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1 Page(s): Image: Note: Page 58 Hamilton, Alexander. "No. IX: Union a Safeguard Against Faction and Insurrection." The Federalist. Rev. ed. New York: Colonial Press, Page 59 Washington, George. "Circular to the States, from Head Quarters, Newburgh, June 8, 1783." The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, Ed. John C. Fitzpatrick. Vol. 26. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931, p Page 61 Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to John Taylor, Philadelphia, June 1, 1798." The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb. Vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904, p. 44. Page 62 Mulcare, Daniel M. "Restricted Authority: Slavery Politics, Internal Improvements, and the Limitation of National Administrative Capacity." Political Research Quarterly 61:4 (December 2008):

2 Page 62 Annals of Congress, 18th Cong., 1st sess. (1824), p Page 62 Rhett, Robert Barnwell. "Speech of Mr. R. Barnwell Smith, of St. Bartholomew's." Speeches Delivered in the Convention of the State of South Carolina, Held in Columbia, in March, Charleston, SC: E. J. Van Brunt Printing, 1833, p. 26.

3 Page 65 Nicholls, Steve. Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009, p. 13. Page 68 "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, Feb.15, 1804." Acts of the New Jersey General Assembly, 28th G.A., 2nd sitting, ch. 103, pp Retrieved from the New Jersey Digital Legal Library, Accessed October 8, Page 74 Buckingham, J. S. The Slave States of America. Vol. 1. London and Paris: Fisher, Son, 1842, p. 258.

4 Page 75 Jackson, Andrew. "Farewell Address." American Presidents: Farewell Messages to the Nation, Ed. Gleaves Whitney. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003, p. 71. Page 77 Congressional Globe, 29th Cong., 2nd sess. (1847), p Page 77 Quoted in McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 145.

5 Page 77 Quoted in Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 57. Page 84 Douglas, Stephen A. "Mr. Douglas's Speech, Fifth Joint Debate, at Galesburgh, October 7, 1858." Political Debates Between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. Cleveland, OH: Burrows Brothers, 1894, p Page 84 Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 2nd sess. (1790), p Page 85 Annals of Congress, 18th Cong., 1st sess. (1824), pp

6 Page 85 Quoted in Stewart, David O. The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007, p. 70. Page 85 Webb, Samuel. History of Pennsylvania Hall, Which Was Destroyed by a Mob, on the 17th of May, Philadelphia: Merrihew and Gunn, 1838, p Page 85 Jefferson, Thomas. "Letter to St. George Tucker, August 28, 1797." The Works of Thomas Jefferson. Ed. Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. 8. Federal ed. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, , p Page 86 Jefferson, Thomas. "Query XVIII: The Particular Customs and Manners that May Happen to Be Received in that State?" In Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 4, p. 83.

7 Page 87 Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence (First Draft). In Ford, ed. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 2. p. 52. Page 88 Madison, James. "Vices of the Political System of the United States. April 1787." Selected Writings of James Madison. Ed. Ralph Ketcham. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2006, p. 37. Page 90 Lincoln, Abraham. "Mr. Lincoln's Reply, Last Joint Debate, at Alton, October 15, 1858." In Political Debates Between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, p. 265.

8 Page 94 Washington, George. "Letter to Lawrence Lewis, August 4, 1797." In Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Vol. 36, p. 2. Page 95 Jefferson, Thomas. Writings. Ed. Merrill D. Peterson. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1984, p Page 95 Jefferson, Thomas. Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, New York: G. P. Putnam s Sons, 1914, p. 77. Page 95 Lincoln, Abraham. "Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Colored Men, Aug. 14, 1862." In Nicolay and Hay, eds., Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 8, Part 1, pp. 2 3.

9 Page 97 Lincoln, Abraham. "Mr. Lincoln's Reply, First Joint Debate, at Ottawa, August 21, 1858." In Political Debates Between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, p. 93. Page 99 Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Radford, VA: Wilder Publications, 2008, p Page 101 Ames, Herman V., ed. State Documents on Federal Relations: The States and the United States. Philadelphia: Department of History, University of Pennsylvania, 1911, p. 262.

10 Page 101 Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Francis Jackson Garrison. William Lloyd Garrison, : The Story of His Life Told by His Children. Vol. 3. New York: Century, 1889, p Page 101 Lincoln, Abraham. "Speech Delivered at Springfield, Ill., June 16, 1858." In Nicolay and Hay, eds., Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 3, p. 2.

11 Page 105 "Protest Against the Nebraska Bill." New York Times, June 22, Page 105 Lincoln, Abraham. "Speech Delivered at Springfield, Ill., June 16, 1858." In Nicolay and Hay, eds., Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 4, pp

12 Page 107 Reagan, John H. "Letter to the Editor." (Marshall) Texas Republican, November 3, Page 108 McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p Page 109 Lincoln, Abraham. "March 4, 1861 First Inaugural Address." In Nicolay and Hay, eds., Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 2, p. 3. Page 109 Lincoln, Abraham. "March 4, 1861 First Inaugural Address." In Nicolay and Hay, eds., Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 2, pp. 3-4.

13 Page 110 Watkins, Samuel R. Co. Aytch, Maury Grays, First Tennessee Regiment; or, A Side Show of the Big Show. Nashville, TN: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882, p. 12.