender effect, 219, 244; religious denomination, 77 9, 244, 251; social class, 244, 252; trends in, 33; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 244 urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 141, 147 9, 152, 154, 227, 241 Volksunie/RW/FDF Parties, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 bivariate analysis social cleavage, support,

7 284 Index Britain Catholics, 94, 95, 116 church attendance, 89, 92, 93, 98, , 102, 115, , , 124 7, 227: Catholics versus Protestants, 94, 95; Overlap, 241 Conservative Party, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 177 9, 227: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts, 167; overlap, 241; trends with time, 166 gender effects, 202, 203 4, 227: trends with time, 206, 208, Green Party, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Labour Party, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Liberal Party (now Liberal Democrat Party), 17, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Nationalist Parties, 19, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 non-conformists, 116 party families, 20, 21 party family support, 24, 25: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 33; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, 115, , , 124 7, 227; church religiosity, 104, 112; educational level, 168, , 172, 174, 177 9, 227; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, 208, , 227; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 65 6, 72 3, 227; social class, 227, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 26, 65 6, 72 3; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 141, 150 Protestants, 94, 95, 116 religious cleavage, 235, 241 religious denomination, 48, 51, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 65 6, 72 3, 115, , , 227, 251: non-affiliated, 52; overlap, 241 religious structure, 46 social class, 227, 236, 241, 245, 252 social cleavage, 227, 232, 237, 245, 249 Social Democratic Party, 17 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 245; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 245; gender effect, 219, 245; religious denomination, 77 9, 245, 251; social class, 245, 252; trends in, 33; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 245 urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 141, 150, 152, 154, 227, 241, 245 Calvinist Church of Scotland, 46 Calvinist Fundamentalist Party (Netherlands), 17, 30, 65, 106, 118, 122, 143, 176, 210 Canada, party support and social structure, 9 Catholic countries 46, 47 church attendance, 94, 95 6 party allegiance, see also individual countries Catholic People s Party (Netherlands), 17 CDA Party (Netherlands), 30, 64, 106, 118, 122, 143, 176, 210 CDU/CSU Parties (Germany), 16, 28, 63, 105, 109, 117, 142, 150, Central Democrats Party (Denmark), 27, 62, 104, 142, 174, 208 centre-periphery cleavage, 1 Christian Democratic Appeal (Netherlands), 17

8 Index 285 Christian Democratic Party (Italy), 29, 64, 106, 107, 143, 145, 176, 210 Christian Historical Union (Netherlands), 17 Christian parties 16 17, 21, 22 church attendance and support for, 98, 99 educational level of supporters 169, 170 gender differences in voting, 203, 204 religious affiliation of supporters 56 7, 58 urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 Christian People s Party (Denmark), 27, 61, 104, 113, 142, 174, 208 church attendance, overlap, and party support, : religious denomination, ; socialist/non-socialist, 123 8; trends with time, church religiosity, and party support, Church-State conflict, 1 cleavage politics cognitive mobilisation, 162 commodity market conflict, 1 Communist parties 15, 20 church attendance and support for, 99 educational level of supporters 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters 55, 56 7 urban rural residence, 134, 137 Communist Party (Netherlands), 15 comparative literature review, 4 14 Conservative parties 18, 21, 22 church attendance and support for, 98, 99, 100, educational level of supporters 169, 170 gender differences in voting, 203, 204 religious affiliation of supporters 56 7, 58 urban rural residence, 137, 139 Conservative Party (Britain), 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Conservative People s Party (Denmark), 27, 61, 104, 139, 142, 174, 179, 208 Cramer s V, 34 religious denomination and party support, 54, 59 cross-cutting, 40 1, cross-product ratio, 35 Danish state church (Den danske folkekirke), 51 dealignment, 11 Democrats 66 (Netherlands), 17, 19, 30, 64, 106, 118, 143, 176, 210 Denmark Agrarian Liberal Party, 19, 27, 62, 104, 142, 145, 174, 208 Central Democrat Party, 27, 62, 104, 142, 174, 208 Christian People s Party, 27, 61, 104, 113, 142, 174, 208 church attendance, 88 90, 92, 93, 98, , 102, 124 7, 228, 241 Conservative People s Party, 27, 61, 104, 139, 142, 174, 179, 208 DKP Party, 27, 61, 104, 142, 208 educational level 164, 168, , 172, 174, , 228: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts 167; overlap, 241; trends with time, 166 gender effects 202, 203 4, 228: trends with time, 206, 208, Green Party, 27, 61, 104, 142, 174, 208 Left Socialist Party, 15, 27, 61, 104, 142, 174, 208 Lutheran State Church, 70 party families 20, 21 party family support, 24, 25, 31: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties 33; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139

9 286 Index Denmark continued party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, 124 7, 228; church religiosity, 104 5, ; educational level, 168, , 172, 174, , 228; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, 208, , 228; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 61 2, 70 2, 228; social class, 228, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 61 2, 70 2; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, 144 5, 228 Progress Party, 18, 27, 62, 104, 142, 174, 208 Radical Liberal Party, 17, 27, 61, 104, 144, 174, 208 religious cleavage, 235, 241 religious denomination, 49, 51, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 61 2, 70 2, 227, 228, 251: non-affiliated 52; overlap, 241 religious structure, 46 social class, 228, 236, 241, 245, 252 social cleavage, 228, 232 3, 237, 245, Social Democrat Party, 27, 61, 104, 113, 142, 174, 180, 208 social structure, 9 Socialist People s Party, 15 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 245; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 245; gender effect, 219, 221, 245; religious denomination, 77 9, 245, 251; social class, 245, 252; trends in, 33; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 245 Unity List, 15 urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, 144 5, 152, 154, 228, 241, 245 DKP Party (Denmark), 27, 61, 104, 142, 174, 208 Dutch Reformed Church, 53, 96, 118 Ecolo/Agalev Party (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 ecological realignment, 2, 3 Ecologists Party (France), 27, 62, 105, 142, 175, 181, 209 education, age of finishing full-time education, 165 birth cohorts 167 educational level, 164 overlap, and party support, and social mobility, 162 trends in, 166 and voting pattern, Electoral Behavior: A Comparative Handbook, 2, 8, 198 Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries 2 Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies 2, 10 empirical analysis 41 2 eta-coefficient, 34 church attendance, 98, 102 educational level, 168 gender effects 206 religious denomination, 77, 78, 79 social cleavage, urban rural residence, 136, 140 ethnic parties see Nationalist parties; and see individual countries and parties FDP Party (Germany), 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, Fianna Fail Party (Ireland), 18, 28, 63, 105, 143, 147, Fine Gael Party (Ireland), 17, 28, 63, 105, 115, 143, 147, Finland, party support and social structure, 9 Flemish Bloc (Belgium), 18, 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 193, 208 Forza Italia (Italy), 29, 31, 64, 106, 107, 143, 176, 210 France church attendance, 88, 90, 92 3, 98, , 102, 124 7, 228, 241

10 Index 287 Ecologists Party, 27, 62, 105, 142, 175, 181, 209 educational level 164, 168, , 172, 175, 181 2, 228: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts 167; overlap, 241; trends with time, 166 Front National, 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, 175, 182, 209 gender effects 202, 203 4, 228: trends with time, 206, 209 MRG Party, 27, 62, 105, 142, New Left Party, 16 party families 20, 21 party family support, 24, 31: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4, 206, 209; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties 33; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, 124 7, 228; church religiosity, 105, 108 9; educational level, 168, , 172, 175, 181 2, 228; gender effects 202, 203 4, 206, 228; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 62, 68 9, 228; social class 228, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 60, 62, 68 9; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, 149, 228 PCF Party, 15, 27, 62, 105, 142, PSF Party, 27, 62, 105, 142, PSU Party, 27, 62, 105, 142, RC Party, 15 red peasants 134 religious cleavage, 235, 241 religious denomination, 49, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 62, 68 9, 228, 251: non-affiliated, 52; overlap, 241 religious structure, 46 RPR Party, 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, social class, 228, 236, 241, 246, 252 social cleavage, 228, 231, 237, 246, 248 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 246; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 246; gender effect, 219, 221, 246; religious denomination, 77 9, 246, 251; social class, 246, 252; trends in, 33; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 246 UDF Party, 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, 175 urban rural residence, 134, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, 149, 152, 154, 228, 241, 246 freezing of party alignments, 2, 5 Front National (France), 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, 175, 182, 209 gender, party support, 36 41, support, Gereformeered (Netherlands), 118, 123 Germany Catholics, 117 CDU/CSU Parties, 16, 28, 63, 105, 109, 117, 142, 150, church attendance, 88, 90, 93, 98, , 102, 117, 120 1, 124 7, 229: Catholics versus Protestants 94, 95, 96; overlap, educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 175, 182 3, 229: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts 167; overlap, ; trends with time, 166 FDP Party, 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, gender effects, 202, 203 4, 229: trends with time, 206, 209, Green Party, 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, party families, 20, 21

11 288 Index Germany continued party family support, 24, 31: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4, 209; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 33; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, 117, 120 1, 124 7, 229; and church religiosity, 105, 109; educational level, 168, , 172, 175, 182 3, 229; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, , 229; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 63, 73 4, 229; social class, 229, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 63, 73 4; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, , 229 Protestants 117 religious cleavage, 235, religious denomination, 49, 51, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 63, 73 4, 117, 120 1, 229, 251: non-affiliated, 52, 53; overlap, religious structure, 46 Republican Party, 18, 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, social class, 229, 236,, 246, 252 social cleavage, 229, 232, 237, 246, 249 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 246; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 246; gender effect, 219, 221, 246; religious denomination, 77 9, 246, 251; social class, 246, 252; trends in, 33; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 246 SPD Party, 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 142, , 152, 154, 229,, 246 Great Britain see Britain Green Left Party (Netherlands), 15, 30, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Green parties 4, 16 church attendance and support for, 99, educational level of supporters, 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters, 55, 56 7 role in party support, 32 and socialist/non-socialist division, 80 1 urban versus rural residence, 137 Green Party (Britain), 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Green Party (Denmark), 27, 61, 104, 142, 174, 208 Green Party (Germany), 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, Green Party (Ireland), 28, 63, 105, 143, institutionalisation of political parties, 6 Ireland church attendance, 88, 90 1, 92 3, 98, , 102, 124 7, 229, educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 175, 183 4, 229: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts 167; overlap, ; trends with time, 166 Fianna Fail Party, 18, 28, 63, 105, 143, 147, Fine Gael Party, 17, 28, 63, 105, 115, 143, 147, gender effects 202, 203 4, 229: trends with time, 206, 209, 213 Green Party, 28, 63, 105, 143, Labour Party, 28, 63, 105, 143, party families, 20, 21

12 Index 289 party family support, 24, 31: church attendance for, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 33 4; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 29, 98, , 102, 124 7, 229; church religiosity, 105 6, ; educational level, 168, , 172, 175, 183 4, 229; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, 209, 213, 229; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 63, 70; social class, 229, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 63, 70; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 146 7, 229 Progressive Democratic Party, 18, 28, 63, 105, 143, religious cleavage, 235: overlap, religious denomination, 50, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 63, 70, 229, 251: non-affiliated, 52; overlap, religious structure, 46 social class, 229, 236,, 247, 252 social cleavage, 230, 231 2, 237, 247, 249 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7; educational level, 188, 190, 191; gender effect, 219; religious denomination, 77 9, 247, 251; social class, 247, 252; trends in, 33 4; urban rural residence, 152, 154 urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 146 7, 152, 154, 229, Workers Party, 15, 28, 63, 105, 143, Italy Alleanza Nazionale, 18, 31 Christian Democrat Party, 1, 29, 64, 106, 107, 143, 145, 176, 210 church attendance, 88, 91, 93, 98, , 102, 124 7, 230, educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 176, 184 6, 230: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts 167; overlap, ; trends with time, 166 Forza Italia, 29, 31, 64, 106, 107, 143, 176, 210 gender effects, 202, 203 4, 230: trends with time, 206, 207, Lega Nord, 19, 29, 31, 64, 106, 107, 143, 176, 210 MSI/AN Parties, 18, 29, 31, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 New Politics Radical Party, 16 party families, 20, 22 party family support, 24, 31; church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 34; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, 124 7, 230; church religiosity, 106, 107; educational level, 168, , 172, 176, 184 6, 230; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, 207, , 230; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 64, 69, 230; social class, 230, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 64, 69; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 145 6, 230 PCI/PDS/PCR Parties, 15, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 PDSI Party, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 PLI Party, 18

13 290 Index Italy continued PRI/PLI Parties, 18, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Proletarian Democrat Party, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 PSI Party, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Radical Party/Verdi Party, 16, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 religious cleavage, 235, religious denomination, 50, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 64, 69, 251: non-affiliated, 52; overlap, religious structure, 46 social class, 230, 236, 241, 242, 252 social cleavage, 230, 231, 237, 249 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7; educational level, 188, 190, 191; gender effect, 219; religious denomination, 77 9, 247, 251; social class, 247, 252; trends in, 34; urban rural residence, 152, 154 urban rural residence, 134, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 145 6, 152, 154, 230, labour market conflict, 1 Labour Party (Britain), 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Labour Party (Ireland), 28, 63, 105, 143, Left Socialist parties, 15 16, 20 church attendance and support for, 99, educational level of supporters, 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters, 55, 56 7 urban versus rural residence, 137 Left Socialist Party (Denmark), 15, 27, 61, 104, 142, 174, 208 left right division see socialist/non-socialist party support Lega Nord (Italy), 19, 29, 31, 64, 106, 107, 143, 176, 210 Liberal Party (now Liberal Democrat Party) (Britain), 17, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Liberal parties, 17 18, 21, 22 church attendance and support for, 99 educational level of supporters, 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters, 56 7, 58 urban versus rural residence, 137 libertarian values, 15 lor-measure see lor-score lor-score, 35 church attendance, 98 9 church religiosity, educational level, 169, 188, 190 gender effects, 37 8, 203, 206 religious affiliation and party support, 56 support, church attendance, 124, 125, 126, 127 urban rural residence, 137, 152, 154 marginal Christians, 87, 88 modern gender gap, 199 MRG Party (France), 27, 62, 105, 142, MSI/AN Parties (Italy), 18, 29, 31, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 multivariate analysis social cleavage, support, Nagelkerke s R 2, 34 class variables, 236 religious cleavage, 235 religious denomination, 54 5, 60 Nationalist parties, 19, 20, 26 church attendance and support for, 99 educational level of supporters, 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters, 56 7

14 Index 291 urban versus rural residence, 137 see also individual countries and parties Netherlands Anti-Revolutionary Party, 17 Calvinist Fundamentalist Party, 17, 30, 64, 106, 117, 122, 143, 176, 210 Catholic People s Party, 17 Catholics, CDA Party, 30, 64, 106, 118, 122, 143, 176, 210 Christian Democratic Appeal, 17 Christian Historical Union, 17 church attendance, 88, 91 3, 98, , 102, , 121 7, 230: Catholics versus Protestants, 96 7; overlap, Communist Party, 15 Democrats 66, 17, 19, 30, 64, 106, 118, 143, 176, 210 Dutch Reformed Church, 53, 96, 118 educational level, 164, 168, , 172, 176, 186 7, 230: age when finishing full-time education, 165; birth cohorts, 167; overlap, ; trends with time, 166 gender effects 202, 203 4, 230: trends with time, 206, 210, Gereformeered, 118, 123 Green Left Party, 15, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Pacifist Socialist Party, 15 party families, 20, 22 party family support, 24, 31: church attendance, 98 9; educational level, ; gender, 203 4; religious affiliation, 56 7, 58; socialist, non-socialist and green parties, 34; urban rural residence, 133, 137, 139 party support: church attendance, 98, , 102, , 121 7, 230; and church religiosity, 106, ; educational level, 168, , 172, 176, 186 7, 230; gender, 202, 203 4, 206, 210, , 230; religious cleavage, 235; religious denomination, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 64 5, 74 6; social class, 230, 236; social structure, 9; trends in, 64 5, 74 6; urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 150 1, 230 People s Party for Freedom and Democracy, 17 PVDA Party, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Radical Party, 15 religious cleavage, 235, religious denomination, 50, 54, 56 7, 59, 60, 64 5, 74 6, , 121 3, 251: non-affiliated, 52, 53; overlap, religious structure, 46 social class, 230, 236,, 248, 252 social cleavage, 230, 232, 237, 248, 249 social structure, 9 support, 77, 78, 79, 255, 257: church attendance, 124 7, 248; educational level, 188, 190, 191, 248; gender effect, 219, 248; religious denomination, 77 9, 248, 251; social class, 248, 252; trends in, 34; urban rural residence, 152, 154, 248 urban rural residence, 136, 137 8, 140, 143, 150 1, 152, 154, 230, 241, 242, 248 VVD Party, 29, 64, 106, 118, 143, 176, 210 New Left, 15 New Left Party (France), 16 New Politics, 11, 15 New Politics Radical Party (Italy), 16 non-affiliated groups, 52 3 party support, 55, 58 non-conformists, 87, 88, 92 party support, 116

15 292 Index Norway, party support and social structure, 9 nuclear (core) Christians, 87, 88 odds ratios, 35 Orthodox Rereformed churches (Netherlands), 46 overlap, 40 1, Pacifist Socialist Party (Netherlands), 15 party families, 14 19, 20 2 support for, 24 see also individual party families party support, changes over time, church attendance, gender, 36 41, non-affiliated groups, 55, 58 non-conformists, 116 religious cleavage, 235 religious denomination, socialist/non-socialist see socialist/ non-socialist party support urban rural residence, see also individual countries Party Systems and Voter Alignments, 2 PCB/KPB Parties (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PCF Parties (France), 15, 27, 62, 105, 142, PCI/PDS/PCR Parties (Italy), 15, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 PDSI Party (Italy), 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 People s Party for Freedom and Democracy (Netherlands), 17 percentage difference measures, 35 church attendance, 93, 95, 96 church religiosity, educational level, gender effects, 37 8, 203 4, 206, 219 religious affiliation and party support, 57 urban rural residence, PRI/PLI Parties (Italy), 18, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 PRL/PVV Parties (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 Progress Party (Denmark), 18, 27, 62, 104, 142, 174, 208 Progressive Democratic Party (Ireland), 18, 28, 63, 105, 143, Proletarian Democrat Party (Italy), 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Protestant countries, 46, 47 8 church attendance, 94, 95, 96 party allegiance, 61 6, 70 3 Protestant Dutch Reformed Church, 46 PS/SP Parties (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PSC/CVP Parties (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 PSF Party (France), 27, 62, 105, 142, PSU Party (France), 27, 62, 105, 142, PVDA Party (Netherlands), 15, 30, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Radical Party/Verdi Party (Italy), 16, 29, 64, 106, 143, 176, 210 Radical Liberal Party (Denmark), 17, 27, 61, 104, 142, 144, 174, 208 Radical Party (Netherlands), 15 Radical right parties, 18, 21, 22 church attendance, and suppport for, 99, 100 educational level of supporters, 169, 170 gender differences in voting, 203, 204 religious affiliation of supporters, 56 7, 58 urban versus rural residence, 137 RC Party (France), 15 realignment, 2, 10 red peasants (France), 134 religious affiliation, 48 9 non-affiliated, 52 3, 55, 58 religious awareness, 44 religious cleavage, 43 6 overlap, and party support, 235

16 Index 293 religious denomination, overlap, and party support, see also individual countries religious divisions, 7 religiously mixed countries, 73 6 Republican Party (Germany), 18, 28, 63, 105, 117, 142, RPR Party (France), 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, Scottish National Party (Britain), 19, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 sectoral alignment, 2 secular realignment, 2 social class, , social cleavage, 2 and nominal-level party support, and support, Social Democrat Party (Denmark), 27, 61, 104, 113, 142, 174, 180, 208 Social Democratic parties, 16, 20 church attendance and support for, 99 educational level of supporters, 169 gender differences in voting, 203 religious affiliation of supporters, 55, 56 7 Social Democratic Party (Britain), 17 social mobility, 162 socialisation hypothesis, 5 6 Socialist People s Party (Denmark), 15, 104, 113, 142 support, 4, bivariate analysis, church attendance, educational level, gender effect, multivariate analysis, religious denomination, social cleavage, trends in, 31 4 urban-rural residence, see also party support; and individual parties socialist/social parties, 16, 20 SPD Party (Germany), 28, 63, 105, 142, statistical measures, see also individual measures Sweden, party support and social structure, 9 traditional gender gap, 198 tree analysis, 8 9 trend analysis, religious denomination and party support, UDF Party (France), 18, 27, 62, 105, 142, Unity List (Denmark), 15 urban rural residence, operationalism of, overlap, and party support, and support, USA, social structure and party allegiance, 9 value differences, 199 Volksunie/RW/FDF Parties (Belgium), 26, 61, 104, 141, 174, 208 VVD Party (Netherlands), 15, 30, 64, 106, 118, 143, 176, 210 Welsh National Party (Britain), 19, 26, 65 6, 104, 116, 141, 174, 208 Workers Party (Ireland), 15, 28, 63, 105, 143, Zeitgeist, 161