EUROPEAN STUDIES IN POLAND: AREAS OF RESEARCH, METHODS AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES 1

Transcription

1 EUROPEAN STUDIES IN POLAND: AREAS OF RESEARCH, METHODS AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES 1 Jacek Czaputowicz, Kamil Ławniczak Institute of European Studies University of Warsaw Abstract: This article analyses European studies in Poland a quarter-century after the fall of communism. Based on the quantitative and qualitative examination of research articles and PhD dissertations, as well as the results of the latest Teaching, Research and International Policy survey, it concludes that ES in Poland is a multi-disciplinary field of research. There is a great variety of topics, the most popular being the EU political system, the EU external relations and member-state policy towards the EU. Most of the texts are descriptive or focused solely on policy analysis. This lack of explanatory ambitions is usually accompanied by an atheoretical approach to research. It must be noted, however, that there are valuable papers, often written by representatives of the younger generation of Polish researchers, that embrace clearly defined theoretical approaches and use advanced research methods. Keywords: European studies; theories; methods; sociology of the discipline; Poland INTRODUCTION European studies (ES) is among the most dynamically developing areas of social science research in Poland. After all, membership in the European Union (EU) is affecting almost every aspect of social, economic and political life in Poland, which therefore creates demand for Europe-related studies and analyses. The aim of this paper is to analyse the state of European studies in Poland a quarter-century after the end of the Cold War and a dozen years after Poland s accession to the EU. The research presented here belongs to the sociology of science, whose literature includes numerous studies on the state of ES in general, as well as in particular countries. The former group includes works by Ben Rosamond, who analysed the development of ES from historical and discursive perspectives 2. Joseph Jupille 1 This publication is based on the results of the project entitled The state of the International Relations and European Studies disciplines in Poland. The project was financed by the National Science Centre under grant agreement no. DEC-2012/07/B/HS5/ Ben Rosamond, The uniting of Europe and the foundation of EU studies: revisiting the neofunctionalism of Ernst B. Haas, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2005); Ben Rosamond, European Czaputowicz/Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland, ERIS Vol. 4, Issue 1/2017, pp

2 40 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 studied meta-theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches prevalent in European Studies 3. John Keeler analysed leading political science journals and doctoral dissertations in order to trace the development of ES on both sides of the Atlantic 4. Amie Kreppel, in turn, studied the development of ES from a comparative perspective 5. Fragmentary analyses of selected research areas, e.g., lobbying in the EU 6, have also been conducted. The state of ES has been studied in France, Ireland, Hungary, Romania 7 and in countries outside the EU, including the United States, Russia, Australia, various South American countries, China and Israel 8. However, there has been no systematic research into the state of ES in Poland. The purpose of this paper is to fill that gap. We pose the following research questions: in which disciplines is Polish ES grounded? On which subject areas is it focused? Which research methods are used by Polish scholars? Which research paradigms have been adopted and are applied? To answer these questions, we have analysed articles published between 2007 and 2012 in eleven leading Polish academic journals, as well as dissertations for PhD degrees in political science whose topics fit into ES and which were defended at Polish universities between 2001 and The analysis was performed within a wider research project, conducted between 2013 and 2015, aimed at diagnosing the state of international relations and European studies in Poland 9. Papers and dissertations which contained a theoretical framework were analysed in more detail in order to determine their specific subject matter and the theoretical integration and the social science of the EU Studies: the disciplinary politics of a subfield, International Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 2 (2007); Ben Rosamond, The Political science of European integration: disciplinary history and EU studies, in K.E. Jørgensen, M.A. Pollack and B. Rosamond (eds.), Handbook of European Union Politics (London: SAGE, 2006). 3 Joseph Jupille, Knowing Europe: metatheory and methodology in European Union studies, in: M. Cini and A.K. Bourne (eds.), Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005). 4 John T.S. Keeler, Mapping EU studies: the evolution from boutique to boom field , Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 43, No. 3 (2005). 5 Amie Kreppel, The normalization of the European Union, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 5 (2012). 6 Adriana Bunea and Frank R. Baumgartner, The state of the discipline: authorship, research designs, and citation patterns in studies of EU interests groups and lobbying, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, No. 10 (2014). 7 Olivier Costa, The state of EU studies in France, in Federiga Bindi and Kjell A. Eliassen (ed.), Analyzing European Union Politics (Rome: Il Mulino, 2012); Mary C. Murphy, The Future of European Studies: A Perspective from Ireland, Journal of Contemporary European Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2014); László Csaba, European studies: Taking stock and looking ahead, Society and Economy, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2009); Mariana Buda The Introduction of European Studies in the Universities from Romania, Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Relaţii Internaţionale şi Studii Europene, No. 3 (2011). 8 Luís de Sousa and Andrés Malamud, Introduction: Looking from the outside in-how Europe is studied abroad, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); Roberto Domingues and Sebastián Royo, The study of the European integration process in the United States, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); David M. Andrews, The rise and fall of EU studies in the USA, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 5 (2012); Ekaterina Gorbunova, Institutionalization of European Studies in Russia, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); Philomena Murray, European Studies and the Research in Australia Bringing History and Geography, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); Andrés Malamud and Miguel de Luca An Old World Yet to Discover? European Studies in the Latin American Southern Cone, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); Bingran Dai (2008) European studies in China, in D. Shambaugh, E. Sandschneider and H. Zhou (eds.), China-Europe relations: perceptions, polices and prospects (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008); Weiqing Song, European studies in China and its Chinese characteristics, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012); Aharon Y.M. Shophet, Israel and European studies: a historical analysis, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2012). 9 For results concerning IR, see: Jacek Czaputowicz and Anna Wojciuk, IR scholarship in Poland: the state of the discipline 25 years after the transition to democracy, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2016).

3 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 41 concepts they referenced. Additionally, we have used data from the Teaching, Research and International Policy survey, which was conducted in Poland for the first time in While that data was mainly directed at International Relations (IR) scholars, the definition of IR employed included a large number of European studies researchers. 10 In the first part of this paper, our analysis will be preceded by a discussion of the origins and development of ES in Poland, which will help uncover the internal and external factors influencing the current state and prospects of this scholarship. The share of particular disciplines in ES in Poland will be assessed by analysing the activities undertaken within the EU Jean Monnet programme. The second part will be devoted to a quantitative analysis of PhD theses and scientific articles on ES published in the leading Polish academic journals. Their topics, disciplinary nature, the research methods used, and the theoretical approaches applied will herein be examined. The third part will analyse articles and doctorates which contained a theoretical frame in order to determine the prevalent approaches used by Polish researchers and discuss the prospects for ES in Poland. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN STUDIES IN POLAND During the Cold War researchers in the Eastern Bloc focused on analysis of the functioning of Comecon (the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), of which Poland was a member, rather than the European Communities. Only a handful of Polish scholars were aware of the debates on European integration which engaged academics in the West. The theoretical works of scholars such as Karl Deutsch, Ernst Haas and Leon Lindberg, were never translated into Polish. Publications devoted to the theory of European integration were therefore rare. For example, the functionalist approach of David Mitrany was applied to studies of international organisations 11. Functionalist theories were also studied by Franciszek Gołembski and Adam Gwiazda 12. European studies originates from International Relations. During the communist period, the organisational and intellectual links with the interwar period were broken and the differences between Polish and international IR began to widen. Much attention was given to the ideological engagement of academics and their sound knowledge of Marxism-Leninism, while limiting their interactions with Western 10 Out of 193 Polish respondents, 103 indicated some interest in ES or European integration. The results of the survey for Poland are available online: See also: Jacek Czaputowicz and Kamil Ławniczak, Ankieta Teaching, Research and International Policy 2014 w Polsce. Raport z badań [Teaching, Research and International Policy 2014 survey in Poland. Research report] (Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2015). 11 Wojciech Morawiecki, Funkcjonalne podejście do organizacji międzynarodowej [The functional approach to an international organisation], Sprawy, Vol (1970). 12 Franciszek Gołembski, Funkcjonalizm koncepcja pokojowego ładu światowego (w ujęciu D. Mitrany ego) [Functionalism a concept of peaceful world order (D. Mitrany s approach)], Studia Nauk Politycznych, No. 3 (1975); Adam Gwiazda, Funkcjonalizm i neofunkcjonalizm w teorii stosunków międzynarodowych [Functionalism and neofunctionalism in the theory of international relations], Studia Nauk Politycznych, No. 2 (1978).

4 42 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 research communities. Most studies remained historical and empirical, but not theoretical. In the second half of the 1970s institutes of International Relations were set up within political science faculties at the University of Warsaw, the Maria Curie- Skłodowska University in Lublin, the University of Wrocław, the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. These are the leading IR academic centres in Poland today. In the communist system political science was a field of ideological confrontation 13. The Polish IR research community had to provide legitimisation of the political system and the country s foreign policy. The leading books in the discipline were not translated into Polish and domestic research was focused on the Marxist criticism of capitalism. Political science courses were meant to indoctrinate students. The requirement of loyalty towards the Communist Party strongly affected the quality of academic work in the period 14. Following 1989, rapid growth in the number of researchers and students at Polish universities took place. Researchers concentrated on the challenges to foreign policy and on the operation of Western institutions such as the NATO and the European Union. Leading themes included international security and European integration. The Polish European Community Studies Association (PECSA), a member of the European Community Studies Association, was established already in The Poland in Europe Foundation played an important role with its 50 issues of Poland in Europe published in the period Moreover, in 1991, the Centre for Europe was founded at the University of Warsaw and in 1993 the European Institute in Łódź. Courses in European studies were launched with the support of EU funds. When EU membership became the key goal of Polish foreign policy after 1989, demand arose for specialist knowledge of EU institutions and politicians. ES attracted researchers from various disciplines: international lawyers, economists and political scientists, including experts on IR. From the very beginning ES has had a multi-disciplinary character and its agenda has been described as a bit of everything 15. By 1997, there were eight ES academic centres in Poland: six at universities and two at economics colleges. Moreover, there were ES-related courses offered within political science and law programmes 16. The establishment of European Documentation Centres also contributed to the institutionalisation of the discipline Rainer Eisfel, Leslie A. Pal, Political science in Central-East Europe and the impact of politics: factors of diversity, forces of convergence, European Political Science, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2010). 14 Stanisław Gebethner and Radosław Markowski, Political Science Poland, in M. Kaase, V. Sparschuh and A. Wenninger (eds.), Three Social Science Disciplines in Central and Eastern Europe: Handbook on Economics, Political Science and Sociology ( ) (Berlin Bonn Budapest: Social Science Information Center and Collegium Budapest, 2002), p. 308; Jacek Czaputowicz, Theory or Practice? The State of International Relations in Poland, European Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2012). 15 Zofia Sokolewicz, Trudne początki... autorskie rozterki dotyczące studiów europejskich i antropologii nowej Europy (Refleksje po 20 latach funkcjonowania Centrum Europejskiego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego) [Difficult beginnings... personal dilemmas regarding European studies and anthropology of the new Europe (Reflections after 20 years of the Centre for Europe at the University of Warsaw)], Studia Europejskie, No. 1 (2012), p Anna Wiśniewska, European Studies in Poland, in D. Grigorescu and N. Păun (eds.), European Studies Today (Cluj-Napoca: EFES, 1998) p Zbigniew B. Rudnicki, The development of European Studies in Poland after 1989 from specialization to Institutionalization, in Jean Monnet Conference. 20 Years of Support for European Integration Studies: From the Jean Monnet Action to the Jean Monnet Programme (Bruxelles, 2009), p. 6.

5 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 43 ES provided knowledge on various aspects of the European Union. Initially there were six ES areas of interest: general aspects of the European economic, political and social integration, EU enlargement, the formation of cross-border regions, historical and contemporary relations between states in Europe, the psychological, normative and identity dimensions of European integration, the harmonisation of Poland s public administration with the requirements of EU membership and EU institutions 18. In 2003 ES acquired the status of an independent academic programme and attracted much interest among university students. Poland has witnessed the rapid growth of tertiary education institutions since the early 1990s. The result, which has often been called an educational boom, has been the growth in the number of students from 10 per cent of secondary school leavers in 1995 to 50 per cent in Public universities have admitted considerably more students and many private universities have opened. Poland hit a record of 2 million university students in the academic year 2005/ According to the POL-on 20 database, to which all Polish higher education institutions are obliged to report, in 2016 there were 410 higher education institutions in Poland, of which 134 were public, 269 were private and seven were run by religious denominations. Twenty one universities and departments offer MA courses and thirty eight offer BA courses. 21 Polish academic units are financed mostly on the basis of the number of students they teach. This results in the prioritisation of teaching at the expense of research. Scholars incomes rely heavily on their teaching assignment and only marginally on the quality of their research work measured quantitatively 22. The demographic trend is likely to cause the number of students to decline and even some programmes to close. The number of students at the start of the 2020s is projected to fall below 1.3 million in Poland 23. ES tends to have different structures at different universities. At the University of Warsaw there are two major ES units: the interdisciplinary Centre for Europe and the Institute of European Studies within the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies. At the Faculty of International and Political Studies of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków is the Institute of European Studies as well as the Department of Integration Process Studies. At the University of Szczecin there is the Institute of Political and European Studies in the Faculty of Humanities. There are European studies departments at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, University of Łódź, University of Wrocław and University of Gdańsk. Courses in European Studies are also offered by the Institute of Philosophy at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin and by the Institute of Sociology at the University of Łódź. The dynamics of European studies have largely been the result of EU support through research and education programmes. In Poland there were 233 activities initiated under the Jean Monnet Programme. Economic studies constitute a high share of these, while the number of projects belonging to legal studies is relatively 18 Gebethner and Markowski, op. cit., p Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Szkolnictwo wyższe w Polsce, p. 10, oryginal/2013_07/6bf8b0381a fc2afb20dfebb9d.pdf (accessed: ). 20 POL-on is the national information system on higher education in Poland. 21 POL-on database, (accessed: ). 22 Czaputowicz and Ławniczak, op. cit. 23 Ministry of Science and Higher Education, op. cit., p. 10.

6 44 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 low (similarly, but to a lesser extent, as in the Czech Republic and Hungary). In France, Italy and (to a lesser degree) Germany, legal studies dominate. In contrast, the UK, and to a lesser extent the US, see the prevalence of political and administrative studies (see Table 1). Table 1: Jean Monnet Projects in selected countries, by discipline (%) Poland Czech Republic Hungary Germany France Italy UK USA N= economic studies political and administrative interdisciplinary studies legal studies historical studies communication and information comparative regionalism intercultural dialogue international relations other studies Source: Asp ( ), for years : ( ). In Poland the teaching of European integration involves EU history, institutions and policies with only occasional references to the theory of European integration. ES is an interdisciplinary research area similar to regional studies rather than a subdiscipline of political science. Curricula rarely cover political science research methodology. ES textbooks usually describe the nature of international integration, the history of integration processes in Europe, the foundations of EU legislation, the EU institutional structure, major EU policies and Poland s membership in the EU. A few Polish publications have analysed ES as a research discipline 24 and theories of integration Konstanty A. Wojtaszczyk and Wojciech Jakubowski (eds.) Studia europejskie. Zagadnienia metodologiczne [European studies. Methodological issues] (Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2010); Wojciech Gagatek, Europeistyka jako nowa dyscyplina naukowa? [European studies as a new scientific discipline?], Studia Europejskie, No. 1 (2012); Jacek Czaputowicz, Studia Europejskie między interdyscyplinarnością a spójnością dyscyplinarną [European studies between interdisciplinarity and disciplinary cohesion], in Jacek Czaputowicz (ed.), Studia Europejskie. Wyzwania interdyscyplinarności [European studies. Challenges of interdisciplinarity] (Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2014). 25 Paweł J. Borkowski, Polityczne teorie integracji międzynarodowej [Political theories of international integration] (Warszawa: Difin, 2007); Franciszek Strzyczkowski, Teorie integracji europejskiej w doktrynie

7 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 45 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ARTICLES AND PHD DISSERTATIONS The analysed empirical material consisted of papers published between 2007 and 2012 in eleven leading Polish academic journals: four focused on ES, four concentrated on IR and three were political science journals with a broad scope. We identified 1,937 articles (excluding reviews, reports, etc.), of which 576 belonged thematically to ES (see Table 2). Table 2: Papers in analysed journals, Journal title Year of establishment Publisher Total number of papers Number of ES papers Share of ES papers (%) Przegląd Europejski 2000 Institute of European Studies, University of Warsaw Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej 2007 Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Studia Europejskie 1997 Centre for Europe, University of Warsaw Yearbook of Polish European Studies 1997 Centre for Europe, University of Warsaw Politeja 2003 Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Politologiczny Przegląd Zachodni 1945 Sprawy 1948 Faculty of International and Political Studies, Jagiellonian University Polish Institute of International Affairs, Warsaw Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Western Institute, Poznań Polish Institute of International Affairs, Warsaw amerykańskiej [Theories of European integration in the American doctrine] (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012).

8 46 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 Journal title Year of establishment Publisher Total number of papers Number of ES papers Share of ES papers (%) Stosunki 1982 Institute of International Relations, University of Warsaw Studia Polityczne 1991 Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Source: Own research. According to the database Nauka Polska, between 2001 and 2012 there were 210 ESrelated PhD dissertations defended in Poland (see Figure 1) at faculties of political science 26 (we had access to 201 of them). Figure 1: Number of PhD dissertations defended between , by university Maria Curie- Skłodowska University 16 Other 36 University of Warsaw 57 University of Silesia 17 Uniwersity of Wrocław 27 Jagiellonian University 28 Adam Mickiewicz University 29 Source: Own research. Women constituted a third of the authors of ES papers, while among the authors of PhD dissertations almost three-fifths were female (Figure 2). Comparison of PhD theses from two time periods ( and ) shows that the share of women is increasing from 52.8 per cent to 62.8 per cent. 26 Sixty-eight Poles received PhD degrees from the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence.

9 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 47 Figure 2: Gender of authors ,8 62,2 34,7 65,3 38,5 61,5 42,2 57,8 20,3 79,7 35,2 64,8 23,7 76,3 51,6 48,4 13,1 86, ,5 61,5 58,6 41,4 Women Men Source: Own research. The relative importance of particular disciplines is shown by the share of papers and theses in disciplinary areas distinguished in the Jean Monnet Programme (see Table 3). Table 3: Disciplinary areas of research (%) Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja SPrzegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= political and administrative international relations economic In total, 6.4 per cent of papers had more than one author. We assigned them weights, e.g., if there were two authors, each had the weight of 0.5.

10 48 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja SPrzegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= legal interdisciplinary communication and information historical intercultural dialogue Source: Own research. The analysed sample of texts shows a high degree of disciplinary diversity. The largest number of papers and dissertations belongs to political and administrative studies 35 and 47 per cent, respectively, and international relations and diplomacy 28.5 and 27 per cent. They belong to political science writ large per cent of papers and 9 per cent of dissertations represent economics, and 12.2 per cent of articles legal studies. Only four theses belong to this group, perhaps because this kind of dissertation is defended at faculties of law. Papers and theses combining different disciplines (e.g., economics with political science) were described as interdisciplinary (4.3 and 7.5 per cent). There were very few communication and information, historical and intercultural dialogue studies, and no text belonged to the comparative regionalism category. Thematic areas of ES were based on the Council of the EU configurations and supplemented with the following categories: cohesion policy and funding, EU political system, European administration, theories and methods of ES, history of European integration, Europeanisation, policy towards EU, other (see Table 7).

11 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 49 Table 4: Thematic areas (%) Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja Przegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= EU political system external action policy towards EU EMU and financial affairs freedom, security and justice internal market Europeanisation cohesion policy and funding theories and methods of ES history of integration security and defence education, youth, culture & sport energy agriculture and fisheries social policy and consumer affairs environment

12 50 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja Przegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= European administration transport and communication other Source: Own research. Three leading areas identified are the EU political system (21.5 per cent of the papers), EU external action (20 per cent), and policy towards the EU (18.2 per cent). A relatively large number of dissertations concern Europeanisation, and the area of freedom, security and justice (7.5 and 7 per cent, respectively). Almost six per cent of the papers deal with the EMU (Economic and Monetary Union). To establish which research methods have been used by Polish ES researchers, we coded the text into categories borrowed from the TRIP 2011 survey 28 : discourse analysis (including content analysis of texts or utterances), quantitative analysis, policy analysis, legal or ethical analysis, pure theory, ethnography, single case study, comparative case study (see Table 5) Daniel Maliniak, Susan Peterson, and Michael J. Tierney, TRIP Around the World: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries (Williamsburg: College of William and Mary, 2012), ( ). 29 Analytic induction, critical theory, experimental, formal modelling, hermeneutics, narrative analysis, process tracing were not present in the sample. Polish scholars who took part in the TRIP 2014 survey and indicated interest in ES (103 persons) declared their main research method as qualitative analysis 40.8 per cent, policy analysis 35.0 per cent, pure theory 9.7 per cent, legal or ethical analysis 5.8 per cent, quantitative analysis 5.8 per cent, other 2.9 per cent, see: Czaputowicz and Ławniczak, op. cit.

13 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 51 Table 5: Research methods (%) Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja Przegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= policy analysis single case study legal/ethical analysis comparative case study quantitative analysis pure theory discourse analysis formal modelling ethnography critical theory Source: Own research. Descriptive texts have been categorised either as policy analyses (if they contained evaluations, prescriptions or prognosis), or as single case studies if they described specific events or processes. 41 per cent of the articles and 20.9 per cent of the theses belonged to the former group, 25.5 and 44.8 per cent, respectively, belonged to the latter. However, the case studies rarely exhibited a careful and purposeful selection of cases. Comparative case studies constituted almost six per cent of the articles and 18.5 per cent of the dissertations. Most texts focused on detailing similarities and differences between cases. Legal analysis, usually concerned with European or international law, was undertaken by 17.7 per cent of papers and in 6.5 per cent of the PhD theses. Four per cent of texts were purely theoretical analyses. Only 2.5 per cent of dissertations and 4 per cent of papers used quantitative analyses to some extent. Other methods were seldom used.

14 52 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 THEORETICAL APPROACHES Most of the analysed texts were atheoretical, only thirteen per cent of the papers and eighteen per cent of the dissertations made reference to a theoretical framework. Comparison of PhD theses from and shows an increase in the number of works with theoretical grounding from 16.5 to 19 per cent. In order to classify theoretical approaches the categories used in the TRIP survey (liberalism, realism, constructivism, Marxism, feminism, English school) were combined with European integration theories represented in the volume edited by Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez 30 : federalism, neofunctionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, governance approaches (including multi-level governance), policy networks, rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, discursive approaches, normative approaches. Sociological institutionalism has been combined with constructivism, while approaches focused on gender were categorised as feminist. The following categories were added: meta-theoretical approaches, geopolitics, cultural and sociological approaches, substantive political scientific approaches, non-political scientific approaches (e.g., borrowed from economics or legal studies), as well as eclectic approaches, which denoted texts combining different theoretical currents (Table 6). Interestingly, no texts followed liberal intergovernmentalism, Marxism or the English school. Table 6: Theories applied (%) Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja Przegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= metatheoretical governance and MLG normative rational choice institutionalism constructivism cultural and sociological Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, European Integration Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

15 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 53 Przegląd Europejski Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej Studia Europejskie Yearbook of Polish European Studies Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny Przegląd Zachodni Sprawy Stosunki Politeja Przegląd Politologiczny Studia Polityczne Total PhD theses N= non-political scientific substantive political science liberalism eclectic neofunctionalism federalism feminism discursive policy networks realism historical institutionalism Source: Own research. 73 articles and 36 PhD dissertations applying a theoretical approach were also analysed in order to determine their subject matter and the theoretical concepts used. Eleven papers classified as meta-theoretical were either comparative theoretical analyses of several approaches, discussions of certain properties of a theory, or reflections concerning the philosophy of science. Some have reviewed a theory of regional integration, different approaches to studying a specific issue (energy policy, the performance of the presidency, economic competitiveness) or discussion of a specific research approach E.g. Piotr Buras and Karolina Pomorska, Europeizacja nowe podejście analityczne w studiach nad polityką zagraniczną [Europeanisation a new analytic approach to foreign policy studies], Stosunki International Relations, No. 3 4 (2009); Adam Jaskulski, Istota i funkcjonowanie UE w koncepcjach i

16 54 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 Ten articles and six PhD dissertations fall under the category of multi-level governance. They address the concept of Europeanisation (in its different varieties: top-down, bottom-up, external, cross-loading etc.) and the presence of actors from one level of European policy at another level, in particular the representation of national, regional or local interests at the European level. For example, Pacześniak studies the Europeanisation of political parties 32. Some papers applied the principalagent theory, asymmetric interdependence and the multi-level governance framework to make a structured presentation of certain aspects of the EU political reality (e.g., delegation of powers 33 ). The two-level format of accession negotiations and the role of subnational entities in the European integration process are studied in the dissertations. Papers and PhD dissertations using a normative perspective analysed the democratic order and legitimacy in the EU, including concepts such us sovereignty, interdependence and integration, and the history of ideas (Enlightenment, rationalism). The articles reviewed the current research on EU legitimacy 34, juxtaposed conclusions from normative considerations with policy practice at the EU level, and focused on the legitimacy of power at the supranational level. Dissertations addressed European unity, the adoption of the EU constitutional framework, the legitimacy and theological sources of the principles of the EU political system and the role of consensual democracy and the political rights of citizens in the EU. Seven papers referenced rational choice institutionalism, while three PhD dissertations applied historical institutionalism. They shared the concept of institutions and used such concepts as delegating powers, majoritarian and consensual democracy, the logic of consequences, the relative voting power, pathdependency and the joint-decision trap. For example, Riedel analysed how a EU member state is simultaneously a principal and an agent 35. There were also several theoretical analyses and applications of quantitative methods to examine the functioning of the European Parliament 36. The constructivist approach was applied in seven papers and one PhD dissertation. The authors used such concepts as endogenous preference formation, identity, social construction of reality, the role of ideational versus material factors, the logic of appropriateness, consequence and argumentation, the culture of consensus, multiple embeddedness, normative impact, socialisation and cognitive regime 37. teoriach integracji europejskiej. Toz same spojrzenia czy fundamentalne róz nice? [The nature and functioning of the EU in the concepts and theories of European integration. Similar visions or fundamental differences?], Przegląd Politologiczny, No. 2 (2008). 32 Anna Pacześniak, Europeizacja polskich partii politycznych wprowadzenie metodologiczne [Europeanisation of Polish political parties methodological introduction], Przegląd Europejski, No. 1 (2010). 33 Janusz Ruszkowski, Pierwotne i wtórne delegowanie kompetencji w wielopoziomowym systemie zarządzania Unii Europejskiej [Primary and secondary delegation of powers in the multi-level system of governance in the European Union], Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, Vol. 6 (2012). 34 E.g. Tomasz Kubin, Zagadnienie deficytu demokracji w Unii Europejskiej. Część I: Aspekty teoretyczne [The issue of the democratic deficit in the European Union. Part I: Theoretical aspects], Studia Europejskie, No. 1 (2007). 35 Rafał Riedel, Państwo jako agent i pryncypał w świetle teorii PAT [State as an agent and a principal according to the principal-agent theory], Studia Europejskie, No. 3 (2009). 36 E.g. Adam Kirpsza, Duch d Hondta w Strasburgu. Zasada proporcjonalnej dystrybucji stanowisk w Parlamencie Europejskim [D Hondt s spirit in Strasbourg. The principle of proportional distribution of posts in the European Parliament], Przegląd Politologiczny, No. 3 (2011). 37 Adam Kirpsza, Charakterystyka konsultacji jako specjalnej procedury ustawodawczej UE [Characteristics of consultation as a special legislative procedure in the EU], Stosunki, No. 2 (2012).

17 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 55 There were seven articles based on cultural and sociological approaches, which have dealt with migration, supranational identity and different aspects of culture or culture-related economic issues. Some of these papers were more empirical and focused on temporary labour migrants 38. Culture was also treated as a framework for analysing the European idea and referenced concepts such as civilisation or symbolic space. In two PhD dissertations the authors analysed parliamentary representation in the European Parliament, the roles assumed by deputies from new EU member states and the cultural differences between MEPs from Poland and other member states. There were seven articles and one PhD dissertation in the category of other nonpolitical scientific approaches including legal studies, media and communication studies, social policy research, and economics. Four articles and three PhD dissertations were categorised as applying substantive political science theories, including regionalism (e.g., centre versus peripheries and internationalisation) and non-constructivist theory of international roles (referencing narration structures and the role of normative power). Papers grounded in the liberal theory of IR concerned the concept of European unity in Polish political thought, the influence of Europeanisation on Poland, and the EU as a civil Power, analysed in the context of security strategies of the member states 39. The article by Tomasz Grosse made reference to the realist paradigm and categories such as bandwagoning 40. Two PhD theses referenced realism as one of several important research paradigms. Two articles that applied neofunctionalism used the spill-over concept to explain the challenges faced by the European welfare state model and historical development of European integration 41. The PhD dissertation concerns the impact of the EU Court of Justice on the economic relations between the member states. Two articles classified as eclectic analysed centres, peripheries and borders in the European integration process. One article and two PhD dissertations referenced federalist theories of European integration. One article as well as four PhD dissertations were classified as feminist (role of women in politics, philosophical roots of feminism, the feminist qualities of EU institutions and policies and gender aspects EU policies). The policy networks approach was present in one paper and one PhD dissertation. The only article in the discursive approach category, written by an English-based Lithuanian author, concerned the migration of workers from Central and Eastern Europe to the UK. Citation patterns in the analysed papers are varied. One tendency that we were able to observe is that, with several exceptions, Polish scholars mainly cite foreign scholars, such as E. Haas, A. Moravscik or A. Wendt. 38 E.g. Dariusz Niedźwiedzki, Migracja i toz samość europejska. Polscy migranci niepełni wobec procesu integracji europejskiej, Studia Europejskie, No 2 (2010). 39 Krzysztof Malinowski, Unia Europejska jako mocarstwo cywilne a strategie bezpieczeństwa państw członkowskich [The EU as a civilian power and the security strategies of the member states], Przegląd Zachodni, No. 3 (2011). 40 Tomasz G. Grosse, Systemowe uwarunkowania słabości polityki zagranicznej Unii Europejskiej [Systemic determinants of the weakness of EU foreign policy], Studia Europejskie, No. 1 (2010). 41 Rafał Riedel, Kontestacja państwa dobrobytu a integracja europejska perspektywa neofunkcjonalistyczna [Contestation of the welfare state and European integration the neofunctionalist perspective], Politeja, No. 1 (2009); Anna Zielińska-Głębocka, Wspólnota europejska po 50 latach próba oceny [The European Community after 50 years an attempt at evaluation], Przegląd Zachodni, No. 2 (2007).

18 56 European Review of International Studies, Volume 4/2017 Researchers who work in Poland rarely publish in prestigious international journals. A series of searches in the Polish Scholarly Bibliography 42 database revealed that in the analysed period ( ), in the six most important ES journals 43 only two papers were (co)authored by ES scholars employed in Poland. 44 In the 2014 TRIP survey, Polish IR scholars, including ES researchers of political science background, were asked about the strengths and weaknesses of their discipline 45. Respondents indicated the multidisciplinarity of the community and research, legacy of the school of international law and historiographical component as the strengths of Polish IR. They argued that theories and research problems of global science were adopted, and the community is open to new currents and trends in research. Other strengths of the Polish community mentioned were competence in regional studies, especially the knowledge of Central and East European and post-soviet area reality, as well as the dynamic development of Europeans studies. Among the weaknesses, respondents pointed to the lack of theoretical work ( inadequate development of theoretical studies, atheoretical and derivative publications ), the lack of proficiency in research, the prevalence of a descriptive approach and an aversion to quantitative methods. According to them, the Polish scholarly community is characterised by petrified hierarchical academic department structures, internal divisions and lack of substantive discussion. Other negative traits include the small presence of Polish science in global science, because most research results are only disseminated nationally and publications in important, prestigious international journals are rare: hence, citations of Polish scholars works in the West are also rare. A number of researchers of Polish origin are based in the West. Jan Zielonka of Oxford University analyses the EU as a neomedieval empire 46. Wojciech Sadurski of Sydney University specialises in constitutionalism and legal theory. He was the Head of the Department of Law at the European University Institute in Florence 47. Among the younger generation Anna Gwiazda 48 of King s College London studies the Europeanisation of public policies, Xymena Kurowska of the Central European University in Budapest is interested in interpretive approaches 49, Michał Natorski of the College of Europe specialises in the Eastern dimension of European foreign policy 50, Karolina Pomorska of the University of Maastricht has researched 42 Polska Bibliografia Naukowa, (accessed: ). 43 European Foreign Affairs Review, European Integration Online Papers, European Union Politics, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Integration, Journal of European Public Policy (Rosamond, The Political, op. cit., p. 12) 44 John E. Jackson, Bogdan W. Mach, Jennifer L. Miller-Gonzalez, Buying support and regime change: the evolution of Polish attitudes towards the EU and voting between accession and 2008, European Union Politics, vol. 12, no. 2 (2011); Adam Szymański, EU-Turkey Pre-Accession Policy and Its Impact on Democracy and State Quality, European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2012). 45 Czaputowicz and Ławniczak, op. cit. 46 Jan Zielonka, Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). 47 Wojciech Sadurski, Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). 48 Anna Gwiazda, The Europeanization of flexicurity: the Lisbon Strategy s impact on employment policies in Italy and Poland, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2011). 49 Xymena Kurowska and Fabian Breuer (eds.) Explaining the EU s Common Security and Defence Policy: Theory in Action (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2011). 50 Elena Korosteleva, Michał Natorski and Licinia Simao EU Policies in the Eastern Neighbourhood: The Practices Perspective (London: Routledge, 2014).

19 Jacek Czaputowicz/Kamil Ławniczak: European Studies in Poland 57 socialisation and learning among EU officials 51, Radosław Zubek of Oxford University studied Europeanisation and the implementation of EU legislation 52, and Kamil Zwolski of the University of Southhampton focuses on European security governance 53. Some Polish researchers claim that following a period of indiscriminate borrowing from other disciplines, ES has begun to separate from political science and IR and to have developed as a discipline in its own right 54. Others claim that the characteristics of the EU political system are conducive to distinct political studies to concentrate on issues such as legitimacy and multi-level governance 55. Efforts have recently been made to improve research quality. Annual ES methodology workshops for PhD and post-doctoral students have been organised. Some younger researchers concentrated on research methods 56 particularly on quantitative methods 57 and other theoretical approaches 58. In 2012 the Polish Association of European Studies (PAES) was established. The first Nationwide Congress of European Studies was organised in Warsaw in September The next one will be organised in 2017 at the University of Szczecin. 51 Karolina Pomorska, The impact of enlargement: europeanisation of Polish foreign policy? Tracking adaptation and change in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, No. 2 (2007); Sophie Vanhoonacker, Karolina Pomorska, The European External Action Service and agenda-setting in European foreign policy, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 20, No. 9 (2013). 52 Radosław Zubek, Core Executive and Europeanization in Central Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008). 53 Kamil Zwolski, How to explain the transnational security governance of the European Union?, JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 52, No. 4 (2014). 54 Janusz Ruszkowski, Próba delimitacji obszaru badawczego studiów europejskich między naukami o polityce a stosunkami międzynarodowymi [An attempt at delimitation of the research area of European studies between political science and international relations], in: Czaputowicz (ed.), Studia Europejskie, op. cit. 55 Krzysztof Szczerski, Specyfika systemu politycznego Unii Europejskiej jako główny problem politologicznego spojrzenia na integrację europejską [The specificity of the political system of the European Union as the major issue in the political science perspective on European integration], in: Czaputowicz (ed.), Studia Europejskie, op. cit. 56 Kamil Ławniczak (ed.), Metody jakościowe i ilościowe w badaniu organizacji i działania Unii Europejskiej [Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in EU Studies] (Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2013). 57 Adam Kirpsza, Zastosowanie regresji logistycznej w studiach nad Unią Europejską [The use of logistic regression in EU studies], in Kamil Ławniczak (ed.), Metody jakościowe i ilościowe w badaniu organizacji i działania Unii Europejskiej [Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in EU Studies] (Warszawa: Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2013); Marcin Kleinowski, Siła państw w Unii Europejskiej. Pozaformalne wyznaczniki siły państw w Radzie UE i Radzie Europejskiej [The strength of states in the European Union. Non-formal determinants of the strength of states in the Council of the EU and the European Council] (Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2015). 58 Rafał Trzaskowski, Dynamika reformy systemu podejmowania decyzji w Unii Europejskiej [The dynamics of reforming the decision-making system in the European Union] (Warszawa: Prawo i Praktyka Gospodarcza, 2005); Sergiusz Trzeciak, Poland s EU Accession (London: Routledge, 2011); Zbigniew Czachór Kryzys i zaburzona dynamika Unii Europejskiej [Crisis and the disrupted dynamics of the European Union] (Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2013); Jacek Czaputowicz (ed.), Zastosowanie konstruktywizmu w studiach europejskich [The application of constructivism in European studies] (Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2016).