Chapter 31 (Part I Notes) ( ) Mr. K. McLaughlin, M.S. Ed. Morris Knolls High School

Transcription

1 Chapter 31 (Part I Notes) ( ) Mr. K. McLaughlin, M.S. Ed. Morris Knolls High School

2 Introduction Isolationism as a response to war Shunning of radical and un-american lifestyles New Technologies Consumerism Entertainment

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7 Boston Herald Headlines 1920 Bolshevist Plan for Conquest of America! Bride Thinks Reds Kidnapped Missing Groom I believe we should place them [the reds] all on a ship of stone, with sails of lead, and that their first stopping place should be hell.

8 Red Scare Causes Withdraw of Russia from WWI in 1918 Bolshevik call for worldwide overthrow of capitalism 4 million Americans walked off the job in 1919 Inspired by labor militancy in Russia and Western Europe Progressives and socialist membership grew amongst: middle class, intelligentsia, immigrants, and African Americans Socialist Party 150,000 member Election Debbs received almost 1 million votes while imprisoned 5 million workers belonged to labor unions

9 Red Scare ( ) Wave of political reaction and xenophobia Small numbers of Americans were members of the communist party Strikes put the nation on edge after the end of WWI Communists were scapegoats for labor troubles Bolsheviks were blamed for 1919 Billy Sunday I had my way, I d fill the jails so full of them that their feet would stick out the window. Resulted in a nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect

10 Red Scare Effects Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer Fighting Quaker Palmer Raids - Utilized Section Act to put 6,000 radicals in jail, many without bail and charges for a week(33 cities) Confiscated three pistols and no bombs Hired Hoover as his Special Assistant A bomb exploded on Palmer s lawn convinced Palmer to step up his prosecutions and deportations

11 Explosion at Palmer s Residence

12 Palmer Raids Video ItemID=WE52&iPin=WPA0250&SingleRecord=True

13 Red Scare Effects Cont Soviet Ark 249 alleged alien radicals deported on the Buford September 1920 Wall Street bomb killed 38 people, wounded several hundred Several state legislatures passes criminal syndicalism laws Unlawful to proselytize violence for political change Critics cited infringement of free speech IWW and radicals were vigorously prosecuted Five Socialist Party member of NY State legislature were denied seats

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15 Goldman and Berkman

16 Red Scare Effects Continued Conservative businesspeople denounced unions as Sovietism in disguise Sacco and Vanzetti Italian Immigrants convicted of the murders of a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard Judge was biased Sacco and Vanzetti were: Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers Liberals and radicals rallied to Sacco and Vanzetti s defense Case lasted six years until 1927 Evidence was not conclusive Two men were electrocuted and became martyrs for radicals

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18 Protest in London ItemID=WE52&iPin=WPA0265&SingleRecord=True

19 Anarchists Address Wobblies

20 Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK Membership in the Ku Klux Klan grew in the early 20 s Extremist and Ultra Conservativism Anti: foreign, Catholic, African American, Jewish, pacifist, Communist, internationalist, revolutionist, bootlegger, gambling adultery, birth-control. Pro: Anglo-Saxon, native American, and Protestant. Grew in the Midwest and the Bible Belt South Peaked in mid 1920s (5 million paid dues) Congressional Investigation prosecuted embezzlement Membership collapsed in the 1920s Was an alarming manifestation of xenophobia, intolerance, and prejudice caused by peoples cowardly fears of the social change

21 Immigration Quotas 800,000 stepped ashore in /3 from Southern and Eastern Europe Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Why? National Origins System - Quota was set to 3% of the people of their nationality who had been living in the US in 1910 according to the US census Favorable to immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, large numbers by 1910

22 Immigration Quotas Cont Immigration Act of 1923 replaced 1921 Act National Origins Quota limited to 2 % and now based on 1890 Census Limited Southern and Eastern European Immigrants United Kingdom 666,000 est. and Italy 5,800 est. Essentially ended Japanese immigration Hate America rallies in Japan Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt - workers

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24 End of An Era of Immigration By 1931, more immigrants left than arrived Sacrificed tradition of freedom, opportunity, and ethnic diversity During the 1800s 35 million immigrants arrived in the US, mostly from Europe Patchwork of ethnic communities(i.e. Italians, Jewish, and Polish) remained separated by language, religion, and customs Ethnic variety undermined class and political solidarity

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26 Detractors of Immigration Control Cultural Pluralists Melting Pot would eliminate ethnic differences Horace Kallen Ethnic differences would create a symphony, where each immigrant community would harmonize with others while retaining it own identity Randolph Bourne Stressed preservation of identity US should serve as a vanguard of an international and multicultural age John Dewey, Jane Addams, and Louis Brandeis supported cultural pluralism

27 Prohibition 18 th Amendment enforced by the Volstead Act Make the World Safe for Hypocrisy according to Pageant Support Popular in South whites wanted to keep stimulants away from the oppressed Western Support attacks on the vices of public drunkenness, prostitution, corruption, and crime Opposition Eastern Cities Recent immigrants Law was unenforceable if the majority of Americans opposed the law

28 Prohibition Cont Forsaking personal liberty Legislators spoke or voted cry yet privately drank Returning soldiers complained Working class cheap beer vs. Wealthy Illicit Liquor Dry Agents killed bystanders Illegal Importing West Indies and Canada Speakeasies replaced taverns Bootlegging in the south gave rise to NASCAR Positives - Bank savings increased, absenteeism on the job decreases

29 Al Capone Scarface

30 Everybody calls me a racketeer. I call myself a businessman. When I sell liquor, it s bootlegging. When my patrons serve it on a silver tray on Lake Shore drive, it hospitality?

31 The Golden Age of Gangsterism Illegal alcohol profits led to police bribery Gang wars especially in the 1920s Over 500 mobsters were murdered Arrests and convictions were minimal Al Capone Scarface six years of illicit alcohol distribution made him a millionaire Careened through Chicago in his armor platted car with bulletproof windows Valentine s Day Massacre (1929) Served 10 years of an income tax sentence, released because of syphilis

32 Gangsterism Cont Illegal gangster activities gambling, narcotics, and prostitutions Merchants were forced to pay protection money Windows could be smashed, employees beaten, trucks destroyed, employees beaten up Racketeers invaded ranks of local labor unions as organizers and promoters Organized Crime annual income was billion, which was more than the income of the Washington gov.

33 Charles Lindbergh Flew first transatlantic solo flight hours Long Island to Paris

34 Lindbergh Kidnapping Lindbergh baby abducted for $50,000 ransom, eventually found murdered miles from Hopewell, NJ home 2,000 people abducted that year for ransom Lindbergh Law passed made interstate abduction a death penalty offense Bruno Hauptmann had over 13,000 marked bills and, put on trial in Flemington, NJ. Convicted of murder and electrocuted after governor s stay expired. Protests occurred in the US and London Doubts surfaced about guilt, anti-german discrimination, Widows sued New Jersey for wrongful death twice in the 1980s. Encompassed many elements of the 1920s: gangsterism, immigrant discrimination, and the perils of prosperity.

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37 Education Education in the 1920s made giant strides Mores states were requiring students to remain in schools until 16 or 18 Proportion of 17 year olds who graduated almost doubled in 1920s, more than 1 in 4 John Dewey Columbia Learning by doing Experiential Learning Lab Schools Learning by doing

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39 New Age of Science Rockefeller Foundation virtually eradicated hookworm Better nutrition and healthcare increased average life expectancy from 50 yrs in 1901 to 59 years in 1929 Religious fundamentalists opposed the teaching of Darwinian evolution Emphasized literal reading of the Bible Monkey Trial (Tennessee vs. John Scopes) Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow W.J. Bryan took stand, five day later died from a stroke Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 (set asided on technicality)

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42 Mass Consumption Economy Economy grew after 1921 Andrew Mellon served as Treasury Secretary rapid expansion of capital investment Advertising began as a means to continue mass consumption Persuaded Americans to adopt consumption as an element of American identity Bruce Barton theorized that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time Sports became big business Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey (million dollars in fight revenue) Consumption and debt became common refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, cars, and radios

43 Putting America on Rubber Tires Assembly line = mass production Henry Ford supposedly produced a new automobile every ten seconds Electricity fueled rapid industrial growth By 1930s Americans owned almost 30 million cars Frederick W. Taylor Father of Scientific Management Model T became the first affordable vehicle Steadily reduced vehicle cost through efficient production methods ,000 th Model T o million Model T s By vehicle for every 4.9 Americans

44 Advent of the Gasoline Age Economic Impacts Steel industry emerged employed 6 mill. By 1930 New Industry rubber, glass, fabrics, highways, service stations, and garages Petroleum Industry grew rapidly, CA, TX, and OK Railroads declined supplanted by buses, cars, and trucks Social Impacts Automobiles luxury to necessity, developed into badge of freedom and equality Produce quickly transported to cities Regional isolation lessened, social mobility increased, and gender roles changed By late 1920s Americans owned more automobiles than bathtubs Autobuses allowed for the consolidation of schools and churches Suburbs spread from urban core

45 Gasoline Age Cont Negatives By million Americans had died in a motor vehicle accident More than killed in all the battlefields of the nation s war to date. Adults were concerned with the liabilities of teenagers in automobiles Autos provided quick getaways for Gangsters Positives No horses = improved air and env. quality

46 Humans Develop Wings Wright Brothers Bicycle mechanics Kitty Hawk 12/17/ second flight at 120 feet Utilized during WWI with no large impact After WWI passenger lines with airmail contracts began to operate Lindbergh Lucky Lindy first solo flight across Atlantic (1927) By 30s and 40s plane travel was safer than highway travel Isolation was becoming a dream

47 The Radio Revolution Marconi invented wireless radio in the 1890s Used during WWI Voice-carrying radio became a national phenomenon Advertisements became common of US Private Radio Unlike state controlled radio of Europe Became a family and neighborhood pastime Amos and Andy Companies and products became household names. Sports, politicians, and symphonies utilized radio

48 Hollywood's Film Industry 1920s Nickelodeons Great Train Robbery Discriminatory Birth of a Nation Film industry truly emerged in 1920s with WWI anti- German propaganda Hang the Kaiser 1927 Jazz Singer (first talkie) starring Al Jolson Movie stars commended more than the president Diversity of the old world was diminished

49 The Dynamic Decade For the first time most American s lived in urban areas Women Worked in low paying jobs (retail clerking and office typing) Margaret Sanger led a birth control movement Fundamentalists vs. Modernity Advertising Advertisers exploited sexual appeal to sell everything from soap and tires Sigmund Freud influenced modern thought In earlier days a kiss had been the equivalent of marriage

50 Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance Diffused from New Orleans with immigrating African Americans Jelly Roll Morton Joseph Joe King Oliver Harlem Renaissance One of largest African American communities Writers Claude McKay, Zora Neal Hurston, Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake Marcus Garvey (United Negro Improvement Association) His efforts helped inspire the Nation of Islam

51 New Generation of Writers Energetic and non WASP H.L. Mencken Bad Boy of Baltimore American Mercury criticized marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, the South, do-gooders, Rotarians, and middle-class American. F Scott Fitzgerald Graduate of Princeton Wrote This Side of Paradise (1920) became Bible of the young and the Great Gatsby (pitfalls of social standing) Theodore Dreiser wrote An American Tragedy dealt with murder of pregnant working girl by her ambitious young boyfriend

52 New Generation of Writers Cont.. Ernest Hemingway Sun Also Rises told of disillusioned veterans of WWI A Farwell to Arms - about WWI war experience Probing of Americans small town life Sherwood Anderson Winesburg Ohio, Sinclair Lewis Main Street and Babbitt William Faulkner Fictional chronicle of an imaginary county Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Abasalom, Abasalom! Pound Make It New T. S. Eliot Waste Land Eugene O Neil Theatrical Play Strange Interlude New York s Greenwich Village

53 Architectural Innovation Frank Lloyd Wright Building should blend with the landscape and not imitate Ancient Greece Created the Prairie Style House Designed many well known homes and buildings during career

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59 Wall Street s Big Bull Market Several hundred banks failed annually Florida Boom and Bust Prinz Valdemar blocked the Miami Harbor Hurricanes devastated coast National debt rocketed Speculators ran wild and bought large shares of stock National debt rocketed from the 1914 figure of 1.2 billion to almost 24 billion in 1921 Republican Congress created the Bureau of the Budget. Mellon (Sec. of Treasury) reduced taxes created during wartime In 1921 made 1 million paid 663,000 in taxes In 1926 made 1 million paid 200,000 in taxes Shifted tax burden from wealthy to middle class.

60 Wall Street Cont Controversy of Mellon Reduced national debt by 10 billion from about 26 billion to 16 billion Critics believed debt should have been further reduced Accused of encouraging the bull market Refusal to collect national income taxes created more money for frenzied speculation that would contribute the collapse of the stock market.