By the end of this topic you will be able to:
|
|
- Benedict Malone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INCHOATE OFFENCES: ATTEMPTS By the end of this topic you will be able to: Explain what is meant by an attempt and the reasons that we criminalise this behaviour. Understand the problems surrounding the actus reus of attempts Explain the mens rea of attempts Explain whether it is possible to be liable for attempting to do the impossible. You will also be able to evaluate: The current law of attempts and how it relates to the substantive crimes. Proposals for the future of attempts. The principles behind the criminalisation of attempts How we judge whether acts are more than merely preparatory HOMEWORK During this unit, you will be set the following. In completing homework, you will be expected to do your own research and supplement your own notes. This is essential to show understanding. 1. Complete Section A essay 12 for one week s time 2. Revise for your 30 mark DRAG test on attempts in one week s time. END OF UNIT ASSESSMENT As with AS, you will sit a DRAG test on attempts. Remember, you will have the choice to answer 10 out of thirty questions, reflecting your understanding and knowledge of the subject. You will also complete essay question 12 (from your A2 guide) for homework. This will be assessed for your understanding and evaluation of the law, and inform your progress to date. 1
2 What is an attempt? Ok, so we are at the start of the year... you know something of the criminal law... now s the time to start using it. We have been talking about this all year... plan your perfect crime in at least five steps below Now, look back at your crime. At what point do you commit it? At what point are you just attempting it? Are they the same? Why/ Why not? Look at the following statements. In each an action is being performed. Marked the ones which might constitute an offence: 1. Trying the handle of a door 2. Knocking down a wall 3. Walking up behind someone and taking your hands out of your pockets 4. Placing a ladder against a house 5. Taking out life insurance 6. Knocking on the door of someone s house. Now, answer the following questions: 1. Why might we need a law which criminalises attempts? 2. What are we punishing here? Why might this be a problem? 2
3 Ok, so how much do I have to do legally? Attempt is not alone! Attempt is one of the inchoate (or ) offences. These are offences where D has not done enough to be liable for the substantive offence, but has still done enough to be criminally liable. The other inchoate offences (which we do not study at A2) are: IDEA INCITE CONSPIRE ATTEMPT SUCCEED Attempts hinges on the of the offence, and it is for this reason that some people argue we are prosecuting people for their thoughts. However, as you can see... thought alone is not enough... there has to be some action on the part of D as well. Remember R v White 1910? Why was he guilty of attempted murder? What is excluded? Oh yes, as with everything in the criminal law, there are exceptions to the on attempts... law 1. Read s.1(4) [at the back of the handout] and identify the exceptions here. 2. It also excludes those crimes which can be committed by omission. E.g. Gross negligence manslaughter. Why? 3
4 Actus Reus Read s.1(1) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981[at the back of the handout] What kind of acts must D do in order to complete the AR? Do you think that the act defines exactly what those acts are? NO! This is a problem... when do acts go from mere preparation to an attempt? This question is one of, and is left to the. [s.4(3)] Again, it is up to the judge to decide if there is evidence on which the jury could find that there has been acts which fit the test. If there is no evidence of such acts, then the judge must direct them to acquit. Why? Exactly what kind of act[s] do I have to do to meet the test? Well, to answer this question, we have to look not only at the current codified law in the Criminal Attempts Act 1981, but also back at some of the tests which had been developed by the courts prior to this, when attempts was a common law offence. [Simple huh?] Why do we have to look at the law before the act? At what point then does D fulfil the test? On the board are the stages of the crime below. Write down when you think that D had moved from mere preparation to attempting and why. R v Jones 1990 *Key case* Point of attempting? Why? CA emphasised that it was the words of the CAA which should be followed, over and above the previous common law tests. CA upheld his conviction, holding that although some of the acts were preparatory,. was the evidence of an attempt. 4
5 So, what then were these earlier tests? Well, they have different names (n.b. please bear in mind that although Jones says that the CAA is the most important thing, the judges still use these tests when trying to work out what those words mean!). The problem is which of these do we follow? What follows now is mainly AO2 content and if you are given an essay [sectiona] question on this topic, then this will be the area that you are expected to explore. 1. PROXIMITY This is the test that was favoured by the Law Commission. It can be a narrow test, as it seems to look backwards from the full offence, to see if what D did was close to it. MTMP, on the other hand, looks forward from the acts to the full offence. Eagleton 1855 says that acts remotely leading towards the commission of the offence are not to be considered as attempts to commit it, but acts immediately connected with it are What might be the problem with this? R v Robinson
6 2. BURNT ALL YOUR BOATS OR RUBICON TEST... So, that s what the Law Commission thought... so we have to agree with them? NO! The courts decided to use this idea for a while... What does this mean in normal language? R v Stonehouse 1978 HL Diplock said that it was only an attempt if [D] crossed the Rubicon and burnt his boats. Was it a preparatory step, or part of the execution of the crime This was confirmed by the Court of Appeal in R Widowson SERIES OF ACTS This comes from a earlier statement from Sir James Stephen in the 19 th Century. This is where D s actions form part of the AR of the crime, which would be completed if not stopped. R v Boyle & Boyle 1986 CA followed Sir Stephen s test, and upheld the convictions. 6
7 So, those are the tests... what do the courts think? R v Gullefer 1990 Lane CJ argued that Stephens didn t say when the series of acts begins. This meant that acts can be in the series but only preparatory... argh! The words of the act seek to steer a midway course. [A crime] begins when the merely preparatory acts have come to an end and [D] embarks upon the crime proper. When that is will depend of course upon the facts in any particular case This seems like a very sensible decision altogether! And in fact, R v Jones approved this approach. What it is really saying is that you start from the act (MTMP) and then modify it using the tests! This is quite a nice, open result. So, what does the court do next? NARROW it of course! R v Campbell 1991 On a warm summers day, D was seen with an imitation gun, dressed in motorcycle leathers pacing within a yard of a post office door. The police arrested him, and charged him with attempted robbery. CA quashed his conviction, holding that no as jury would see D s acts more than merely preparatory Is this case too narrow an interpretation? What problems might this approach cause? What more might D have had to do? 7
8 Well, clearly there are some issues here... so the courts nicely decide to go back to the way things were... although you might not agree with the outcome! Geddes 1996 CA quashed his conviction on appeal. They argued that D had yet to even approach a student. The two questions that need to be answered were: 1. Had D moved from planning or preparation to execution or implementation? 2. Had D done an act showing that he was actually trying to commit the full offence or had he got only as far as getting ready, or putting himself in that position or equipping himself to do so.? Interestingly, where you and I might argue with the CA s decision in both these cases, the CA was quite consistent, and approved Geddes in Tosti (1997) and Bowles & Bowles (2004) Tosti Bowles & Bowles 8
9 CONSOLIDATION Do you agree with the results in each of these cases? Complete the table below... CASE: ATTEMPT? AGREE/ DISAGREE REASON & TEST Gullefer Jones Campbell Geddes Tosti Bowles & Bowles So, what does all of this mean? Well, in summary... The current test is this: IF D HAS EMBARKED ON THE CRIME PROPER OR IS ACTUALLY TRYING TO COMMIT THE FULL OFFENCE THEN THAT WILL BE SUFFICIENT. 9
10 Mens Rea Ok, so you have done acts which are more than merely preparatory, but what makes your acts different from the innocent person who completes the same series of steps... INTENTION. This can be direct or oblique intent, as confirmed by CA in R v Walker & Hayles 1990, which said that the test applied! Well, what if I attempt to kill? Simple really. The mens rea for murder is: 1. : or 2. However the mens rea for attempted murder is: 1. Why? Well, the CA in Whybrow 1951 said that only this was sufficient because intention becomes the principle ingredient of the offence. So, what do we mean by intent? R v Mohan 1975 An intent means a desire to bring about, insofar as it lies within [D s] power, the commission of the offence which it is alleged [D] attempted to commit, no matter whether [D] desired the consequence or not. What then if D doesn t have a particular, specified offence in mind when doing the acts? [Conditional Intent] Well, this is where we get into a bit of trouble. The offences which are covered here are. or 10
11 R v Husseyn 1977 D and another had been loitering near the rear doors of a van. The police approached and they ran off. They were arrested and charged with attempting to steal the diving equipment which was in the back of the van. What is the loophole in the law? This was also illustrated by R v Easom 1971 Attorney General s Reference No 1&2 of 1979 (1979) closed it... How? But, what if I m just reckless in my attempt? Now although I have said that intention is important, recklessness does have a small place in the law. However, here recklessness is confined to the circumstances of the crime [this can also include the consequences, when it means who you have injured]. Attorney General s Reference No.3 of 1992 (1993) CA held that the trial judge was wrong, and D only needed to intend to harm property, and it was sufficient that he was reckless as to whether life was endangered. One of the most controversial areas here is that of rape and attempted rape. Here the controversial area is rape. Is it enough for attempted rape that D knows (intention) or should it be enough that he is reckless as to the issue? R v Khan
12 Attempting to do the impossible! Can you be guilty of attempting to do something which it turns out is not a crime... yes! Under s.1(3) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981, you can be liable. This is opposite to the common law state prior to the act. Remember: this is the situation where the substantive offence will never exist!!! Why do you think that the government wanted to include this? There are two situations when you may be liable: If an act is a physical impossibility... ever wanted to kill a dead man? If and act is a legal impossibility... you think the goods are stolen... but they aren t. Remember these two cases? Anderton v Ryan 1985 R v Shivpuri 1986 HL use the to overrule their previous decision. Bridge LJ What turns what would otherwise... be an innocent act into a crime is the intent of the actor to commit an offence. 12
13 But, what if I think it s a crime and it is not? R v Taafe 1984 Why are we punishing D in when they are attempting to do the impossible? Is it justified? 13
14 Questions: 1. Read the facts below. They come from the case of Attorney-General s Reference (No. 1 of 1992) Is D guilty of attempted rape? D dragged a girl into a shed. He lowered his trousers and sexually assaulted her. However, he did not have an erection. Reason your conclusion, using relevant case law & tests, below: 2. Fred has just broken up with his girlfriend and wants to kill her. He believes in voodoo and makes a model of his girlfriend into which he sticks 10 pins. Nothing happens. Is he guilty of attempted murder? Reason using appropriate cases. Revision Questions: Why should we have a law on attempts? What is the definition of an attempts? Who decides if an act is more than merely preparatory? What are the facts of R v Tosti? What is the mens rea for attempts? Can you attempt to do the impossible? What is the maximum that a convicted attempter can receive? Is this fair? Describe the test for deciding whether an attempt has taken place, using relevant cases. What are the three tests which can be applied to different acts? Outline R v Jones. At which point was it held to be an attempt? 14
15 Criminal Attempts Act 1981 Part I Attempts Etc Attempt 1 Attempting to commit an offence (1) If, with intent to commit an offence to which this section applies, a person does an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence, he is guilty of attempting to commit the offence.... (2) A person may be guilty of attempting to commit an offence to which this section applies even though the facts are such that the commission of the offence is impossible. (3) In any case where - (a) apart from this subsection a person s intention would not be regarded as having amounted to an intent to commit an offence; but (b) if the facts of the case had been as he believed them to be, his intention would be so regarded, then, for the purposes of subsection (1) above, he shall be regarded as having had an intent to commit that offence. (4) This section applies to any offence which, if it were completed, would be triable in England and Wales as an indictable offence, other than - (a) conspiracy...; (b) aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring...;... 3 Offences of attempt under other enactments... (3) A person is guilty of an attempt under a special statutory provision if, with intent to commit the relevant full offence, he does an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of that offence. (4) A person may be guilty of an attempt under a special statutory provision even though the facts are such that the commission of the relevant full offence is impossible. (5) In any case where - (a) apart from this subsection a person s intention would not be regarded as having amounted to an intent to commit the relevant full offence; but (b) if the facts of the case had been as he believed them to be, his intention would be so regarded, then, for the purposes of subsection (3) above, he shall be regarded as having had an intent to commit that offence. 15
16 Reform of the law and criticism You are the Law Commission, and have been asked to look at the current law on attempts, evaluate and suggest proposals for reform. In your groups you need to decide on four changes you would make to current law and explain why in the grid below. Remember, as with everything in law, all your conclusions should be backed up with evidence! CHANGE TO CURRENT LAW REASON 16
17 Law Commission Conclusions & Proposals Did that seem like a daft exercise? Well the Law Commission did exactly this and published a consultation paper in 2007, [LCCP 183 pub 10/10/07] with its own criticisms and proposals for reform (the final thing is due out some time this year!) If you are feeling particularly excellent, feel free to read the report on their website I would not recommend all 288 pages, but the introduction does a very good job of putting the offence into context and explaining the proposals. AREA OF CRITICISM REASON PROPOSAL EVALAUTION 17
By the end of this topic you will be able to (AO1): You will also be able to evaluate (AO2): Homework. End of Unit Assessment.
*REMINDER: THIS IS THE SYNOPTIC TOPIC FOR 2012* Inchoate Offences: ATTEMPTS By the end of this topic you will be able to (AO1): Explain what is meant by an attempt and the reasons why we criminalise this
More informationThe Criminal Attempts Act 1981 was intended to improve the law on attempts. The extent to which it has succeeded is open to doubt.
Attempts By the end of this topic you will be able to (AO1): Explain what is meant by an attempt and the reasons why we criminalise this behaviour. Understand the problems surrounding the actus reus of
More informationGCE. Law. Mark Scheme for June Advanced GCE Unit G154: Criminal Law Special Study. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE Law Advanced GCE Unit G154: Criminal Law Special Study Mark Scheme for June 2012 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide
More informationTo be opened on receipt
Oxford Cambridge and RSA To be opened on receipt A2 GCE LAW G14/01/RM Criminal Law Special Study PRE-RELEASE SPECIAL STUDY MATERIAL *76392196* JUNE 19 INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS This Resource Material must
More informationR v Gullefer. Page 1. All England Law Reports/1990/Volume 3 /R v Gullefer - [1990] 3 All ER 882. [1990] 3 All ER 882
Page 1 All England Law Reports/1990/Volume 3 /R v Gullefer - [1990] 3 All ER 882 [1990] 3 All ER 882 R v Gullefer COURT OF APPEAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION LORD LANE CJ, KENNEDY, OWEN JJ 4, 20 NOVEMBER 1986 Criminal
More informationLEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 - CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JUNE 2011
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 - CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JUNE 2011 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationR v Jones (Kenneth) Page 1. All England Law Reports/1990/Volume 3 /R v Jones (Kenneth) - [1990] 3 All ER 886. [1990] 3 All ER 886
Page 1 All England Law Reports/1990/Volume 3 /R v Jones (Kenneth) - [1990] 3 All ER 886 [1990] 3 All ER 886 R v Jones (Kenneth) COURT OF APPEAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION TAYLOR LJ, MARS-JONES, WAITE JJ 13 MARCH,
More informationYou should also be able to [AO2] Evaluate the current state of the law Apply your understanding to a series of application questions.
OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY: ROBBERY By the end of this unit, you should be able to [AO1]: Explain the mens rea and actus reus of robbery Understand the differences between theft and theft in robbery You
More informationLEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2013
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2013 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationG153 Criminal Law: Offences Against Property
ROBBERY By the end of this unit, you should be able to: Explain the actus reus and mens rea of robbery Evaluate the current law on robbery. Robbery is an indictable offence, which means that it is tried
More informationCriminal Law. Protect people and property Maintain order Preserve standards of public decency
A Crime is any action or omission of an act that is prohibited and punishable by law. There are four conditions in which an action or omission becomes a crime: The act is considered a wrong for society.
More informationIndex. MISCARRIAGE, 268, ACCOMPLICES accomplice to attempt, attempt to aid and abet, counselling,
Index ABANDONMENT abandonment going to elements of offence, 50 51, 328 329 defence of abandonment arguments against, 326 328 arguments for, 323 325 availability Australia, 317 319 Canada and England, 312
More informationLEVEL 3 UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JANUARY 2012
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JANUARY 2012 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationFAULT ELEMENTS, STRICT LIABILITY AND ABSOLUTE LIABILITY. Generally involves an actus reus (guilty act) and mens rea (guilty mind).
FAULT ELEMENTS, STRICT LIABILITY AND ABSOLUTE LIABILITY CRIME A wrong punishable by the State. Generally involves an actus reus (guilty act) and mens rea (guilty mind). Description of a prohibited behaviour
More informationIntroduction Crime, Law and Morality. Key Principles: actus reus, mens rea, legal personhood, doli incapax.
Introduction Crime, Law and Morality Key Principles: actus reus, mens rea, legal personhood, doli incapax. Objective Principles: * Constructive-murder rule: a person may be guilty of murder, if while in
More information1. The physical element of a crime is the a. mens rea b. actus reus c. offence d. intention
1) 11 CHOOSE THE BEST CHOICE AND MARK IT ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. Part A: Fill in the Blanks 1. The physical element of a crime is the a. mens rea b. actus reus c. offence d. intention. A person is where
More informationTHE CRIMINAL EQUATION
THE CRIMINAL EQUATION Actus Reus + Mens Rea = CRIME Actus Reus Latin for guilty act This simply means the physical act of committing a crime 1 Mens Rea Latin for guilty In the Criminal Code you will find
More informationCriminal Law. Text, Cases, and Materials. Janet Loveless. Third Edition UNIVERSITY PRESS
Criminal Law Text, Cases, and Materials Third Edition Janet Loveless UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Guide to using the book Guide to the Online Resource Centre this edition Preface Acknowledgements Table cases
More informationPreview from Notesale.co.uk Page 1 of 63
Criminal Law General Elements of Criminal Liability A guilty act (Actus Reus) + A guilty mind (Mens Rea) - Defense (Absence of a relevant defense) = Criminal liability The terms AR and MR are simply use
More informationAttempts. -an attempt can be charged separately or be found as an included offence.
Attempts Crim law: week 10 Section 24(1) of the Criminal Code Every one who, having an intent to commit an offence, does or omits to do anything for the purpose of carrying out the intention is guilty
More informationPrincipals and Accessories after Jogee
1 Principals and Accessories after Jogee The best way in to understanding the state of the law on principals and accessories 1 after the UKSC s decision in Jogee [2016] UKSC 8 is by considering a number
More informationADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE GENERAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. Name: Period: Row:
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE GENERAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW Name: Period: Row: I. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW A. Understanding the complexities of criminal law 1. The justice system in the United States
More informationLEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2014
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2014 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationCRIMINAL LAW: TEXT AND MATERIALS
CRIMINAL LAW: TEXT AND MATERIALS Fifth Edition by C. M. V. CLARKSON, B.A.,LL.B.,LL.M. Trofessor oflaw, University ofleicester H. M. KEATING, LL.M. Senior Lecturer in Law, University ofsussex LONDON SWEET
More informationLEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JANUARY 2018
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JANUARY 2018 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide candidates and tutors with guidance as to the key points candidates
More informationCRIMINAL LAW. Sweet &. Maxwell's Textbook Series. 4th edition
CRIMINAL LAW Sweet &. Maxwell's Textbook Series 4th edition Alan Reed, M.A., LL.M., Solicitor Professor of Criminal and Private International Law, University of Sunderland and Ben Fitzpatrick, B.A., P.G.C.L.T.H.E.
More informationActus Reus & Omissions
Principles of Criminal Liability [1] Actus Reus & Omissions By the end of this unit, you will be able to (AO1): Understand what is meant by actus reus, Describe the different ways actus reus can be formed
More informationCRM 321 Mod 4 Lecture Notes
CRM 321 Mod 4 Lecture Notes To understand criminal liability, you must also understand who are the parties to a crime. Only a person who is involved in the crime to some extent is considered a party and
More informationCRIMINAL LAW TJ MCINTYRE SEAN Ô TOGHDA
CRIMINAL LAW TJ MCINTYRE SEAN Ô TOGHDA ROUND HALL THOMSON REUTERS TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Preface Table of Cases Table of vii ix xix xxxi CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 Defining the Criminal Law 1 Background
More informationLAW04: Criminal Law (Offences against Property) Burglary
LAW04: Criminal Law (Offences against Property) Burglary There are 2 different offences of burglary: s. 9(1)(a) TA68 "Enters a building or part of a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, inflict
More informationExplain the meaning of the terms actus reus and mens rea in criminal law
1 Question 1 Explain the meaning of the terms actus reus and mens rea in criminal law Actus reus and mens rea are the basic foundations of criminal law. In this first part of the question we are going
More informationCriminal Law Doctrine and Theory
Criminal Law Doctrine and Theory Third edition William Wilson Hartow, England - London New York Boston San f rancisco Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mong Kong Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Madrid Mexico
More informationCriminal Attempts Act 1981
ELIZABETH II c. 47 Criminal Attempts Act 1981 1981 CHAPTER 47 An Act to amend the law of England and Wales as to attempts to commit offences and as to cases of conspiring to commit offences which, in the
More informationCHAPTER 14. Criminal Law and Juvenile Law
CHAPTER 14 Criminal Law and Juvenile Law CRIMINAL LAW Chapter 14 Section I Case File and 345-347 Review the case file at the beginning of the chapter. Think about the situation (however exaggerated it
More informationPart of the requirement for a criminal offence. It is the guilty act.
Level 1 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies Glossary of Terms Term Action Actus reus Barrister Breach of duty of care Case law Chartered Legal Executive Civil law Claimant Common law compensation
More informationCHAPTER. Criminal Law
CHAPTER 4 Criminal Law 1 Law A law is 2 What Do Laws Do? Laws help to: How do they do this? Give Example 3 Where are our laws? Laws are found in statutory provisions and constitutional enactments, as well
More informationLaw 12 Substantive Assignments Reading Booklet
Law 12 Substantive Assignments Reading Booklet Reading # 1: Police and the Law Training and Qualifications Police officers have to go through both physical and academic training to become members of the
More informationLPG Section 1 Criminal Attempts Act 1981
LPG1.1.06 Section 1 Criminal Attempts Act 1981 Student Notes Version 1.06 The NPIA is operating as the Central Authority for the design and implementation of Initial Police Learning for Home Office forces
More informationAnswers to practical exercises
Answers to practical exercises Chapter 15: Answering problem questions Page 360: Evaluation/Marking Exercise Evaluating the work of others can be a really powerful way of improving your own work. The question
More informationXLIII. UNITED KINGDOM 95
Actions envisaged in parts 1 and 2 of the article, if they entailed the death of one or more persons or caused grievous bodily injury, are punishable by imprisonment for a term of five to fifteen years,
More informationCriminal Law, 10th Edition
Criminal Law, 10th Edition Chapter 02: Principles of Criminal Liability Multiple Choice 1. One who actually commits the act that causes a crime to occur is a a. principal actor b. principal in the first
More informationJUDICIAL COLLEGE. 3. There is no longer any separate category of parasitic accessory/joint enterprise liability.
JUDICIAL COLLEGE A NOTE ON SECONDARY LIABILITY AND JOINT ENTERPRISE AFTER JOGEE 1 1. As the recent case of R v Jogee 2 ; Ruddock v The Queen 3 makes clear, the same principles govern every form of secondary
More informationERRATA SHEET FOR ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW: CASE STUDIES & CONTROVERSIES, THIRD EDITION (as of March 25, 2013)
ERRATA SHEET FOR ROBINSON, CRIMINAL LAW: CASE STUDIES & CONTROVERSIES, THIRD EDITION (as of March 25, 2013) Page 186 ( 6) see additional Kansas statutes concerning departure from the state's sentencing
More informationContents PART 1: CRIMINAL LIABILITY. Table of Statutes. Table of Secondary Legislation. Table of Cases
Contents Table of Statutes Table of Secondary Legislation Table of Cases PART 1: CRIMINAL LIABILITY Chapter 1: Fundamental Principles of Criminal Liability 1: Actus Reus 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Conduct as
More informationLAW03: Criminal Law (Offences against the Person) Involuntary Manslaughter: Unlawful Act Manslaughter.
LAW03: Criminal Law (Offences against the Person) Involuntary Manslaughter: Unlawful Act Manslaughter. Unlawful Act Manslaughter There are 4 elements that must be satisfied... 1. The D must do an unlawful
More informationLecture 3: The American Criminal Justice System
Lecture 3: The American Criminal Justice System Part 1. Classification of Law Part 2. Functions of Criminal Law Part 3: Complexity of Law Part 4: Legal Definition of Crime Part 5: Criminal Defenses Part
More informationLEGAL STUDIES U1_AOS2: CRIMINAL LAW
LEGAL STUDIES U1_AOS2: CRIMINAL LAW Learning Intentions Learning Intentions: WWBAT understand and apply elements of a crime to crimes against a person. Offences Against the Person What are some of the
More informationBar Council response to the Reform of Offences against the Person Scoping Consultation Paper
Bar Council response to the Reform of Offences against the Person Scoping Consultation Paper 1. This is the response of the General Council of the Bar of England and Wales (the Bar Council) to the Law
More informationTo begin, the behaviour and the defendant in question have to be identified as well as the offence they ve committed. This may be:
Homicide Offences To begin, the behaviour and the defendant in question have to be identified as well as the offence they ve committed. This may be: Murder or voluntary manslaughter if partial defences
More informationESSAY APPROACH. Bar Exam Doctor BAREXAMDOCTOR.COM. CRIMINAL LAW ESSAY
I. PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW a. Actus reus b. Mens rea c. Concurrence d. Causation II. III. ESSAY APPROACH www.barexamdoctor.com CRIMINAL LAW ESSAY ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY a. Elements of accomplice liability
More informationMLL214&'CRIMINAL'NOTES' ''''''! Topic 1: Introduction and Overview
! Topic 1: Introduction and Overview Introduction Criminal law has both a substantive and procedural component. o Substantive: defining and understanding the constituent elements of the various common
More informationSummer 2008 August 1, 2008 SAMPLE ANSWER TO FINAL EXAM MULTIPLE CHOICE
Professor DeWolf Criminal Law Summer 2008 August 1, 2008 SAMPLE ANSWER TO FINAL EXAM MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Sorry, falling asleep might be involuntary, but driving when he was sleepy was
More informationCRIMINAL LAW FINAL EXAM SUMMARY
CRIMINAL LAW FINAL EXAM SUMMARY Contents WEEK ONE CONTENT... Error! Bookmark not Woolmington v DPP [1935]... 7 Green v The Queen (1971)... 7 Youseff (1990)... 7 Zecevic v DPP (1987)... 7 WEEK 2 CONTENT...
More informationJURD7122/LAWS1022 Criminal Laws
JURD7122/LAWS1022 Criminal Laws MURDER... 5 ELEMENTS... 5 ACTUS REUS... 5 Voluntariness... 5 Ommission... 5 Causation... 5 MENS REA... 5 Heads of mens rea:... 5 Intention to kill... 5 Intention to inflict
More informationLEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2016
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 - UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS - JANUARY 2016 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationAnswer A to Question 2
Question 2 Victor and Debra were dealers of cocaine, which they brought into the United States from South America in Debra s private plane. On a trip from South America, while Debra was flying her plane,
More informationASSAULTS ON EMERGENCY WORKERS (OFFENCES) BILL EXPLANATORY NOTES
ASSAULTS ON EMERGENCY WORKERS (OFFENCES) BILL EXPLANATORY NOTES What these notes do These Explanatory tes relate to the Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Bill as brought from the House. These Explanatory
More informationBefore : LORD JUSTICE DAVIS MR JUSTICE BLAKE and MR JUSTICE LEWIS Between :
Neutral Citation Number: [2014] EWCA Crim 186 Case No: 201305850 C4 & 201306279 C4 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CRIMINAL DIVISION) ON APPEAL FROM THE CROWN COURT AT OXFORD HHJ PRINGLE QC T20120404 Royal Courts
More informationCRIMINAL LAW SUMMARY LAWSKOOL.CO.UK LAWSKOOL PTY LTD
CRIMINAL LAW SUMMARY LAWSKOOL.CO.UK LAWSKOOL PTY LTD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW 7 DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW 7 Deterrence 7 Rehabilitation 7 Public Protection 7 Retribution 8 CRIMINAL LAW AND
More informationMLL214 CRIMINAL LAW NOTES
MLL214 CRIMINAL LAW NOTES Contents Topic 1: Course Overview... 3 Sources of Criminal Law... 4 Requirements for Criminal Liability... 4 Topic 2: Homicide and Actus Reus... Error! Bookmark not defined. Unlawful
More informationCriminal Law Outline intent crime
This outline was created for the July 2006 Oregon bar exam. The law changes over time, so use with caution. If you would like an editable version of this outline, go to www.barexammind.com/outlines. Criminal
More informationقانون اساءة استخدام الكمبيوتر البريطاني COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 (UK) Commencement 29 August 1990
Section 1 Computer misuse offences قانون اساءة استخدام الكمبيوتر البريطاني COMPUTER MISUSE ACT 1990 (UK) Commencement 29 August 1990 1.(1) A person is guilty of an offence if - (a) he causes a computer
More informationThe Sources of and Limits on Criminal Law 1
CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgments About the Author xv xvii I. CHAPTER 1 The Sources of and Limits on Criminal Law 1 A. Introduction 1 1. The Purpose of Criminal Law 1 a) Morality and Blame 2 b) The
More informationA-level LAW. Paper 1 SPECIMEN MATERIAL
SPECIMEN MATERIAL Please write clearly, in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature A-level LAW Paper 1 Specimen 2016 Time allowed: 2 hours Instructions Use
More informationLecturer: Miljen Matijašević G10, room 6/I, Tue 14:15-15:15. Session 3, 16 Oct 2018
Lecturer: Miljen Matijašević G10, room 6/I, Tue 14:15-15:15 e-mail: miljen.matijasevic@gmail.com Session 3, 16 Oct 2018 Criminal Law, part 1 1. What does criminal law involve? 2. What is actus reus and
More informationLEVEL 3 UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JUNE 2012
Note to Candidates and Tutors: LEVEL 3 UNIT 3 CRIMINAL LAW SUGGESTED ANSWERS JUNE 2012 The purpose of the suggested answers is to provide students and tutors with guidance as to the key points students
More informationCRIMINAL LITIGATION PRE-COURSE MATERIALS
Legal Practice Course 2014-2015 CRIMINAL LITIGATION PRE-COURSE MATERIALS Copyright Bristol Institute of Legal Practice, UWE AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LITIGATION 1. Introduction: You will be studying
More informationCriminal Law II Overview Jan June 2006
Inchoate Liability Incitement Incitement is the common law offence (see Whitehouse [1977]) of influencing the mind of another whilst intending him to commit a crime. Its actus reus is the actual communication
More informationCRIMINAL OFFENCES. Chapter 9
CRIMINAL OFFENCES Chapter 9 LEVELS OF OFFENCES In the Canadian legal system we have three levels of criminal offences. Summary Conviction Offences Indictable Offences Hybrid Offences LEVELS OF OFFENCES:
More informationPlaintiff Entrapment Municipal Hearsay Substantive Trafficking Counter Claim Provocation Probation Justice of the peace
Mr. Thorburn CLU 3M1 January 2015 Review all tests, notes, handouts and other material from the entire semester. 1) Read all instructions and exam questions carefully. 2) Write your name on the top of
More informationELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LAW PART 2. November 7, Ms. Klinck
ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LAW PART 2 November 7, 2016- Ms. Klinck Today s Plan Review from last class Motive and attempt activity Types of Offenses Case Study! Agenda 6- if there is extra time Hypothetical
More informationCRIMINAL LAW OUTLINE1
DAN WILSON'S OUTLINES My outlines are not intended to be definitive, comprehensive treatments of the various subjects. They are offered to show the thought processes of a successful bar study process.
More informationChoose the best choice and mark it on your answer sheet. Part A: Fill in the Blanks
: : : : ( ) : : : : : / Choose the best choice and mark it on your answer sheet. Part A: Fill in the Blanks 1-The physical element of a crime is the 1. mens rea 2. actus reus 3. offence 4. intention 2-A
More informationLAW1114: CRIMINAL LAW EXAM NOTES
LAW1114: CRIMINAL LAW EXAM NOTES CONTENTS TOPIC COMMON OTHER 1 S OF A CRIME 2 NON- FATAL, NON- SEXUAL AGAINST THE PERSON 3 SEXUAL 4 HOMICIDE 5 DEFENCES AR (p3) - Positive, voluntary act (PVA) - Causation
More informationPART 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS...
Contents PART 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS... 6 The Fundamentals of Criminal Law (CHAPTER 1)... 6 Sources of criminal law:... 6 Criminal capacity:... 7 Children:... 7 Corporations:... 7 Classifications of crimes:...
More informationTerrorism Bill [AS AMENDED ON REPORT] CONTENTS PART 1 OFFENCES
[AS AMENDED ON REPORT] CONTENTS PART 1 OFFENCES Encouragement etc. of terrorism 1 Encouragement of terrorism 2 Dissemination of terrorist publications 3 Application of ss. 1 and 2 to internet activity
More informationIN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS Nos. PD 0287 11, PD 0288 11 CRYSTAL MICHELLE WATSON and JACK WAYNE SMITH, Appellants v. THE STATE OF TEXAS ON APPELLANTS PETITIONS FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM
More informationCRIMINAL LAW CHART OF BLACK LETTER LAW DEFINITIONS & ELEMENTS
I. BASIC DEFINITION - Act + Mental State + Result = Crime Defenses II. ACTUS REUS - a voluntary act, omissions do not usually count. A. VOLUNTARY ACT Requires a voluntary and a social harm An act is voluntary
More informationFriday 19 May 2017 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes
AS LAW Unit 2 The Concept of Liability Friday 19 May 2017 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: an AQA 12-page answer book. Instructions Use black ink or black
More informationSUMMER 2009 August 7, 2009 FINAL EXAM SAMPLE ANSWER
CRIMINAL LAW PROFESSOR DEWOLF SUMMER 2009 August 7, 2009 FINAL EXAM SAMPLE ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. (A) is incorrect, because it doesn't contain any mens rea requirement. (B) is incorrect because it makes
More informationVersion 3 A teacher s guide for the 2017 AQA specifications for Law 7161 and 7162
A teacher s guide for the 2017 AQA specifications for Law 7161 and 7162 This guide is based on my own books but you do not need to buy them to use it. What follows is mostly on changes to the specifications
More informationComplete the tick box cases exercise and assign each case one area of the law on theft
OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY (1): THEFT BY THE END OF THIS UNIT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN [AO1]: The elements of mens rea and actus reus involved in the definition of Theft under s.1 Theft Act 1968 Be
More informationR v Mohan. Dicta of Asquith LJ in Cunliffe v Goodman [1950] 1 All ER at 724 and Lord Parker CJ in Davey v Lee [1967] 2 All ER at 425 applied.
Page 1 All England Law Reports/1975/Volume 2 /R v Mohan - [1975] 2 All ER 193 [1975] 2 All ER 193 R v Mohan COURT OF APPEAL, CRIMINAL DIVISION JAMES LJ, TALBOT AND MICHAEL DAVIES JJ 14 JANUARY, 4 FEBRUARY
More informationUNIT 2 Part 1 CRIMINAL LAW
UNIT 2 Part 1 CRIMINAL LAW 1 OBJECTIVES: Differentiate between federal and state laws and develop understanding between crimes against people, and crimes against property. NBEA STANDARD I: Analyze the
More informationCRIM EXAM NOTES. Table of Contents. Weeks 1-4
CRIM EXAM NOTES Weeks 1-4 Table of Contents Setup (jurisdiction, BOP, onus)... 2 Elements, AR, Voluntariness... 3 Voluntariness, Automatism... 4 MR (intention, reckless, knowledge, negligence)... 5 Concurrence...
More informationOBJECTIVES: Differentiate between federal and state laws and develop understanding between crimes against people, and crimes against property.
UNIT 2 CRIMINAL LAW 1 OBJECTIVES: Differentiate between federal and state laws and develop understanding between crimes against people, and crimes against property. NBEA STANDARD I: Analyze the different
More informationPolicing and Crime Bill
Policing and Crime Bill AMENDMENTS TO BE MOVED IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE [Supplementary to the Marshalled List] Page 88, line 45, at end insert Clause 67 BARONESS WILLIAMS OF TRAFFORD ( ) Where an
More informationSOC 3395: Criminal Justice & Corrections Lecture 4&5: Criminal Law & Criminal Justice in Canada II:
SOC 3395: Criminal Justice & Corrections Lecture 4&5: Criminal Law & Criminal Justice in Canada II: In the next 2 classes we will consider: (i) Canadian constitutional mechanics; (ii) Types of law; (iii)
More informationLevel 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies Principles of criminal law J/501/5540
www.cityandguilds.com August 2008 Version 1.1 Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies 7462-203 Principles of criminal law J/501/5540 Assignment Version: Sample This guide contains assessor and
More informationComputer Misuse Act 1990
Computer Misuse Act 1990 CHAPTER 18 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Computer misuse offences Section 1. Unauthorised access to computer material. 2. Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission
More informationDomestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill [HL]
[AS AMENDED IN STANDING COMMITTEE E] CONTENTS PART 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ETC Amendments to Part 4 of the Family Law Act 1996 1 Breach of non-molestation order to be a criminal offence 2 Additional considerations
More informationGCE Law. Mark Scheme for June Unit G153: Criminal Law. Advanced GCE. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE Law Unit G153: Criminal Law Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for June 2016 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications
More informationFALL 2013 December 14, 2013 FINAL EXAM SAMPLE ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE
CRIMINAL LAW PROFESSOR DEWOLF FALL 2013 December 14, 2013 FINAL EXAM SAMPLE ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. (A) is the BEST answer, because it includes the requirement that he be negligent in failing to recognize
More informationINCHOATE CRIME ATTEMPT
INCHOATE CRIME ATTEMPT -Amrita Jain 1 Attempted murder requires the specific intent to kill and the commission of a direct but ineffectual act toward accomplishing the intended killing. People v. Prez,
More informationThis compilation was prepared on 24 February 2010 taking into account amendments up to Act No. 4 of 2010
War Crimes Act 1945 Act No. 48 of 1945 as amended This compilation was prepared on 24 February 2010 taking into account amendments up to Act No. 4 of 2010 The text of any of those amendments not in force
More informationJudicial Branch. Why this is important What do I do if I m arrested? What are my rights? What happens in court?
Judicial Branch Why this is important What do I do if I m arrested? What are my rights? What happens in court? What could happen if I am found guilty? What do I do if I think my rights are being violated?
More informationQuestion 2. With what crimes, if any, could Al be charged and what defenses, if any, could he assert? Discuss.
Question 2 Al and his wife Bobbie owned a laundromat and lived in an apartment above it. They were having significant financial difficulties because the laundromat had been losing money. Unbeknownst to
More informationCriminal Law Fact Sheet
What is criminal law? Murder, fraud, drugs, sex, robbery, drink driving stories of people committing crimes fills the news headlines every single day. It is an area of law which captures the imagination
More informationMLL214 CRIMINAL LAW 2013 MICHAEL KRIEWALDT
MLL214 CRIMINAL LAW 2013 MICHAEL KRIEWALDT THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL LAW 1 1. Introduction In this unit we are looking at the basic principles and underlying rationales of the substantive criminal law.
More informationLegal Guide to Relevant Criminal Offences in Victoria
Legal Guide to Relevant Criminal Offences in Victoria A review of Victorian criminal offences relating to technology-facilitated family violence and abuse SOME NOTES Language of victim vs survivor Some
More information