MODEL ESSAY LAWSKOOL.CO.UK LAWSKOOL PTY LTD
|
|
- Stewart Hubbard
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LAWSKOOL.CO.UK LAWSKOOL PTY LTD
2 How to write a law essay Depending on the required work length, writing a law essay can be a long and involved process. START AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE! Many students develop their own style of attacking an essay topic. Generally however it is useful to break the essay-writing process down into the following steps: 1. Analysing your essay topic Before you can create an effective argument, you must determine exactly what you are being asked to answer. Your lecturer would have chosen his/her words carefully when setting the essay topic so avoid making generalisations and interpreting the question to suit your interests or level of knowledge. Seek clarification from your lecturer where necessary. It is often a good idea to highlight key words in the essay question and use them to structure your essay. 2. Researching Be thorough in your researching and try to locate as wide a variety of sources as possible i.e books, journals, texts, internet articles. Make extensive use of the lexis nexis and westlaw databases for tracking down journal articles (see the lawskool research guide). Many law journals are available online these days and you ll find that printing out web articles is much cheaper and easier than photocopying from the hard-copy journals.
3 3. Reading/note taking This will no doubt be the longest part of the essay-writing process. You should have a tentative essay plan in mind at this stage. - Firstly skim through your sources and try to work out some categories for your notes. - Now read through each source thoroughly, highlighting your printouts and tabbing your books, as you go. - Record extensive dot-point notes for each category (either on paper or on your word processor). Write/type out direct quotes verbatim. Ensure that you record all of your references as you go (trust us, this will make your life so much easier later on). 4. Planning You probably won t be able to finalise a definitive essay plan until after you have teased out all of the relevant information from your sources. The following diagram provides you with a useful way of planning out your essay.
4 Start broadly - Define key terms INTRODUCTION MAIN BODY Para 1 The body is narrow - Specifically answer the question. Para 2 Para 3 Para
5 End broadly CONCLUSION - Reflect on your main argument 5. Draft The hard part! Personal writing styles will differ; some preferring to stick rigidly to their plan and whittle down the essay in chunks; others taking a stream of consciousness approach in order to just get everything up on the screen before worrying about the text making any sense. Try to follow your plan but by no means worry about writing in perfect English at this stage. That s what the next step is for. Make liberal use of direct quotes and ensure that they are properly sourced.
6 6. Revising and refining This is where you turn your shambolic essay into a piece of solid gold that you can be proud of hurling through the essay shute on due date day. Be sure that you fully ANSWER THE QUESTION. It is imperative that there is a logical argument flowing through your entire essay that is easy for your marker to ascertain. If you have time, TAKE THE ESSAY TO YOUR UNI S STUDY-SKILLS CENTRE. The dedicated individuals working at Study- Skills will be happy to read over your essay and give you thoughtful criticism and advice. 7. Footnoting Everything must be fully referenced in a law essay, not just direct quotes. EVERY SINGLE PARAGRAPH MUST BE REFERENCED. Don t underestimate how long this can take you. Legal referencing is very precise and particular. Find out which legal referencing style your lectures prefer. It will no doubt be in the format of the Oxford Guide to Style. If you keep a record of all your references as you go along, you will avoid having to frantically fumble through your notes at 2am the morning before its due, trying to work out where you pulled your quotes. Happy essay-writing!
7 CONTRACT LAW ESSAY Introduction The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 altered the law on exclusion clauses 1, an area of the law which had been dealt with solely by common law. The UCTA 1977 was modern interventionist legislation 2 which intended to create better protection for a party in a weaker bargaining position who had entered into a contract. These parties were consumers who entered into contracts with businesses, or businesses that entered into contracts with other businesses that included unfair exclusion clauses in their contracts, that were detrimental to the other party. It is necessary to examine the importance of exclusion clauses, how the courts dealt with them prior to the UCTA and how the courts have interpreted the Act, in order to establish whether it submits contract terms to a lower standard of procedural and substantive fairness than under common law. It is also necessary to consider whether the Act or the common law favoured the consumer or businesses. 1 A clause in a contract which appears to restrict a liability or legal duty which would occur otherwise. 2 Adams, J and Brownsword, R, Key Issues in Contract, p. 262
8 Main Body An exclusion clause is an important element of a contract. If it is declared invalid by the courts, a business will incur liability and damages will be awarded to the other party. If such a clause is upheld, the consumer has no remedy within the confines of contract law. It is, therefore, important that contract terms should be submitted to a reasonable standard of fairness, to ensure that the decision made is fair to both parties. Moreover, to ensure that one contracting party does not use a contract as a shield to protect itself from liability, as a result of their own negligence or a fundamental breach. 3 The position of the courts under common law was described by Ewan McKendrick: the courts did not have the power, at common law, to invalidate an exclusion or limitation clause on the ground that it was unreasonable 4. Lord Denning had attempted to reform the law, to give the courts direct power to invalidate exclusion clauses, but his efforts were unsuccessful, as can be seen from Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning Co. Ltd. 5 Ultimately, Lord Denning s wish was granted after the birth of the UCTA: We 3 Under s(3) of the UCTA a breach of contract would be where the contractual performance was substantially different to what the other party expected, or there was no performance, contrary to was expected. 4 McKendrick, E, Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2 nd edn. p [1978] QB 68
9 should no longer have to go through all kinds of gymnastic contortions to get round them [the principles of common law regarding unfair contract terms]. 6 The UCTA gave the courts the direct power to invalidate exclusion clauses that they found to be in conflict with the Act. For businesses entering into contracts with consumers, this new legislation was not in their favour, as it made it more difficult for them to include clauses which limited or excluded their liability. However, it benefited consumers and smaller businesses entering into contracts with larger companies, as it meant that there was a higher probability that their interests would be protected. For instance, it is outlined in s(2) ss(1) of the UCTA, that: A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice given to persons generally or to particular persons exclude or restrict liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence. What Adams and Brownsword describe as the centrepiece 7 of the Act, is s(3) which regulates the use of standard form contracts. It would seem that contracts are now submitted to a higher standard, maximising fairness. However, through the indirect powers exercised under the common law, the courts were able to promote fairness just as effectively. The courts considered the incorporation of exclusions clauses and interpreted them. 6 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] QB 284 at Adams, J and Brownsword, R, Key Issues in Contract, p. 262
10 Incorporation refers to when parties agree to include standard written terms in their contract. Using their indirect powers, the courts were able to reject an unreasonable exclusion clause by concluding it was not incorporated into the contract, for example, in Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking Ltd 8. In J Spurling Ltd v. Bradshaw 9, where Lord Denning stated: Some clauses. would need to be printed in red ink on the face of the document with a red hand pointing to it before the notice could be held to be sufficient. This illustrates common law making the law regarding exclusion clauses fairer, as the more unreasonable the exclusion clause is, the higher the necessity is of informing the other party of this. Interpretation is the process where the courts must establish that the exclusion clause covers the damage caused. Under common law, the courts used restrictive rules and applied the contra proferentum principle to the interpretation of clauses. This meant that the clause was interpreted strictly against the party intending to rely on it. If there were any ambiguities in the clause, the courts tended to decide against the party hoping to rely upon it. This would, for example, apply to businesses hoping to use exclusion clauses to extricate themselves from a contractual obligation. McKendrick has described the process whereby the courts tried to enforce fairness, and businesses tried to remove themselves from contractual obligations, as a game of cat and mouse 10 in that the 8 [1971] 2 QB [1956] 1 WLR McKendrick, E, Contract Law, 6th edn p. 228
11 draftsmen of contracts containing exclusion clauses tried to evade the restrictive interpretation. This can be seen in Andrews Brothers (Bournemouth) Ltd v. Singer and Co. Ltd 11 During the process of interpreting an exclusion clause, the courts apply the reasonableness test, outlined in UCTA 1977 s(11) ss(1): In relation to the contract term, the requirement of reasonableness for the purposes of this Part of this Act. is that the term shall have been a fair and reasonable one to be included having regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably to have been, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made. This definition emphasises an important element of exclusion clause interpretation. The reasonableness test is applied at the time when the parties enter into the contract and not when the breach has occurred. This distinction is important as it means that the facts of the dispute and the breach, whilst relevant, are less important than whether the clause was reasonable at the time of its creation. This can be seen from George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd 12 where the defendants removed an exclusion clause from a standard form contract because they were entering into a contract with a more powerful party. This shows how the UCTA puts the onus on 11 [1934] 1 KB [1983] 2 AC 803
12 businesses to ensure that exclusion clauses are fair from the outset, and that unreasonable exclusion clauses which are part of a standard form contract are unacceptable legally. UCTA 1977 s(11) ss(5) states that it is the party claiming that their exclusion clause is reasonable who must prove that the contract term or notice was reasonable. This is something of a departure from common law principles and this means that there has been a shift from the onus being on the individual in the weaker bargaining position (the consumer) to prove that the exclusion clause is unreasonable, to the individual in the stronger bargaining position (the business) to prove that it is reasonable. This can be seen in Sheffield v. Pickfords Ltd 13. Whilst morally and practically it makes sense to place the burden of proof on the shoulders of the more powerful party, is this fair? In criminal law, the defendant is innocent until proven guilty, and the onus is on the prosecution to prove guilt. The situation under the UCTA appears to be that the defendant is guilty until proven innocent, and the onus is on the defendant to prove their innocence. The UCTA helps prevent contracts based on duress. This means that consumers who are potential victims of unequal bargaining power are better protected than was previously the case under common law. 14 Indeed, whilst there are common law 13 [1997] CLC Lord Denning MR in George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] QB 284,
13 principles regarding duress, there is no common law protection for parties with unequal bargaining power. Now, there is protection for consumers from businesses under the UCTA, but its scope is narrow in that it is limited to exclusion clauses, and thus will not protect consumers in all situations where they are confronted by unfair contract terms. However, it could be argued that UCTA and indeed the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations (UTCCR) (1999) do little more than common law did to protect consumers because big businesses tend to have high-powered lawyers who are up to date with the legislation and can manipulate contracts during drafting, in order to escape liability. If consumers do not read or understand the small print and legalese, they are still disadvantaged if the contract is not covered under the UCTA (this can be seen with exclusion clauses in the small print of credit card agreements). 15 English contract law traditionally favours a laissez faire approach to the law, reflecting values of freedom of association, and freedom in establishing contract terms. However, this needs to be balanced with fairness. The UCTA attempts to do this, by equipping the courts with a powerful tool, enabling them to, for the most part, rule unfair exclusion clauses to be invalid. In Watford Electronics Ltd v. Sanderson CFL Ltd 16, Chadwick LJ emphasised the importance of the presumption of laissez faire in most circumstances, but how this presumption could be rebutted in cases where it was clear that exclusion clauses were unreasonable. This illustrates the difference in judicial positions as regards [2001] ALL ER (D) 290
14 two businesses entering into a contract compared to a business and consumer. However, in Photo Production Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd 17, Lord Wilberforce stressed that it was only parties who were not of unequal bargaining power, who were unlikely to be protected by the UCTA. It can be inferred from this that small businesses, as weaker bargaining parties are protected. It is difficult to pinpoint how different the law is post-ucta to how it was in common law. Adams and Brownsword suggest that judges essentially stick to their old common law principles and apply the UCTA to the exceptions. 18 This is confirmed by cases post- UCTA, which illustrate that the old common law principles that were used before the UCTA, are still in use. For example, the 3 rules of construction created by Lord Morton in Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v. The King 19 were confirmed in EE Caledonia Ltd v. Orbit Valve Co. Europe 20. In essence, how can it be said that the UCTA is fairer procedurally and substantially than common law (or vice versa), if there is little difference in the way that the courts look at cases now to the way that they did prior to the UCTA? There is a difference because whilst the courts have more or less accepted that the three Canada Steamship rules still remain, since criticism from Lord Hoffman in 17 [1980] AC 827 at Adams, J and Brownsword, R, Key Issues in Contract, p [1952] AC [1993] 4 All ER 165
15 Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v. West Bromwich Building Society 21 there has been a relaxation in the use of the rules as can be seen from National Westminster Bank v. Urecht-America Finance Co 22. Indeed, the UCTA has made the courts question the necessity of the rules. Especially, as the rules are contradictory. One rule demands that a clause should be drafted widely and another implies that clauses should be drafted narrowly. 23 It remains to be seen whether these rules will be abandoned officially. One feature that is lacking in the UCTA is that it only applies to exclusion, limitation and indemnity clauses and not to all unfair contract terms, leaving those to other legislation and to common law. Furthermore, there are difficulties in that it overlaps with the UTCCR. However, this issue may soon be resolved. At the request of the Department for Trade and Industry, the Law Commission has drafted an Unfair Contract Terms Bill (2005), which aims to address all unfair contract terms and to codify the UTCCR and UCTA into one Act. The Law Commission suggested the creation of UCTA and got its way, so it may be successful with the new bill. Conclusion Although common law has been a useful tool in the battle against unfair exclusion clauses, the UCTA was necessary legislation which clarified the law. Its creation led to 21 [1998] 1 WLR [2001] EWCA Civ McKendrick, E, Contract Law, 6 th edn. p
16 greater procedural fairness because its provisions clarified when an exclusion clause would be regarded as unfair and when it would not be. It also created greater certainty in respect of interpretation of exclusion clauses, thereby increasing consistency in consequent decisions by the court, where the Act applied. However, it is submitted that whilst the framework of UCTA is certainly useful, and did result in a slight modification of the approach of the courts, that the legislation was largely a clarification of rules that had already been developed by the common law. Therefore, it is debatable as to whether it subjects contracts to greater substantive fairness than was originally the case under common law. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, John, and Brownsword, Roger, Key Issues in Contract, (London: Butterworths, 1995). McKendrick, Ewan, Contract Law, 6 th edn. (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). McKendrick, Ewan, Contract Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 2 nd edn. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). Treitel, G. H., An Outline of The Law of Contract, 5 th edn. (London: Butterworths, 1995).
17 Yates, David, Exclusion Clauses in Contracts, 2 nd edn. (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1982). If you have any queries regarding the Model Essay please us - lawskool@lawskool.co.uk
Problem question David v Photoprint - advise David
Problem question David v Photoprint - advise David In order for David to gain a remedy for the loss of the photos, there are several arguments he can advance. This essay will examine these arguments and
More informationUnfair Terms in Computer Contracts
Page 1 of 8 20th BILETA Conference: Over-Commoditised; Over-Centralised; Over- Observed: the New Digital Legal World? April, 2005, Queen's University of Belfast Unfair Terms in Computer Contracts Ruth
More informationLiability: A conclusion for exclusion?
Liability: A conclusion for exclusion? Nick Lees explains key cases on exclusion clauses and offers some practical advice Walker Morris LLP 0 SHARES The ability to pre-emptively exclude or limit future
More informationThe Contractor s building defects liability in England and Wales
The Contractor s building defects liability in England and Wales We discuss in this paper in what circumstances can a contractor be found liable for defects discovered by the building occupier several
More informationThe clause (ACAS Form COT-3) provided:
THE CONSTRUCTION OF COMPROMISE AGREEMENTS The leading case is Bank of Credit and Commerce International SAI v Ali [2001] UKHL 8; [2002] 1 AC 251. It was also an extreme case where the majority of the House
More informationMARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9084 LAW. 9084/31 Paper 3, maximum raw mark 75
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Level www.xtremepapers.com MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9084 LAW 9084/31 Paper 3, maximum
More informationInside this issue A cold wind blows: the impact of a more literal approach to contractual interpretation on construction contracts
Issue 72 - July 2017 Insight provides practical information on topical issues affecting the building, engineering and energy sectors. Inside this issue A cold wind blows: the impact of a more literal approach
More informationLLM COMMERCIAL LAW ( ): FOUNDATIONS OF COMMERCIAL LAW. Question:
LLM COMMERCIAL LAW (2006-2007): FOUNDATIONS OF COMMERCIAL LAW Question: Statutory controls affecting the enforceability of certain contract terms treat the consumer and business differently. The legislative
More informationASSESSING THE REASONABLENESS OF EXCEPTION CLAUSES
(2011) 23 SAcLJ Assessing the Reasonableness of Exception Clauses 577 ASSESSING THE REASONABLENESS OF EXCEPTION CLAUSES In consumer as well as in business-to-business contracts, exception clauses are used
More informationTIME OF ESSENCE IN CONSTRUCTION. CHAPTER ONE
1 TIME OF ESSENCE IN CONSTRUCTION. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Background study. It is often said that for a building or construction project, there are three objectives which the owner of the project is aiming 1.
More informationInadequacy and ineffectuality: Hong Kong's consumer protection regime against unfair terms in standard form contracts
Title Inadequacy and ineffectuality: Hong Kong's consumer protection regime against unfair terms in standard form contracts Author(s) Mason, L Citation Hong Kong Law Journal, 2014, v. 44 n. 1, p. 83-93
More informationTHE NEW RIAI BUILDING CONTRACT: A MUCH NEEDED FACELIFT FOR AN OLD DAME? BY MARTIN COONEY
The Construction Bar Association of Ireland The Law Library Distillery Building 145-151 Church Street, Dublin 7 THE NEW RIAI BUILDING CONTRACT: A MUCH NEEDED FACELIFT FOR AN OLD DAME? BY MARTIN COONEY
More informationImplied Terms: parties have not consciously included these terms in the formation of the contract
Lecture 6: Implied Terms; Construction of Terms; Exclusion Clauses Implied Terms: parties have not consciously included these terms in the formation of the contract Under which circumstances will a Court
More informationTHE INTERPRETATION OF EXCLUSION CLAUSES
BRIEFING THE INTERPRETATION OF EXCLUSION CLAUSES MAY 2016 LITERAL AND NATURAL MEANING IS OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE COMMERCIALITY MAY BE CONSIDERED THE COURT MAY ALSO CONSIDER APPLICATION OF THE CONTRA PROFERENTEM
More informationCIPS Exam Report for Learner Community:
CIPS Exam Report for Learner Community: Qualification: Professional diploma in procurement and supply Unit: PD6 - Legal aspects in P&S (UK) Exam series: Nov 2016 Each element of a question carries equal
More informationCONSUMER PROTECTION ON UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS: LEGAL ANALYSIS OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES IN B2C TRANSACTIONS IN MALAYSIA
International Journal of Asian Social Science ISSN(e): 2224-4441 ISSN(p): 2226-5139 DOI: 10.18488/journal.1.2018.812.1097.1106 Vol. 8, No. 12, 1097-1106 URL: www.aessweb.com CONSUMER PROTECTION ON UNFAIR
More informationStent Foundations Ltd v. M J Gleeson Group Plc [2000] ABC.L.R. 08/09
Judgment : His Honour Judge Bowsher Q.C. TCC. 9 th August 2000. Introduction 1. This is a trial of preliminary issues. 2. The issues ordered to be tried are: "(1) Assuming the facts stated in the Amended
More informationfailing to get the contract signed (something that never ceases to amaze lawyers!);
Professionals involved in design-build projects should be aware of the risks they face when they contract with the owner to be solely responsible for both construction and design. In this respect, the
More informationRecent Developments in the Canadian Law of Contract
Honest Performance and Absolutely Everything Else By Ryan P. Krushelnitzky and Sandra L. Corbett QC Recent Developments in the Canadian Law of Contract Bhasin and Sattva represent important changes and
More informationLIMITATION running the defence
LIMITATION running the defence Oliver Moore, Guildhall Chambers 9 th June 2010 SECTION 11 (4) LIMITATION ACT 1980 the period applicable is three years from (a) date on which cause of action accrued; or
More informationInterpretation of contracts - liberalism re-affirmed
Interpretation of contracts - liberalism re-affirmed In Re Sigma Finance Corporation (in administrative receivership) [2009] UKSC 2 Case analysis by Caroline Edwards Interpretation of contracts liberalism
More informationThe Reasonable Person Test An Objective/Subjective Dichotomy
Is it always true that the reasonable person test eliminates the personal equation (Glasgow Corp v Muir, per Lord MacMillan)? In particular, how do you reconcile Philips v William Whiteley with Nettleship
More informationWHEN IS A FULL AND FINAL SETTLEMENT NOT THE END? - Abigail Silver
Page 1 WHEN IS A FULL AND FINAL SETTLEMENT NOT THE END? - Abigail Silver In two recent decisions 1 the Court has emphasised its readiness to look behind the "full and final" wording of a settlement agreement
More informationCIVIL LITIGATION PRE-COURSE MATERIALS
LLM Legal Practice Course 2017-18 CIVIL LITIGATION PRE-COURSE MATERIALS UWE, Bristol Law School UWE, Bristol Law School 1 Introduction These Pre-Course Materials are designed to give you a basis upon which
More informationLAW REPORTS. This document explains how to access law reports
LAW REPORTS This document explains how to access law reports The University of Bradford retains copyright for this material, which may not be reproduced without prior written permission. If you need to
More informationELA ARBITRATION AND ADR GROUP. Issues arising from Brussels I Recast and Rome I
ELA ARBITRATION AND ADR GROUP Issues arising from Brussels I Recast and Rome I Question 1 Arbitration and Brussels I Recast: Do we agree that that arbitration is outside Brussels I and that the Regulations
More informationIMPROVING PAYMENT PRACTICES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
IMPROVING PAYMENT PRACTICES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Report of the DTI s post-consultation event held in London on 14th February 2006 On Valentine s Day 2006, the Right Honourable Alun Michael MP compared
More informationThe ABTA Arbitration Scheme Rules
23 rd May 2016 The ABTA Arbitration Scheme Rules 1. Introduction 1.1 This Scheme is supplied exclusively by CEDR, Europe s leading independent dispute resolution service. 1.2 The Scheme has been designed
More informationOVERVIEW OF CONTRACT LAW
OVERVIEW OF CONTRACT LAW Liability is generally the key issue in regards to contractual disputes. Purpose of K law is to provide the rules which determine when one party is liable to another under or in
More informationCONTRACT LAW SUMMARY
CONTRACT LAW SUMMARY LAWSKOOL UK CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO CONTRACT LAW 6 DEFINITION OF CONTRACT LAW 6 1) The Classical Model of Contract Law 6 INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 8 INTRODUCTION TO INTENTION
More informationProfessionally drafted STANDARD TERMS OF BUSINESS. by legal counsel (Andrew Noble FRICS, FCIArb, Barrister at law)
Professionally drafted STANDARD TERMS OF BUSINESS by legal counsel (Andrew Noble FRICS, FCIArb, Barrister at law) Introduction 1. This service has been set up to assist UK businesses to develop and to
More information1396 ** *... -. simaee_s@yahoo.com * ** ( ) jaber.esfandi@mids.ch 1394/4/21 : 1392/1/14 : 1396 / 206. :..1 1.(151:1375 ).. - 2..»» «.(Treitel, 2003: 237). «.... 207.... - - -.. - -.......2. 1396 / 208.(573
More information674 TEE MODERN LAW REVIEW VOL. 23
674 TEE MODERN LAW REVIEW VOL. 23 subjects which was how the Master of the Rolls summarised the views of Denning J., as he then was, in Robertson v. Minister of Pensions.? The recognition of a distinction
More informationBUSINESS LAW GUIDEBOOK
BUSINESS LAW GUIDEBOOK SECOND EDITION CHARLES YC CHEW CHAPTER 4: CONTRACT: TERMS AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. The terms of a contract may be either express or implied. Explain what is
More informationJUDGMENT. Assets Recovery Agency (Ex-parte) (Jamaica)
Hilary Term [2015] UKPC 1 Privy Council Appeal No 0036 of 2014 JUDGMENT Assets Recovery Agency (Ex-parte) (Jamaica) From the Court of Appeal of Jamaica before Lord Clarke Lord Reed Lord Carnwath Lord Hughes
More informationOBJECTIVISM VERSUS SUBJECTIVISM IN THE PROCESS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONTRACT
Humanities and Social Sciences Review, CD-ROM. ISSN: 2165-6258 :: 04(02):221 226 (2015) OBJECTIVISM VERSUS SUBJECTIVISM IN THE PROCESS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONTRACT Pavlína Jane ková Masaryk University,
More informationPractical Tips for Possession: The View from the Housing Possession Duty Desk and Exceptional Funding under LASPO
Practical Tips for Possession: The View from the Housing Possession Duty Desk and Exceptional Funding under LASPO 23 May 2013 Exceptional Funding Under LASPO the housing law perspective Paper produced
More informationEffect of modifying clauses in standard-form contracts and the impact that this may have on their interpretation.
Effect of modifying clauses in standard-form contracts and the impact that this may have on their interpretation. English law does not require a particular form to contracts, therefore the terms and ultimately
More informationTIME TO REVISIT FORUM NON CONVENIENS IN THE UK? GROUP JOSI REINSURANCE CO V UGIC
705 TIME TO REVISIT FORUM NON CONVENIENS IN THE UK? GROUP JOSI REINSURANCE CO V UGIC Christopher D Bougen * There has been much debate in the United Kingdom over the last decade on whether the discretionary
More informationSkanska Rashleigh Weatherfoil Ltd v Somerfield Stores Ltd [2006] ABC.L.R. 11/22
CA on appeal from QBD (Mr Justice Ramsey) before Neuberger LJ; Richards LJ; Leveson LJ. 22 nd November 2006 LORD JUSTICE NEUBERGER: 1. This is an appeal from the decision of Ramsey J on the preliminary
More informationC O N T R A C T LAW. Text, Cases, and Materials. Preview - Copyrighted Material S I X T H E D I T I O N
C O N T R A C T LAW Text, Cases, and Materials S I X T H E D I T I O N Ewa n McKend r ick Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University
More informationDRAFTING AND INTERPRETING GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION CLAUSES A PRACTICAL GUIDE
DRAFTING AND INTERPRETING GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION CLAUSES A PRACTICAL GUIDE 1. Introduction 2. Governing law a. Guide to governing law clauses b. Choosing a governing law 3. Jurisdiction a. Litigation
More informationOrder F05-25 MINISTRY OF HEALTH. Errol Nadeau, Adjudicator. August 10, 2005
Order F05-25 MINISTRY OF HEALTH Errol Nadeau, Adjudicator August 10, 2005 Quicklaw Cite: [2005] B.C.I.P.C.D. No. 33 Document URL: http://www.oipc.bc.ca/orders/orderf05-33.pdf Office URL: http://www.oipc.bc.ca
More informationprotection The Consumer Protection Act contains a general prohibition against unfair and unlawful terms and conditions in agreements with consumers.
the consumer protection act CONTRACT TERMS UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT Applicable sections of the Consumer Protection Act, 68 of 2008: S 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 Applicable sections of the Consumer Protection
More informationWELFARISM IN THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT
International Journal of Law and Interdisciplinary Legal Studies LATIFAH ALABDULQADER 4 1.37- BE27-5877 WELFARISM IN THE MODERN LAW OF CONTRACT LATIFAH ALABDULQADER 1 ABSTRACT In modern days, there has
More informationEMPLOYMENT RIGHTS: AGENCY WORKERS: James v Greenwich Council and subsequent cases
EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS: AGENCY WORKERS: James v Greenwich Council and subsequent cases Agency workers in the UK face a number of difficulties due to their vulnerable position in the job market. They have no
More informationAmendments to Statements of Case Learning the Hard Way: PJSC Tatneft v Bogolyubov and others [2016] EWHC 2816 (Comm)
Amendments to Statements of Case Learning the Hard Way: PJSC Tatneft v Bogolyubov and others [2016] EWHC 2816 (Comm) Simon P. Camilleri * Associate, Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson (London) LLP,
More informationRevised and updated pre-action protocols came into effect on 6 April 2015 with little advance warning.
PRE-ACTION PROTOCOLS UPDATE Introduction Revised and updated pre-action protocols came into effect on 6 April 2015 with little advance warning. The terms of the updated protocols are important for practitioners,
More informationCompensation, Disturbance, Inconvenience. Under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996
Compensation, Disturbance, Inconvenience Under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996 Compensation The compensation provisions in section 7(2) are new in as much as they now refer to any work in pursuance of the
More informationMonday 2 June 2014 Afternoon
Monday 2 June 2014 Afternoon AS GCE LAW G152/01 Sources of Law *3036443118* Candidates answer on the Answer Booklet. OCR supplied materials: 12 page Answer Booklet (OCR12) (sent with general stationery)
More informationCuthbert v Gair (t/a The Bowes Manor Equestrian Centre) [2008] APP.L.R. 09/03
JUDGMENT : Master Haworth : Costs Court. 3 rd September 2008 1. This is an appeal pursuant to CPR Rule 47.20 from a decision of Costs Officer Martin in relation to a detailed assessment which took place
More informationContract Law. Contract law. Kacper Szkalej 1. Structure. Law and regulation. Media Law, KTH
Contract Law Media Law, KTH Kacper Szkalej, LL.M. kacper.szkalej@jur.uu.se Structure Law and regulation of society Basics of contract law Functions Creation Freedom of contract Privity of contract Contract
More informationLaw Quarterly Review. The Unfair Contract Terms Act: a decade of discretion
Page1 Law Quarterly Review 1988 The Unfair Contract Terms Act: a decade of discretion Roger Brownsword John N. Adams Subject: Contracts Keywords: Contract terms; Exclusion clauses Legislation: Unfair Contract
More informationThe Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act Update. Geoffrey Shannon INTRODUCTION. Solicitor.
Art6 1/16/06 6:56 PM Page 23 The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Update Geoffrey Shannon Solicitor. T he Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 was enacted in September 2005 and will have
More informationPlanning obligations and CIL. Nathalie Lieven QC
Planning obligations and CIL Nathalie Lieven QC 1. Planning obligations are almost always used in some way or another to making housing developments acceptable in planning terms. As a result, the obligations
More informationCOURT OF APPEAL CONFIRMS PAYMENT OF HIRE UNDER TIME CHARTERPARTIES IS NOT A CONDITION
BRIEFING COURT OF APPEAL CONFIRMS PAYMENT OF HIRE UNDER TIME CHARTERPARTIES IS NOT A CONDITION DECEMBER 2016 THE OBLIGATION TO PAY HIRE PUNCTUALLY AND IN ADVANCE IS AN INNOMINATE TERM RATHER THAN A CONDITION
More informationSee Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia, (Application no /04), European Court of Human Rights.
ILPA response to the Department of Education consultation on the draft regulations and statutory guidance for local authorities on the care of unaccompanied asylum seeking and trafficked children The Immigration
More informationIntroduction 2. Common Law 2. Common Law versus Legislation 5. How to Find and Understand Law 6. Legal Resources 8.
Changing Your Name CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction 2 Common Law 2 Common Law versus Legislation 5 How to Find and Understand Law 6 Legal Resources 8 Legal Notices 10 2016 Caxton Legal Centre Inc. queenslandlawhandbook.org.au
More informationMiddle Eastern Oil LLC v National Bank of Abu Dhabi [2008] APP.L.R. 11/27
JUDGMENT : Mr. Justice Teare : Commercial Court. 27 th November 2008. Introduction 1. This is an application by the Defendant for an order staying the proceedings which have been commenced in this Court
More informationTHE IMPACT OF PRE-AND POST-CONTRACTUAL CONDUCT ON CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION
THE IMPACT OF PRE-AND POST-CONTRACTUAL CONDUCT ON CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION 1. Where there is a dispute as to the meaning of a provision in a contract, the role of the court is to determine the meaning
More informationGoCardless Integration Partner agreement
GoCardless Integration Partner agreement This Agreement was updated on 10 January 2018. If you signed up on or after 10 January 2018, you will be bound by this version of the Agreement. If you signed up
More informationCoventry University Repository for the Virtual Environment (CURVE)
Coventry University Coventry University Repository for the Virtual Environment (CURVE) Author names: Panesar, S. and Foster, S.H. Title: Administrative law: the role of estoppel in planning law Article
More informationCommercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993: English and Scottish commercial courts interpretations of the law reflect reality
Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993: English and Scottish commercial courts interpretations of the law reflect reality Authors: Charles Mak Submitted: 8. May 2017 Published: 8. May 2017
More informationWhy did the MF/1 terms not apply? The judge had concluded that the MF/1 terms did not apply because:
United Kingdom Letters of intent and contract formation RTS Flexible Systems Limited (Respondents) v Molkerei Alois Muller Gmbh & Company KG (UK Production) (Appellants) [2010] UKSC 14C Chris Hill and
More informationEMPLOYMENT APPEAL TRIBUNAL FLEETBANK HOUSE, 2-6 SALISBURY SQUARE, LONDON EC4Y 8JX
Appeal No. EMPLOYMENT APPEAL TRIBUNAL FLEETBANK HOUSE, 2-6 SALISBURY SQUARE, LONDON EC4Y 8JX At the Tribunal On 19 July 2012 Before HIS HONOUR JUDGE SHANKS MR M CLANCY MR P GAMMON MBE MRS S LOGAN APPELLANT
More informationB E F O R E: LORD JUSTICE BROOKE (Vice President of the Court of Appeal, Civil Division)
Neutral Citation Number: [2004] EWCA Civ 1239 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION) ON APPEAL FROM THE HIGH COURT (ADMINISTRATIVE COURT) (MR JUSTICE COLLINS) C4/2004/0930
More informationBRITISH COLUMBIA LAW INSTITUTE
BRITISH COLUMBIA LAW INSTITUTE 1822 East Mall, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Voice: (604) 822 0142 Fax: (604) 822 0144 E mail: bcli@bcli.org Website: www.bcli.org UNFAIR
More informationEnforceability of take-or-pay provisions in English law contracts resolved
Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2016.1164554 Enforceability of take-or-pay provisions in English law contracts resolved Ben Holland is a partner in the
More informationIN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE BETWEEN AND TECU CREDIT UNION CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED
REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CV 2010-01135 IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE BETWEEN ERNEST TROTMAN CAMILLE RICHARDS TROTMAN Claimants AND TECU CREDIT UNION CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED ************************************************
More informationContractual Clauses That Impact Disputes. By David F. Johnson
Contractual Clauses That Impact Disputes By David F. Johnson Introduction In the process of drafting contracts, parties can shape the process for resolving their future disputes. They can potentially select
More informationLEGAL ISSUES IN ARBITRATIONS - WHEN AND HOW TO TAKE LEGAL ADVICE
LEGAL ISSUES IN ARBITRATIONS - WHEN AND HOW TO TAKE LEGAL ADVICE A paper for the Rural Arbix conference on 15 October 2015 1. The options 1. If a legal issue comes up in an arbitration, there are five
More informationSUPREME COURT OF YUKON
SUPREME COURT OF YUKON Citation: Yukon Human Rights Commission v. Yukon Human Rights Board of Adjudication, Property Management Agency and Yukon Government, 2009 YKSC 44 Date: 20090501 Docket No.: 08-AP004
More informationCHARITY & NFP LAW BULLETIN NO. 427
CHARITY & NFP LAW BULLETIN NO. 427 AUGUST 30, 2018 EDITOR: TERRANCE S. CARTER COURT OF APPEAL: TERMINATION CLAUSE EXCLUDES COMMON LAW DAMAGES By Barry W. Kwasniewski * A. INTRODUCTION On June 22, 2018,
More informationLiability for Injuries Caused by Dogs. Jonathan Owen
Liability for Injuries Caused by Dogs Jonathan Owen Introduction 1. This article addressed the liability for injuries caused by dogs, such as when a person is bitten, or knocked over by a dog. Such cases,
More informationThe material in this paper is based upon the law of England and Wales.
DESIGN LIABILITY: REASONABLE SKILL AND CARE OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE May 2016 ADAM ROBB The material in this paper is based upon the law of England and Wales. This material is only intended to provoke and
More informationRIGHTS TO TERMINATE A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT SUCCESSFUL USE AND LIABILITY FOR MISUSE. David Thomas QC and Matthew Finn Keating Chambers.
RIGHTS TO TERMINATE A COMMERCIAL CONTRACT SUCCESSFUL USE AND LIABILITY FOR MISUSE David Thomas QC and Matthew Finn Keating Chambers 18 January 2018 INTRODUCTION It is often the case that one party to a
More informationIN THE COURT OF APPEAL BETWEEN THE CHIEF FIRE OFFICER THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AND SUMAIR MOHAN
REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO IN THE COURT OF APPEAL Civil Appeal No: 45 of 2008 BETWEEN THE CHIEF FIRE OFFICER THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION APPELLANTS AND SUMAIR MOHAN RESPONDENT PANEL: A. Mendonça,
More informationIN THE SMALL CLAIMS COURT OF NOVA SCOTIA Cite as: Custom Clean Atlantic Ltd. v. GSF Canada Inc., 2016 NSSM 17 PRELIMINARY RULING ON JURISDICTION
Claim No. SCCH-449291 IN THE SMALL CLAIMS COURT OF NOVA SCOTIA Cite as: Custom Clean Atlantic Ltd. v. GSF Canada Inc., 2016 NSSM 17 BETWEEN: CUSTOM CLEAN ATLANTIC LTD. Claimant - and - GSF CANADA INC.
More informationHarry Fitzhugh v Anthony Fitzhugh
Page1 Harry Fitzhugh v Anthony Fitzhugh Case No: A3/2011/3117 Court of Appeal (Civil Division) 1 June 2012 [2012] EWCA Civ 694 2012 WL 1933439 Before: Lord Justice Longmore Lord Justice Rimer and Lord
More informationAON SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD & ASSOCIATED & SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES INTERNAL COMPLAINTS RESOLUTION POLICY AND PROCEDURE DOCUMENT
AON SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD & ASSOCIATED & SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES INTERNAL COMPLAINTS RESOLUTION POLICY AND PROCEDURE DOCUMENT PURPOSE The purpose of this document is two-fold. Firstly to document Aon South
More informationLAW AND POLICY: Notes PLP, A legal rule dictates a result. A policy indicates a result; it may be departed from for good reason.
LAW AND POLICY: Notes PLP, 15.10.12 Raza Husain QC Matrix Chambers The difference between policy and law 1. A legal rule dictates a result. A policy indicates a result; it may be departed from for good
More informationJONES v KERNOTT AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SOME CLARIFICATION
JONES v KERNOTT AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SOME CLARIFICATION Zoe Henry 1 Oxford Street, Nottingham, NG1 5BH. Tel +44 (0) 115 941 8851 Fax +44 (0) 115 941 4169 DX 10042 Nottingham 96a New Walk, Leicester, LE1
More informationBuying or Selling a Business
TAB 2 Buying or Selling a Business Restrictive Covenants in Commercial and Employment Contexts: Key Cases and Considerations Adrian Ishak, Rubin Thomlinson LLP Parisa Nikfarjam, Rubin Thomlinson LLP March
More informationCriminal Liability Hong Kong s Auditors in the Firing Line
Accountants August 2012 Update Criminal Liability Hong Kong s Auditors in the Firing Line On 12 July 2012, the Companies Bill was passed by the Legislative Council marking a significant milestone in the
More informationPRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW : CONFLICT OF LAWS
Arbitration under the Arbitration Act 1996 Aim: To provide a clear outline of the principal issues relating to the legally binding resolution of conflict of laws disputes via arbitration under the Arbitration
More informationPart V Code Amendments, draft guidance
Part V Code Amendments, draft guidance Investigating or collecting evidence and taking witness statements 1. There is no longer a rule which prohibits a self-employed barrister from investigating or collecting
More informationFiat Justitia Rat Caelum? Andrew Hogan
Fiat Justitia Rat Caelum? Andrew Hogan The title of this newsletter reflects the Latin maxim Let justice be done though the heavens fall, a principle formulated originally by Terence, or Piso, and echoed
More informationPenalty Clauses: What is left? Jonathan Owen
Penalty Clauses: What is left? Jonathan Owen The history of the issue 1. Every undergraduate law student has had to grapple with the common law rule against penalty clauses in contracts, in the sense of
More informationA PRACTITIONER Practitioner
NEW ZEALAND LAWYERS AND CONVEYANCERS DISCIPLINARY TRIBUNAL [2015] NZLCDT 44 LCDT 003/15 IN THE MATTER of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 BETWEEN THE CANTERBURY STANDARDS COMMITTEE (No 1) Applicant
More informationAustralia s accession to the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts consultation paper
Australia s accession to the UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005 Proposed amendments to Australia s electronic transactions laws consultation paper November
More informationBefore: HIS HONOUR JUDGE WULWIK Between: - and -
IN THE COUNTY COURT AT CENTRAL LONDON Case No: B 90 YJ 688 Thomas More Building Royal Courts of Justice Strand, London, WC2A 2LL Date: 13/12/2018 Start Time: 14:09 Finish Time: 14:49 Page Count: 12 Word
More informationBefore : LADY JUSTICE ARDEN LORD JUSTICE LEWISON LADY JUSTICE ASPLIN Between :
Neutral Citation Number: [2018] EWCA Civ 62 Case No: A3/2017/2781 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION) ON APPEAL FROM THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE, COMMERCIAL COURT Mr Richard Salter QC sitting as a Deputy
More informationG156/RM. LAW Law of Contract Special Study. Thursday 23 June 2011 Afternoon ADVANCED GCE SPECIAL STUDY MATERIAL
ADVANCED GCE LAW Law of Contract Special Study G16/RM SPECIAL STUDY MATERIAL *G127770611* Thursday 23 June 11 Afternoon Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This is a clean copy of the
More informationClaims against Third Parties in Insolvency: Is there any room for the Part 20 Claim? Katie Gibb of Guildhall Chambers December 2016 Edition
Claims against Third Parties in Insolvency: Is there any room for the Part 20 Claim? Katie Gibb of Guildhall Chambers December 2016 Edition Introduction 1. Where a company sues a former director, for example,
More informationBackground to the case The context for those not familiar with the case is as follows.
Dispute resolution in telecommunications The aftermath of the Supreme Court s judgment in the 080/0870/0845 case Gordon Moir,Partner Gordon.Moir@shepwedd.co.uk Annemaree McDonough,Consultant Annemaree
More informationICO v Adair, Roberts and Evans. Decision on the defendants applications to dismiss
St Albans Crown Court ICO v Adair, Roberts and Evans T20130687 T20130689 T20130690 Decision on the defendants applications to dismiss 1. The three defendants in this case are each charged with offences
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level. Published
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level LAW 9084/33 Paper 3 May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 75 Published This mark scheme is published
More informationMEMORANDUM. The facts and issues are more particularly set out below under the heading FACTS AND ISSUES.
MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: CC: RE: Lawyer-client Virtual Associate Project Manager, Taran Virtual Associates Client-Matter reference DATE: November 5, 2007 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ASSIGNMENT You have asked us to
More informationThe Current Regime. Unreasonable Behaviour
Lord Justice Jackson s Supplemental Report into Civil Litigation Costs After many months of work, Lord Justice Jackson s report on fixed costs is now available. This briefing considers his proposals and
More informationCase Note. Carty v London Borough Of Croydon. Andrew Knott. I Context
Case Note Carty v London Borough Of Croydon Andrew Knott Macrossans Lawyers, Brisbane, Australia I Context The law regulating schools, those who work in them, and those who deal with them, involves increasingly
More information