.Wolters Kluwer Law & Business

Transcription

1 ASPEN PUBLISHERS CASES AND MATERIALS ON EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION Seventh Edition MICHAEL J. ZIMMER Professor of Law Seton Hall University CHARLES A. SULLIVAN Professor of Law Seton Hall University REBECCA HANNER WHITE Dean and J. Alton Hosch Professor of Law University of Georgia.Wolters Kluwer Law & Business AUSTIN BOSTON CHICAGO NEW YORK THE NETHERLANDS

2 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Note to Students xxi xxv xxvii Chapter 1 Individual Disparate Treatment Discrimination A. Introduction B. The Elements of an Individual Disparate Treatment Case 1. Intent to Discriminate Slack v. Havens Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins 2. Terms, Conditions, or Privileges of Employment Hishon v. King 6 1 Spalding Minor v. Centocor, Inc. 3. Linking Discriminatory Intent to the Employer's Treatment of Plaintiff Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa C. Proving the Discrimination Element Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins Note on the Intent of Multiple Decision-Makers McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green Patterson v. McLean Credit Union Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc. McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co. Note on "Reverse" Discrimination Note on Preferences for Older Workers Note Comparing Section 1981 and Title VII Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc XI

3 xii Contents D. Implementing Desert Palace and Reeves 95 Rachid v. Jack in the Box, Inc Note on Special Issues of Proof 107 Note on Litigation Scorecard 110 Problem Note on International and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law 111 Chapter 2 Systemic Disparate Treatment Discrimination 115 A. Introduction 115 B. Formal Policies of Discrimination 116 Los Angeles Department of Water 6- Power v. Manhart C. Patterns and Practices of Discrimination 123 Teamsters v. United States Hazelwood School District v. United States Note on Sophisticated Statistical Techniques 141 D. Defenses to Disparate Treatment Cases Rebutting the Inference of Discriminatory Intent 155 Personnel Administrator v. Feeney EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck 6 Co Note on the New Stucturalism 166 Note on Nature Versus Nature 168 Problem Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications 171 International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc Voluntary Affirmative Action 183 Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County "Affirmative Action" Under the ADEA 200 Note on Affirmative Action and the Constitution 201 Note on International and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law 205 Chapter 3 Systemic Disparate Impact Discrimination 207 A. The Concept of Disparate Impact Discrimination 207 Griggs v. Duke Power Co

4 Contents Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio Smith v. City of Jackson B. The Structure of Disparate Impact Law After the 1991 Civil Rights Act 1. Plaintiffs Proof of a Prima Facie Case a. A Particular Employment Practice Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust Connecticut v. Teal Problem 3.1 b. The Employer Uses the Practice Dothard v. Rawlinson Problem 3.2 c. The Quantum of Impact 2. Defendant's Options a. Rebuttal: The Employer's Use Does Not Cause Impact b. Business Necessity and Job Relatedness El v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority Problem Alternative Employment Practices Adams v. City of Chicago C. Section 703(h) Exceptions 1. Professionally Developed Tests Albemarle Paper Co. v. Mood)' Bryant v. City of Chicago 2. Bona Fide Seniority Systems Lester C. Thurow, The Zero Sum Society 3. Bona Fide Merit and Piecework Svstems Note on Litigation Scorecard Note on International and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law Chapter 4 The Interrelation of the Three Theories of Discrimination Problem 4.1 A. The Interrelationship of Individual and Systemic Disparate Treatment Baylie v. FRB

5 xiv Contents Note on the Relation Between Individual Cases and Unsuccessful Class Actions 299 B. The Relationship Between Individual Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact 299 C. The Relationship Between Systemic Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact Disparate Impact Analysis Inapplicable to Systemic Disparate Treatment Cases Intent to Discriminate: The Dividing Line Between the Two Systemic Theories Applying the Two Systemic Theories in One Case 302 EEOC v. Dial Corporation The Relationship of the Systemic Theories 310 a. When Can the Theories Be Deployed? 310 b. Out of the Disparate Treatment Pan into the Disparate Impact Fire? 311 D. Reconciling the Tension Between Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact 314 Problem Chapter 5 Special Problems in Applying Title VII, Section 1981, andtheadea 317 A. Introduction 317 B. Coverage of Title VII, Section 1981, and the ADEA 317 herohl v. Friends of Minnesota Sinfonia Note on Coverage of J Note on Constitutional Limitations on the Reach of the Antidiscrimination Laws 330 C. Sex Discrimination Discrimination "Because of Sex" 332 Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc a. Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation 337 Vickers v. Fairfield Medical Center b. "Reverse Discrimination" and "Personal Relationships" 346 c. Grooming and Dress Codes 347 Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Company, Inc d. Discrimination Because of Pregnancy 353 Maldonado v. U.S. Bank and Manufacturers Bank California Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Guerra

6 Contents xv Note on Accommodating Pregnancy Under the Americans with Disabilities Act 368 Note on Childrearing Leave 368 Note on the Family and Medical Leave Act 369 Problem Sexual and Other Discriminatory Harassment 370 Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson Note on Other Discriminatory Harassment 375 a. Severe or Pervasive Harassment 376 Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc b. The "Reasonable Person" Requirement 382 c. "Unwelcome" Conduct 383 d. Vicarious Liability 384 Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders Matvia v. Bald Head Island Management, Inc Note on Employer Liability for Harassment by Co-Workers and Customers 413 Note on the First Amendment Implications of Sexual Harassment Liability 415 Note on Alternative Remedies for Harassment 417 D. Discrimination on Account of Religion 418 Reed v. Great Lakes Cos The Duty of Reasonable Accommodation 425 Wilson v. U.S. West Communications Note on Religious Institutions' Exemption from the Prohibition of Religious Discrimination 435 Note on BFOQ Defense to Religious Discrimination 436 Note on the Establishment Clause 437 Note on the Free Exercise Clause 438 E. National Origin and Alienage Discrimination 442 Zamora v. Elite Logistics, Inc Note on Language and National Origin Discrimination 454 Note on Trait Discrimination 456 Note on Section 1981's Application to National Origin and Alienage Discrimination 458 Limiting the Rights of Unauthorized Aliens 458 F. Union Liability 459 G. Retaliation 461 Clark County School District v. Breeden

7 xvi Contents 1. Protected Conduct Laughlin v. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2. Adverse Action Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White H. Age Discrimination 1. Bona Fide Executive Exception 2. Exception for Police and Firefighters 3. Bona Fide Employee Benefit Plans 4. Early Retirement Incentive Plans Note on International and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law Chapter 6 Disability Discrimination A. Introduction B. The Meaning of "Disability" 1. Actual Disability Bragdon v. Abbott Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. Note on Deference to the EEOC Problem 6.1 Problem Record of Such an Impairment Problem Regarded as Having Such an Impairment Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. EEOC v. Schneider Nat'l, Inc. C. The Meaning of "Qualified Individual with a Disability" 1. Essential Job Functions Rehrs v. The lams Company Problem 6.4 Problem The Duty of Reasonable Accommodation US Airways, Inc. v. Bamett Huber v. Wal-Mart

8 Contents xvii Vande Zande v. State of Wisconsin Department of Administration Gambini v. Total Renal Care, Inc Note on Accommodations Necessary to Enjoy Benefits and Privileges of Employment 561 Note on Knowing That Accommodation Is Needed Undue Hardship 563 Note on Burdens of Production and Proof 565 D. Discriminatory Qualification Standards Direct Threat 567 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal Problem Job-Related and Consistent with Business Necessity 576 Albertson's, Inc. v. Kirkingburg Disparate Impact 581 E. Special Problems of Disability Discrimination Drug or Alcohol Users Medical Examinations and Inquiries 583 a. Pre-Employment Medical Examinations and Inquiries 583 b. Medical Examinations and Inquiries of Current Employees Retaliation and Interference Harassment Protected Relationships Health and Disability Insurance 587 EEOC Interim Guidance on Application of ADA to Health Insurance Familv and Medical Leave Act 591 Chapter 7 Procedures for Enforcing Antidiscrimination Laws 595 A. Introduction 595 B. The Administrative Phase: Charge Filing Introduction Filing a Timely Charge 597 Ledbetter v. The Goodyear Tire (5 Rubber Co., Inc Note on Timeliness in Pattern and Practice Cases 617 Note on Waiver, Tolling, and Estoppel 618 C. Filing Suit 620 Problem D. Relationship of the EEOC Charge to Private Suit Proper Plaintiffs Proper Defendants 624

9 xviii Contents 3. Scope of the Suit 624 Note on Avoiding the Title VII Procedural Maze Via J E. The Interrelationship of Various Rights and Remedies 626 F. Class Actions Introduction Requirements of Rule 23(a) 629 Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc Requirements of Rule 23(b) Settling Class Actions 645 G. Federal Government Enforcement 646 H. Suit Against Governmental Employers State and Local Government Employment 648 a. Tenth and Eleventh Amendment Challenges 648 b. Exemptions Federal Employment 651 Chapter 8 Judicial Relief 653 A. Introduction 653 Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody B. Equitable Relief to the Victims of Discrimination Reinstatement, Retroactive Seniority, and Injunctive Relief 658 Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co Who Gets Retroactive Seniority and Backpay? 664 Teamsters v. United States Limits on Backpay 670 a. The Backpay Period 671 Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co b. The Duty to Mitigate Damages Front Pay 680 Cassino v. Reichhold Chemicals, Inc C. Legal Remedies to the Victims of Discrimination Compensatory Damages 685 Turic v. Holland Hospitality, Inc Pollard v. E. 1. du Pont de Nemours 6 Co Punitive Damages 690 Kolstad v. American Dental Association 690

10 Contents xix D. Note on Operation of the Statutory Caps Note on Personal Liability of Employees 3. Liquidated Damages Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins Attorneys' Fees Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC Buckhannon Board 6- Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health (5 Human Resources Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass'n v. County of Albany Note on Taxation, Insurance, and Bankruptcy A. B. Chapter 9 Managing Risks in Employment Discrimination Disputes Introduction Settlements and Releases Oubre v. Entergy Operations, Inc. Arbitrating Discrimination Claims Gilmer v. Interstate /Johnson Lane Corp. Note on the Policy Implications of Arbitration Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams Note on the Elephant in the Room: Allocating the Costs of Arbitration Note on Enforcing the Arbitral Award Problem 9.1 Note on International and Comparative Antidiscrimination Law A. B. C. Chapter 10 The Policy Bases for Antidiscrimination Law Introduction Discrimination and the Free Market Jacob E. Gersen, Markets and Discrimination Whv Prohibit Discrimination? Patricia I. Williams. The Alchemv of Race and Rights

11 xx Contents D. The Costs and Benefits of Prohibiting Discrimination Weighing Economic Costs and Benefits Weighing Noneconomic Costs and Benefits 785 Table of Cases 789 Table of Selected Secondary Authorities 809 Index 823