SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY. Interviews. Interned

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1 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Interviews Interned Duerr, Herbert F. Los Angeles, California Friedman, Leo. Miami, Florida, November 14, Fuhr, Eberhard. Palatine, Illinois, November 11, Hackenberg, Helen. New Port Richey, Florida, January 19, John, Werner. Sugarloaf, New York, March 27, Krakau, Alfred. Woxall, Pennsylvania, September 23, Orenstein, Otto. Honolulu, Hawaii, March 14, Plaschke, Alfred. Houston, Texas, January 2, Preis, Alfred & Janna. Honolulu, Hawaii, March 3, Price, Amelia. Santa Barbara, California, May 29, Schneider, G.E. Evergreen, Colorado, January 21, Schneider, Gertrude. Redding, California, November 27, Trott, Otto. Seattle, Washington, April 13, Interned Relatives (Voluntary) Friedrich, Melicent. St. Louis, Missouri, October 6, Hood, Ruth. Charlotte, North Carolina, October 7, 1992; October 11, Relatives (Not Interned) Fox, Elsie. Miles City, Montana, June 5, Hamann, Siegfried. Westminster, California, September 22, Malcolm, Shirley. Hillsboro, Oregon, April 10, Ralston, Vilma. Redding, California, February 13, Theberath, John. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 24, Excluded Arens, Heinz. Kirkland, Washington, January 8, Harjes, Hermann. San Francisco, California, January 20, Schneider, Paul (see Gertrude Schneider, above) Uhle, Alvin & Frieda. Portland, Oregon, January 10, Other Dreier, Ted & Barbara. Fairfield, Iowa, November 29, Shepard, Bert. Hesperia, California, August 18, 1993.

2 Letters De Gaston, Paul and Cleona (courtesy of Gloria De Gaston Boone, Reston, Virginia) Mross, Heinrich and Helene (courtesy of Hank Lindemann; translations by Kay LeBahn) National Archives (NA) O Rourke, Joseph L. Historical Narrative of the Crystal City Internment Camp. A Report to W.F. Kelly, Asst. Comm. For Alien Control. INS Crystal City Internment Camp, RG 85, 101/161. Record Group (RG) 59, Records of the Department of State: Decimal File, Special War Problems Division, Subject Files, RG 60, Records of the Department of Justice: Name Index RG 85, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: Internment Camp Case Files RG 107, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War RG 338, Records of the Army Commands RG 389, Records of the Office of the Provost Marshal General Other Archives Chester Fritz Library, Univ. of North Dakota (Grand Forks) FBI Headquarters (FBIHQ) Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL) Harry S Truman Library (HSTL) Library of Congress (LOC) North Dakota Heritage Center (Bismarck) North Dakota State University Archives (Fargo) Miscellaneous FBI Files FBI (Neutrality Laws Unit) , in FBI FBI CD 100-2, sers. 3947, 3897, , Sec. 186, ser , sers. 67, FBI 190-HQ (Internal Security Section). FBI. History of the Bureau during the War. Summary of Investigative Activities of the FBI Under the Voorhis Act, Sub 1, Sec 7, Part I (ser 24, Part I); Sec 5, Part I (ser 20, Part I).. The Program of the FBI to Advise the American People of its Jurisdiction and Activities During the National Emergency that Began...June 1, 1939, Sub 2, Sec 8 (sers x 2), Sub 1, Sec. 5, Part I (ser. 20, Part I), The Origin, Development and Achievement of the German Counterespionage Program of the FBI (Prior to Dec. 7, 1941).

3 . Wartime Activities of the FBI: Repatriation Program: American, German, Italian, Japanese, Latin American, Sub 1, Sec. 10 (sers , 46 47). FBI. Totalitarian Activities: Guatemala... Today. July 1944, /8-944, Box 4205, 185, RG 59, NA Government Documents State of California. Department of Public Welfare. Biennial Report, July 1, 1942 June 30, Sacramento: California State Printing Office, Biennial Report, July 1, 1944 June 30, Sacramento: California State Printing Office, n.d. U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Papers. Microfilm edition. Ed. by Ralph Boehm. Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Internal Security. Hearings. Domestic Intelligence Operations for Internal Security Purposes. Part 1. 93rd Cong., 2d Sess. February 20 June 5, Washington: Government Printing Office (G.P.O.), Congressional Record. 76th Cong. 1st Sess. Vol. 84. Pt. 5. May Fourth Interim Report of the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration. 77th Cong., 2d sess. H.R May Washington: G.P.O., Hearing of the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration. 77th Cong., 2d sess. Pts. 29, 31. Washington: G.P.O., Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Hearings, Emergency Supplemental Appropriation Bill for th Cong., 3rd sess. November 27, Washington: G.P.O., U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Final Report: Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. Book II. 94th Cong., 2d Sess Washington: G.P.O., Final Report: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. Book III. 94th Cong. 2d Sess Washington: G.P.O., Hearings on Intelligence Activities. Vol. 6. FBI Investigations. 94th Cong., 1st Sess Washington: G.P.O., U.S. Department of Commerce. Economics and Statistics Administration. Bureau of the Census Census of Population and Housing, Supplementary Reports: Metropolitan Areas as Defined by the Office of Management and Budget, June 30, Sec. 1. Washington: G.P.O., Sixteenth Census of the United States: Population. Vol. II. Characteristics of the Population. Washington: G.P.O., U.S. Department of Justice. Questions and Answers on Regulations Concerning Aliens of Enemy Nationalities. Washington: G.P.O., U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington: G.P.O. U.S. Federal Security Agency. Social Security Board. Policies and Procedures Governing the Administration of Services and Assistance to Enemy Aliens Affected by Governmental Action: A Handbook for State Agencies. Washington: Bureau of Public Assistance, Newspapers and Magazines Bismarck Tribune. February 1941 February 1946, June 1969, September Boston Globe. February Chicago Daily Tribune. August 1943, December 1945, January Fargo Forum. January February Grass Valley Union (California). August Humboldt Times (California). February ILWU Dispatcher (San Francisco). October, December 1943, May, December 1944; August, October 1950; September, November Legal Times. March Los Angeles Times, August 1996.

4 Mandan Pioneer (North Dakota). February 1946, June Monterey Peninsula Herald (California). February Morton County News (Mandan, North Dakota). February April New York Times. December 1940; August 1975; October 1987; January 1990; October 1993; August 1995; April 1996; January, May, August San Francisco Chronicle. December 1941 March 1942; September 1963; January, March, October 1995; January, March, August September 1998; January San Francisco Examiner. May 1993; December 1994; March 1995; January, November 1997; February Time. July Books Anderson, Mark M. ed. Hitler s Exiles: Personal Stories of the Flight from Nazi Germany to America. New York: The New Press, Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians in New York City, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Bell, Leland V. In Hitler s Shadow: The Anatomy of American Nazism. New York: Kennikat Press, Biddle, Francis. In Brief Authority. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1976; Block, Maxine. Ed. Current Biography: Who s News and Why, New York: Cable, John L. Loss of Citizenship, Denaturalization, the Alien in Wartime. Washington: National Law Book Co., Camp Forrest, Tullahoma, Tennessee, Tullahoma, Tennessee: Chamber of Commerce, Canedy, Susan. America s Nazis, A Democratic Dilemma: A History of the German-American Bund. Menlo Park, California: Markgraf Publications Group, Carlson, John. Under Cover. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Carter, David J. Behind Canadian Barbed Wire: Alien, Refugee and Prisoner of War Camps in Canada, Calgary: Tumbleweed Press Ltd., Chappell, Connery. Island of Barbed Wire: Internment on the Isle of Man in World War Two. London: Robert Hale, Christgau, John. Enemies : World War II Internment. Ames: Iowa State University Press, Cole, David. Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism. New York: The New Press, 2003., Wayne S. Roosevelt and the Isolationists, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, De Jong, Louis. The German Fifth Column in the Second World War New York: Howard Fertig, Donald, Heidi Gurcke, We Were Not the Enemy: Remembering the United States Latin-American Civilian Internment Program of World War II. New York: iuniverse, Inc., Donner, Frank J. The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America s Political Intelligence System. New York: Knopf, Duberman, Martin. Black Mountain: An Exploration in Community. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., Duliani, Mario. The City Without Women: A Chronicle of Internment Life in Canada during the Second World War. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, Fox, Stephen. The Unknown Internment: An Oral History of the Relocation of Italian Americans during World War II. Boston: Twayne Publishers, Frazier, Ian. Family. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, Friedman, Max Paul, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The American Campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge, UK, 2003). Gardiner, Harvey. Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: The Peruvian Japanese and the United States. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Gentry, Curt. J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. New York: Norton, Gillman, Peter, and Leni Gillman. Collar the Lot! How Britain Interned and Expelled Its Wartime Refugees. London: Quartet Books, 1980.

5 Goldstein, Alvin H. The Unquiet Death of Julius & Ethel Rosenberg. New York: Journeymen Press, Goodwin, Doris Kearns. No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, Harris, Mary Emma. The Arts at Black Mountain College. Cambridge: The MIT Press, c1987. Higham, Charles. American Swastika. Garden City, New Jersey: Doubleday & Co., Holian, Timothy J. The German-Americans and World War II: An Ethnic Experience. New York: Peter Lang, Hull, Elizabeth. Without Justice for All: The Constitutional Rights of Aliens. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, International Red Cross Conference. Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on Its Activities during the Second World War (September 1, 1939-June 30, 1947). I General Activities. Geneva: International Red Cross Conference, Karst, Kenneth L. Belonging to America: Equal Citizenship and the Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press, Kelly, Alfred H., and Winfred A. Harbison. The American Constitution: Its Origin and Development. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., Inc., Kochan, Miriam. Britain s Internees in the Second World War. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., Konvitz, Milton R. Civil Rights in Immigration. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Krammer, Arnold. Undue Process: The Untold Story of America s German Alien Internees. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, Krauter, Annieliese, From the Heart s Closet: A Young Girl s World War II Story. McCordsville, IN, The Schatzi Press, La Forte, Robert S., and Ronald E. Marcello. Eds. Building the Death Railway: The Ordeal of American POWs in Burma, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Lania, Leo. The Darkest Hour: Adventures and Escapes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., Lowman David D. MAGIC: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast during World War II. Athena Press, Inc Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, Lyons, Michael J. World War II: A Short History. 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Mangione, Jerre. An Ethnic at Large: A Memoir of America in the Thirties and Forties. New York: G.P. Putnam s Sons, Mason, Alpheus T. Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law. New York: The Viking Press, Moore, John Hammond. The Faustball Tunnel: German POWs in America and Their Great Escape. New York: Random House, Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. Secrecy: The American Experience. New Haven: Yale University Press, Nash, Gary B., et al. The American People. II. Brief Edition. New York: Harper, Collins Publishers, Normano, J.F., and Antonello Gerbi. The Japanese in South America: An Introductory Survey with Special Reference to Peru. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, Overy, Richard. Why the Allies Won. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Pol, Heinz. Suicide of a Democracy. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, Potter, Ursula Vogt, The Misplaced American: Based on the Memoirs of Elsie, Krl, Henry, Marta, Mina, Lisbeth, Armin and Ursula Vogt. Bloomington, IN, 1 st Books, Powers, Richard Gid. Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: The Free Press, 1987., Thomas. Heisenberg s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Riley, Karen L. Schools Behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens. Lanham, MD.: Rowman and Littlefield, Rippley, LaVern. The German-Americans. Boston: Twayne Publishers, Ross, Caroline, and Ken Lawrence. J. Edgar Hoover s Detention Plan: The Politics of Repression in the United States, Jackson, Mississippi, Rubinstein, William D. The Myth of Rescue. London: Routledge, Schrecker, Ellen. Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1998.

6 Schubert, Glendon. Dispassionate Justice: A Synthesis of the Judicial Opinions of Robert H. Jackson. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., Smith, Bradley F. The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA New York: Basic Books, 1983., Geoffrey S. To Save a Nation: American Countersubversives, the New Deal, and the Coming of World War II. New York: Basic Books, Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. The Gulag Archipelago, : An Experiment in Literary Investigation, I-II. London: Collins and Harvil Press, Stember, Charles Herbert, et al. Jews in the Mind of America. New York: Basic Books, Stent, Ronald. A Bespattered Page: The Internment of His Majesty s Most Loyal Enemy Aliens. London: Andrew Deutsch, Tateishi, John. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese-American Detention Camps. New York: Random House, The German Reich and Americans of German Origin. New York: Oxford University Press, Theoharis, Athan. From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Spying on Americans: Political Surveillance from Hoover to the Huston Plan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978., and John Stuart Cox. The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. German-Americans in the World Wars. Vol. 4. The World War II Experience. Jacobs, Arthur D., and Joseph E. Fallon, eds. Munich: K.G. Saur, Van Vleck, William C. The Administrative Control of Aliens: A Study in Administrative Law and Procedure. New York: Da Capo Press, 1932; Weglyn, Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America s Concentration Camps Seattle: University of Washington Press, Whitehead, Don. The FBI Story: A Report to the People. New York: Random House, Wyman, David S. Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, New York: Pantheon Books, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, New York: Pantheon Books, Articles, Theses, and Media Anderson, Terry. Terry Anderson s Paper Prison. San Francisco Examiner, May 9, 1993, This World, 7, 13. Angell, Norman. Refugees Can Be Assets. The Nation 151 (September 21, 1940): Argus. Friendly Enemy Aliens. Contemporary Review 159 (January 1941): Barbeau, Art. Civilian Internment in World War II. Journal of the West Virginia Historical Association 11 (1987): Baron, Lawrence. Haven from the Holocaust. New York History 44 (January 1983): Berninger, Dieter. Milwaukee s German American Community and the Nazi Challenge of the 1930 s. Wisconsin Magazine of History (Winter ): Biddle, Francis. Identification of Alien Enemies: Let Us Not Persecute These People. Vital Speeches of the Day 8 (February 15, 1942): Burletson, Louise. The State, Internment and Public Criticism in the Second World War. In The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth Century Britain, eds. David Cesarani and Tony Kushner, London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., Cotter, Cornelius P. Emergency Detention in Wartime: The British Experience. Stanford Law Review 6 (March 1954): Croog, Charles F. FBI Political Surveillance, The Historian 54 (Spring 1992): Dinnerstein, Leonard. Registering Aliens and Civilians in World War II. American Historical Association: Pacific Coast Branch. 84th Annual Meeting. August Elliff, John T. The Scope and Basis of FBI Data Collection. In Investigating the FBI, eds. Pat Watters and Stephen Gillers. Garden City, New Jersey: Doubleday & Co., Inc. 1973

7 Emerson, Thomas I. The FBI as a Political Force. In Investigating the FBI, eds. Pat Watters and Stephen Gillers. Garden City: Doubleday & Co., Inc Ennis, Edward J. Government Control of Alien Enemies. State Government 15 (May 1942, , Exchange of German and American Nationals. Department of State Bulletin (January 7, 1945): 44.. Department of State Bulletin (February 18, 1945): 252. Fiset, Louis, Medical Care for Interned Enemy Aliens: A Role for the U.S. Public Health Service in World War II. American Journal of Public Health, 93/10, (October 2003): Fox, Stephen. The Deportation of Latin American Germans, : Fresh Legs for Mr. Monroe s Doctrine. Yearbook of German-American Studies 32 (1997): Fox, Stephen C. General John DeWitt and the Proposed Internment of German and Italian Aliens during World War II. Pacific Historical Review 47 (November 1988): Friedman, Max Paul. Private Memory, Public Records, and Contested Terrain: Weighing Oral Testimony in the Deportation of Germans from Latin America During World War II. Oral History Review 27/1 (Winter/Spring 2000): Gellately, Robert. The GESTAPO and German Society: Political Denunciation in the GESTAPO Case Files. Journal of Modern History 60 (December 1988): Goldstein, Robert Justin. An American Gulag? Summary Arrest and Emergency Detention of Political Dissidents in the United States. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 10 (Fall 1978): The FBI s Forty Year Plot. Nation, July 1, Gordon, John Steele. The Liederkranz Lament. American Heritage, May/June 1992, Gray, Wendy, and Robert Knight Barney. Devotion to Whom?: German American Loyalty on the Issue of Participation in the 1936 Olympic Games. Journal of Sport History 17 (Summer 1990): Harrison, Earl G. Axis Aliens in an Emergency. Survey Graphic 30 (September 1941): Holmes, Colin. British Justice at Work : Internment in the Second World War. In Minorities in Wartime: National and Racial Groupings in Europe, North America and Australia during Two World Wars, ed. Panikos Panayi, Oxford: Berg Publishers Ltd., Kempner, Robert M.W. The Enemy Alien Problem in the Present War. The American Journal of International Law 34 (July 1940): Keyserlingk, Robert. Agents Within the Gates: The Search for Nazi Subversives in Canada during World War II. Canadian Historical Review 66 (June 1985): Allies or Subversives? The Canadian Government s Ambivalent Attitude towards German-Canadians in the Second World War. In Minorities in Wartime: National and Racial Groupings in Europe, North America and Australia during Two World Wars, ed. Panikos Panayi, Oxford: Berg Publishers Ltd., Breaking the Nazi Plot: Canadian Government Attitudes Towards German-Canadians, In On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity, and the Canadian State, , ed. Norman Hillmer, Bohan Kordan, and Lubomyr Luciuk, Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, King, Archibald. The Legality of Martial Law in Hawaii. California Law Review 30 (September 1942): Koessler, Maximilian. Enemy Alien Internment: With Special Reference to Great Britain and France. Political Science Quarterly 57 (March 1942): Krause, Kitry. Dangerous Enemy Alien. (Chicago) Reader, September 3, Kushner, Tony. Alien Internment in Britain during the Twentieth Century: An Introduction. Immigrants and Minorities 11 (November 1992): Clubland, Cricket Tests and Alien Internment, Immigrants and Minorities 11 (November 1992): Lees, Lorraine M. National Security and Ethnicity: Contrasting Views during World War II. Diplomatic History 11 (Spring 1987): Liu, Eric. Asian or American? John Huang, Dual Loyalty, and the Myths of Dual Identity. Slate, November 14, 1996.

8 Lowenstein, Sharon. A New Deal for Refugees: The Promise and Reality of Oswego. American Jewish History 71 (March 1982): Mack, Thomas C. The Constitution and the Emergency Detention Act of Buffalo Law Review 13 (Winter 1964): Merkin, Daphne. Sister Act. The New Yorker, June 14, Morrison, Susan, and Peter Knerr. Forgotten Internees. Honolulu, November 1990, 77-81, Nagler, Jörg. Victims of the Home Front: Enemy Aliens in the United States during the First World War. In Minorities in Wartime: National and Racial Groupings in Europe, North America and Australia during Two World Wars, ed. Panikos Panayi, Oxford: Berg Publishers Ltd., NBC News. Dateline. Roundup. November 29, Notification by Germany Concerning Exchange of Sick and Wounded Prisoners of War. Department of State Bulletin (April 22, 1945): 737. O Reilly, Kenneth. A New Deal for the FBI: The Roosevelt Administration, Crime Control and National Security. Journal of American History 69 (December 1982): Our Lawless G-Men. The Nation, March 2, 1940, Panayi, Panikos. An Intolerant Act by an Intolerant Society: The Internment of Germans in Britain During the First World War. Immigrants & Minorities 11 (November 1992): Powers, Thomas. The Black Arts. New York Review of Books, February 4, 1999, Rehnquist, William H. When the Laws Were Silent. American Heritage, October 1998, Reisch, Michael, and Janice Andrews. Uncovering a Silent Betrayal: Using Oral History to Explore the Impact of McCarthyism on the Profession of Social Work in the United States, The Oral History Review 26 (Summer/Fall 1999): Riedel, Walter E. Exiled in Canada: Literary and Related Forms of Cultural Life in the Internment Camps. Yearbook of German-American Studies 24 (1989): Robinson, Daniel. Planning for the Most Serious Contingency : Alien Internment, Arbitrary Detention, and the Canadian State, Journal of Canadian Studies 28 (Summer 1993): Rosen, Jeffrey. America in Thick and Thin: Exclusion, Discrimination, and the Making of Americans. The New Republic, January 5, 12, Rowe, James H. Jr. The Alien Enemy Program So Far. Common Ground 2 (Summer 1942): Schmitz, John Eric. Democracy Under Stress: The Internment of German-Americans in World War II. PhD dissertation, North Carolina State University, Sponza, Lucio. The British Government and the Internment of Italians. Immigrants & Minorities 11 (1992): Steele, Richard W. The War on Intolerance: The Reformulation of American Nationalism, Journal of American Ethnic History, 9 (Fall 1989): Stoll, Peter Frederick. German-American Ethnicity and Ego Identity. PhD dissertation, SUNY, Albany, Strum, Harvey. Fort Ontario Refugee Shelter, American Jewish History 73 (June 1984): Jewish Internees in the American South, American Jewish Archives 42 (Fall/Winter 1990): Stuart, Graham H. Special War Problems Division. Department of State Bulletin (July 2, 1944): Special War Problems Division. Department of State Bulletin (July 30, 1944): Special War Problems Division: Internees Section. Department of State Bulletin (July 16, 1944): Special War Problems Division: Representation of Foreign Interests. Department of State Bulletin (August 6, 1944): The Editors of Fortune. Japanese American Internment: In Reporting World War II: Part Two: American Journalism, , New York: The Library of America, Theoharis, Athan. The FBI and the American Legion Contact Program, Political Science Quarterly 100 (Summer 1985): The FBI s Stretching of Presidential Directives, Political Science Quarterly 91 (Winter 76/77):

9 Treatment of Civilian Enemy Aliens and Prisoners of War. Department of State Bulletin (May 23, 1942): Vanden Heuvel, William J. America and the Holocaust. American Heritage, July/August 1999, Vecoli, Rudolph J. Immigration, Naturalization and the Constitution. Studi Emigrazione 24 (March 1987): Ward, Geoffrey C. The Life and Times. American Heritage, July/August 1995, Williams, David. They Never Stopped Watching Us : FBI Political Surveillance, UCLA Historical Journal 2 (1981): The Bureau of Investigation and Its Critics, : The Origins of Federal Political Surveillance. Journal of American History 68 (1981):