Harding Administration Warren G. Harding charming, easy going Return to Normalcy Ohio Gang

Transcription

1 US History Seefeld

2 Harding Administration Warren G. Harding charming, easy going Return to Normalcy Ohio Gang Childhood friends Drink smoke and play poker with the president Used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons and protection from prosecution

3 Albert B. Fall Secretary of the Interior Secretly allowed private companies to lease lands containing US Navy oil reserves $300,000 bribes First cabinet officer to go to prisoner

4 Took a bribe from a German agent Refused to turn over files Refused to testify President demanded his resignation

5 While on a tour of the western US, Harding died of a heart attack

6 Silent Cal very reserved Simple philosophy of government: Prosperity rested on business leadership His job was to make sure government interfered as little as possible The country remained prosperous and avoided crises Coolidge easily won reelection in 1924 Keep Cool with Coolidge

7 Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury 3 major goals Balance the budget Reduce the government s debt Cut taxes Bureau of the Budget unify federal budget General Accounting Office track spending

8 Also known as trickle-down economics Keep taxes down Gives people and businesses more money to spend and invest causing the economy to grow.

9 Herbert Hoover Secretary of Commerce Encourage businesses to form trade associations to forge cooperative voluntary partnerships between government and business. Reduce costs, increase efficiency

10 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce Find new markets for companies Bureau of Aviation Regulate and promote growth of airline industry Federal Radio Commission Regulate radio frequencies and the power of transmitters

11 Isolationism = the United States will be safer and more prosperous if it stays out of world affairs Didn t ratify Treaty of Versailles Didn t join League of Nations Didn t join World Court

12 Allies were having trouble repaying their debts High American tariffs made it difficult to sell their products in the US stalled their economies Germany s economy was stalling due to reparation payments It was vital for the US that European economies be healthy PLAN = American banks would make loans to Germany Germany could pay reparations Allies could pay their debts to the US Money movement makes it all work!

13 Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State Effort to end naval arms race. 10 year moratorium on construction of new warships Some battleships we slated to be destroyed Four-Power Treaty Five-Power Treaty Nine-Power Treaty P. 366 Shortcomings No limit on land forces Angered Japan

14 Abandon war and seek peaceful settlement of disputes US and 14 other nations No ability to enforce

15 1925 survey 21 of 25 families who owned cars didn t own a bathtub. Rising standard of living Earnings soared Work hours/days were reduced = more leisure time

16 Mass Production large-scale manufacturing Assembly Line divided operations into simple tasks, cut unnecessary motion Before 1 car per 12 hours After 1 car every 10 seconds Model T Tin Lizzie 1908 = $ = $ = $295

17 Soon there were multiple car companies Other industries grew as the sale of cars increased glass rubber nickel lead

18 Higher wages for workers Doubled pay to $5 per day Sociological Department Set requirements workers had to meet No renting space in home Investigators visited homes Disqualified from extra pay, suspended, or fired

19 Economic Jobs Repair, law enforcement Higher wages Sold many cars Transportation Suburbs Shipping Courtship Changed dating Less supervision Travel Motel Café Vacation Paved roads Access to city life Schools Medical care Entertainment Petroleum Industry

20 Nativism a belief that one s native land needs to be protected against immigrants Cultural tensions led to intolerance and disillusionment. The bombings, strikes and recession were blamed on immigrants

21 April 15, 1920 two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory, the paymasters Arrested two Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Nicholas Vanzetti

22 Anarchists = people who oppose all forms of government. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists. Although being arrested on very little evidence they were quickly found guilty and executed.

23 Targets = African-Americans, Catholics, Jews, Immigrants 1920s the Klan said they were fighting for Americanism By 1924 they had 4 million members, highest in their entire history Socially acceptable Elected to public office Memberships declined in the later 1920s

24 Keep America American Emergency Quota Act restricted the annual admission into the US to only 3% of the total number of people in any ethnic group already living in the US National Origins Act Made immigration restriction a permanent policy. Quotas set at 2% of each group in the US according to the 1890 census Favored immigrants from Northwestern Europe

25 Employers desperately needed laborers for agriculture, mining, and railroad work. Mexican immigrants were able to fill these positions because they were exempted by National Origins Act. Newlands Reclamation Act funded irrigation projects in the Southwest, creating large factory farms

26 Many Americans wanted to preserve traditional values and were alarmed by the new morality Many women wanted freedom from traditional roles Marriage Emphasis on love, romance, pleasure and friendship Freud s ideas emphasized human sexuality Automobile allowed escape from supervision, going out

27 Women in the work force Some because they needed the money Many because it offered a break from parental authority and gave them independence Fashion Cut their hair into a bob Flesh colored silk stockings Sleeveless dresses with short skirts Smoked, drank, wore make-up

28 Colleges Encouraged female students to pursue careers and challenge traditional women s roles Professional Major contributions in science, medicine, law, literature Florence Sabin tuberculosis treatment Willa Cather, Edith Wharton, Edna Ferber - authors

29 Margaret Sanger nurse American Birth Control League 1921 Promote knowledge of birth control Improve standard of living by limiting births Better health for women Became Planned Parenthood Use of birth control increased dramatically Sanger was put into jail Dispensing birth control information was illegal

30 The Bible is literally true Humans derive their moral behavior from God, not society Rejected Theory of Evolution Believed in Creationism Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPhereson

31 1925 Tennessee outlawed any teaching that denied creationism The American Civil Liberties Union advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution John T. Scopes volunteered Taught and was arrested

32 William Jennings Bryan represented creationists Clarence Darrow represented Scopes Trial 8 days Scopes found guilty $100 fine Later overturned Broadcast over radio Hurt the fundamentalist s cause, they lost influence

33 18 th Amendment banned the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol Supported because: Religious reasons Reduce unemployment, domestic violence, poverty

34 Volstead Act made the US Treasury Department responsible for enforcing prohibition Treasury agents enforcement 540,000 arrests

35 Speakeasies = secret bars

36 Organized crime thrived on illegal trade in alcohol Crime became big business and gangsters had enough money to corrupt big business Al Capone had many Chicago police officers, judges and elected officials on his payroll Elliot Ness brought Capone to justice on a tax evasion charge. Capone was charged with 22 counts of tax evasion and also 5,000 violations of the Volstead Act. Capone was sentenced to 11 years in prison, and following a failed appeal, he began his sentence in 1932

37 Prohibition did not have the positive impact on society in the ways supporters had hoped. Instead many law abiding citizens willfully broke the law.

38 Modern American Art JohnMarin Edward Hopper Charles Scheeler Georgia O Keeffe

39 Carl Sandberg common speech to glorify the Midwest Willa Cather Pulitzer Prize winner life on the Great Plains T.S. Elliot portrayed the negative effects of modernism p. 383 Eugene O Neill playwright portrayed realistic characters and situations

40 Wrote about disillusionment with WW I Ernest Hemingway flawed heroic characters F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby critical of society s superficiality Edith Wharton The Age of Innocence irony and humor to criticize upper-class ignorance and pretensions

41 Movies Silent Films piano & organ players accompanied Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks Talkies The Jazz Singer Radio Popular songs Soap operas Sports News

42 Baseball Babe Ruth Boxing Jack Dempsey Football Red Grange Galloping Ghost Golf Bobby Jones Tennis Bill Tilden Helen Wills Swimming Gertrude Ederle

43 American farmers did not share the prosperity of the 1920s Earned 1/3 the income of other workers Higher yields due to advances in technology, fertilizers, seed varieties, machinery No increase in demand = low prices Quiet Depression Increased production for the war Farmers borrowed to buy land, machinery Farmers prospered until the war ended Markets dried up

44 Raised tariffs dramatically to protect American industry Foreign markets reduced the amount of agricultural products purchased form US = oversupply = low prices

45 Government would boost farm prices by buying up surpluses and selling them at a loss overseas Passed twice by Congress Vetoed twice by Coolidge Why?

46 Flowering of African-American arts Writers p. 389 Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neal Hurston Jazz & Blues Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Bessie Smith

47 Cotton Club most famous club in Harlem Served only white customers Theater Paul Robson Josephine Baker

48 The Great Migration had a significant impact on the power of African Americans. In the North, they became a powerful voting bloc. There were fewer obstacles to voting Most cast their votes for the party of Lincoln - Republicans

49 Lobbied and protested the horrors of lynching House passed legislation in 1922, Senate defeated Ongoing efforts kept the issue in the news Used power to defeat the nomination of North Carolina judge John Parker

50 Negro Nationalism glorified black culture and traditions **biggest impact Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) promoted black pride and unity Central message African Americans could gain power by educating themselves Garvey also advocated separation and independence from whites Proposed leading them to Africa Back-to-Africa Movement

51 Emerging Middle class & intellectuals distanced themselves from Garvey FBI saw UNIA as a dangerous organization which would stimulate black uprisings Garvey alienated leaders in the Harlem Renaissance by calling the weak-kneed and cringing flatterers of white men Garvey went to prison for mail fraud. Coolidge commuted Garvey s sentence and deported him to Jamaica