The MacMap-HS6 Database
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1 The MacMap-HS6 Database CEPII Working Paper A consistent picture of applied protection across the world Antoine Bouët, Yvan Decreux, Lionel Fontagné, Sébastien Jean, David Laborde
2 Scope of the Database Main Source of the raw data: ITC (Geneva). An exhaustive coverage 163 reporting countries (importers) 208 partners 5111 produits HS6 Trade policies are complex Increasing number of preferential agreements Different tools Ad valorem Tariffs Specific Tariffs Mixed and Compound tariffs
3 European Trade Policy in 2001 (simplified) G.S.P Laos Albania Tokelau Libya Bhutan Russia Afghanistan Nepal Comoros Eritrea Cambodia Kiribati Sudan Vanuatu Somalia Liberia Seychelles Bermuda Macedonia Anguilla Aruba Nauru Tuvalu Cook Isl. Sao Tome Palau Micronesia Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Marshall Isl. Belarus Yemen Cape Verde Samoa Ethiopia Eq. Guinea Haiti Rwanda Chad China Azerbaijan Tonga Madagascar Suriname Congo Swaziland Montserrat Angola Gibraltar A.C.P. Mali Namibia Ctrl. Afr. Rep. Tanzania Burundi Sierra Leone Dominica Trinidad Ghana Bahamas Turkmenistan Togo Solomon Isl. Zimbabwe Niue Zambia Guinea Gambia Ivory Coast Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Djibouti Dominican Rep. Congo Dem.Rep. Mauritius L.D.C. Belize Lesotho St. Lucia Uganda Niger Grenada Fiji Iran South Africa St. Kitts Oman Greenland Senegal Bangladesh Burkina Faso Benin Barbados Gabon Malawi Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Mozambique Cameroon Papua St. Vincent Nigeria Vietnam Moldova Myanmar Maldives Antigua Guyana Kenya Jamaica Sri Lanka Philippines Georgia Ukraine Croatia Note: An underlined country's name signals a bilateral agreement with the EU. Uruguay Brazil C.F.D.. Iraq Ecuador Peru Malaysia Saudi Arabia Macao Mongolia Mexico Argentina Indonesia India Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Bolivia Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Colombia Venezuela Qatar Costa Rica Thailand Kuwait Morocco Cyprus Jordan C.A.C.M. Panama Guatemala Andean Group Pakistan Chile Syria Egypt Tunisia Lebanon Bahrain Armenia Cuba Paraguay U.A.E Algeria Brunei New Zealand Hong Kong Slovakia Estonia Israel Turkey Hungary Malta Palestinian auth. Australia Singapore E.E.A. Norway Liechtenstein Iceland Switzerland Latvia Slovenia Euromed Czech Rep. East Timor U.S. Japan Korea, Rep. E.F.T.A. Bulgaria Poland Lithuania Canada Romania Taiwan Andorra Korea, Dem. Rep. Yugoslavia W.T.O.
4 Conversion issues HS6 Nomenclature : Rev 1. HS1996. Physical units using BACI physical coefficients >>> At the HS6 level, basically, for every product, we have one ad-valorem component and one specific component (USD per Ton)
5 MAcMap Methology : The Reference Group Clustering on countries (real gdp per capita, trade openness) : 5 reference groups Group of exporters : Computation of Unit values, ERGUV. To limit the noise in unit value data To keep economic relevant of ad-valorem equivalent of specific tariffs Group of importers : weights for the MAcMap methodology of aggregation (against the endogeneity problem).
6 How to weight a HS6 product tariffs? Trade weight EU Brazil Ref. Group Weight US Japan Ref. Group A Australia Other Ref. Group A s countries
7 TRQ in MacMap Source : AMAD and WTO notifications + National sources In quota / Out Quota rate? Three regimes are defined based on the filling rate of the quota When not available, quota allocation based on trade Robustness of the methodology to the aggregation procedure
8 Illustrations
9 Agricultural tariffs : World distribution 200% 180% 160% 140% 120% World_Reg_Grp World_Trade_Flows Tariffs 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Cumulative frequency
10 Turkey Switzerland Tunisia Korea India Applied Protection in % Total Agric. 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Japan Australia USA Madagascar Brazil Argentina Mozambique Canada EU(15) World South Africa Bangladesh China Vietnam Thailand Mexico
11 Tunisia Brazil Australia Mozambique Thailand Protection faced in % 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% South Africa India USA Madagascar Bangladesh Morocco Mexico Vietnam Turkey Japan Korea Canada Switzerland China Argentina EU(15) World
12 Turkey Switzerland Tunisia Korea India Norway Structure of Protection 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% MFN Applied Thailand Mexico Japan Pref. Granted. Appied AVE of Sp. Applied AdV Australia USA Madagascar Brazil Argentina Mozambique Canada EU(15) South africa Bangladesh China Vietnam
13 MFN MacMap tariffs vs GTAP5 Tariffs MacMap MFN Agricultural tariffs y = x R 2 = IND POL MAR TUR 35.0 JPN 30.0 MEX THA 25.0 ZWE HUN VNM CHN BGD TWN ZAF BWA PER EU25 MYS TZALKA MOZ ZMB CZECOL CAN EST LVA RUS SVKVEN LTU MWI BRA ARG 10.0 URY IDNALB PHL UGA CHL 5.0 MLTUSA AUS NZL 0.0HKG SGP GTAP5
14 Comparison of the aggregation Methodologies Agricultural applied tariffs Ref Group tariffs y = x R 2 = XEF POL CHE IND JPN CHN MAR TUR MEX HUN THA CAN ROM ZWE VNM TWNLKA EU25 BGD ZAFTZA BWA LTU ZMB SVK VEN URY PER MYS USA UGA MWI PHL LVA MOZ RUS IDN EST BRA CZECOL ARG ALB CHL MLT SGP NZL AUS 0HKG TW tariffs KOR
15 Applications
16 Average agricultural protection in selected rich countries, by partner (AVE, %) Partner: Rich Dvg LDC All Importer: Australia Canada Chile EU Japan Korea New Zealand Switzerland United States
17 "Apparent" preference margin Average protection faced, difference to world average (excluding "small" countries, weighted by world exports of the exporter, pctg points) Morocco Mali Iceland Nigeria Madagascar Côte d ivoire Senegal Cameroon Bangladesh Norway Taiwan Israel Argentina Kenya Indonesia Malaysia Egypt Baseline
18 "True" average preference margin Not the difference in average protection faced: this would largely reflect product specialisation Preference margin (MFN - applied) calculated at the HS6 product level Then aggregation of this product-by-product preference margin, using MAcMap methodology (reference group weighting scheme)
19 Preferential margins granted by EU 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% PrefMargin AppliedTariff 10% 5% 0% DvpedC DvpingC LDCs Mercosur MercosurPartners World MFN Tariffs
20 Average true preferential margin, agriculture baseline (pctg points) Lesotho St vincent Uruguay Yugoslavia Saint lucia Guyana Suriname Turkmenistan Mali Burkina faso Benin Dominica Malawi Kazakstan Vanuatu Belize Ini pref margin (pctg pts)
21 Average true preferential margin, agriculture, before and after application of a tiered formula Lesotho St vincent Uruguay Yugoslavia Saint lucia Guyana Suriname Turkmenistan Mali Burkina faso Benin Dominica Malawi Kazakstan Vanuatu Belize Ini pref margin (pctg pts) New pref margin (pctg pts)
22 TRQ Rents from MacMaps by importer - blns USD Others Morocco Thailand Poland Tunisia Indonesia South africa Canada United states of america Switzerland Mexico Korea Japan European Union (15)
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