Unity State COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT SOUTH SUDAN. Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

Transcription

1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Unity State SOUTH SUDAN Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission United Nations Development Programme European Union

2 The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Government agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development. The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace. The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the CSSAC Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state and county levels. The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the European Union. Cover photo: Community members in Abiemnhom sketch their county map on the ground using locally available materials. CSAC/UNDP

3 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Unity State South Sudan Published by South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission United Nations Development Programme MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN

4 CONTENTS Acronyms... i Foreword....ii Executive Summary... iv 1. Introduction Background of Unity State Methodology 3.1. Training of Trainers Community Consultations Validation Meeting Summary of conflict and insecurity in Unity State 4.1. Cattle raiding Competition over water and grazing lands Attacks by rebel militia groups Border conflicts Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya Inter- and intra-clan fighting Unemployment Food insecurity Insecurity issues affecting women and girls Insecurity issues affecting the youth County-specific findings 7.1. Rubkona County Guit County Abiemhnom County Leer County Koch County Mayendit County Panyijar County Mayom County Pariang County Next Steps Maps Map of Unity State... 4 Incidence of cattle raids/theft... 9 Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict... 10

5 i ACRONYMS AfDB BCSSAC CAP CPA CRMA CSAC DDR FAO GoSS MOWRI NGO PRA RMGs RRA SAF SPLA/M SSLA UN UNDP UNMAO UNMISS African Development Bank Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Community Action Plan Comprehensive Peace Agreement Crisis Risk Mapping and Analysis Community Security and Arms Control Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Food Agricultural Organization Government of South Sudan Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Non- Governmental Organization Participatory Rural Appraisal Rebel Militia Groups Rapid Rural Appraisal Sudan Armed Forces Sudan People s Liberation Army/Movement South Sudan Liberation Army United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations Mine Action Office United Nations Mission in South Sudan

6 ii FOREWORD At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends. However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country. The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building bridges between communities and the Government towards peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms. The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for programming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues. The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers. The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations. Major General Daniel Deng Lual Chairperson Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Ministry of Internal Affairs South Sudan

7 FOREWORD Following South Sudan s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief priority. The Government and communities recognized that security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally important that the Government interface with communities to understand their needs and concerns. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in South Sudan supports the country s state-building process by focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county planning. The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or civilian use of small arms. UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities top-most security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels. UNDP fully supports the Government s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict. George Conway Country Director, a.i. United Nations Development Programme South Sudan

8 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Government of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP s Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states. The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level designed to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of the Government. Through extensive dialogue between the communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Consultations were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for Unity State. Unity is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region and is one of the oil-producing states in South Sudan. The Nuer are the predominant tribe. Agriculture, livestock, fishing, hunting and trading are the main sources of livelihoods. Rebel militia groups as well as the Misseriya (Arab nomads) have reportedly displaced communities and have contributed to the insecurity in the state. Around 85,000 returnees from Sudan have settled in Unity State since 2010, the highest number of returnees by far settling back in any state. Community consultations in Unity were held in November-December 2011 and March 2012 in nine counties. The process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data i.e. key informant interviews, community mapping, preference ranking and community action planning, in each of the nine counties. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and youth, particularly through the use of the gender daily calendar. These aided in obtaining an indepth understanding of community members perceptions on the different security issues affecting their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted in separate groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforcement team and county administrators. In summary, participants identified the following key causes of conflict across Unity State: Cattle raiding Competition over water and grazing lands Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs) Border conflicts Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya Inter- and intra-clan fighting Unemployment Food insecurity In addition, insecurity issues affecting women surfaced, issues which can be attributed to the nature of the labour culturally assigned to and expected from women. The presence of arms and the alleged attacks by rebel militia groups are also sources of conflict that affect women. These have shown dire consequences in women participants domestic and social lives. For instance, women and girls are traditionally tasked to collect water and find food; in the process they are prone to rebel

9 Men from Guit County review their group output. UNDP militia attacks or abduction when travelling to or from far-flung water points, or to domestic violence if they did not provide these household needs. Additionally, young women are seen as either a cause of conflict, such as in cattle raids where men acquire more livestock to afford the steep dowry, or as an indirect party to conflict where young men compete for a woman to be his bride. Meanwhile, participants saw the youth as the primary actors involved in conflict incidences, such as young men directly engaging in cattle raids or border disputes. The lack of educational, livelihood and leisure opportunities leave the youth with idle time and no other options, which could lead them to other activities that result in conflicts. Detailed findings were documented per county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 7. Findings from the consultations were used to develop state government projects, with support from CSAC, addressing the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of Unity State in Section 8 illustrates the various locations of these projects.

10 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa s longest running civil war. The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the country. UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are essential. The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government in strengthening its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects. CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau for and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation. Since 2009 CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decision-making and state planning. The force multiplier are conflict sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Community Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations. Consultations done in Unity in aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the consultations aimed to: Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity; Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a regional state; Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for the regional state; Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then feed into the eventual state and county planning process; and Form Local Steering Committees in each county and in each state to oversee the implementation of identified conflict-sensitive projects. Information gathered from the consultations will not only help the Government develop and initiate projects that will address conflict, but it will also support the Government s (state and county level) general planning of programmes and policies. Outcomes of these consultations will also be useful for other UN agencies, international and national organizations, donors and other stakeholders working towards community security, conflict prevention and development in South Sudan.

11 Women from Pariang County list their daily domestic chores. UNDP

12 3 2. BACKGROUND ON UNITY STATE 1 Unity State is one of the 10 states in South Sudan located in the country s north-central part. With a total area of 35,956 sq km, Unity state is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region. It borders Warrap, Lakes, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states, as well as Southern Kordofan and Abyei in the north. Unity State is composed of nine counties: Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. The capital of Unity State is Bentiu. The estimated population of Unity State is approximately 585,801. Unity has a dry season and a wet season. The average wet season usually lasts from May to November. The White Nile River, the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) river and other rivers that traverse the state, generate significant seasonal flooding. Many of the agro-pastoralists in the state move with the seasons, as the expansion of the waterways alters the landscape and creates considerable areas of swampy terrain during the rainy season. Unity state is a predominantly Nuer homeland. However, in Abiemnhom and Pariang counties, the predominant group is the Dinka tribe. Both Dinka and Nuer communities are ruled by traditional courts, a head chief and a sub-chief of a certain clan. The elders in the communities must endorse the case among conflicting parties. The most important socio-economic activities in Unity are agricultural production, cattle keeping, fishing, hunting and local trading. Since independence, the areas of Unity State and other areas bordering the north have been affected by commodity shortages, contributing to inflation. As North- South tensions spiked ahead of independence in 2011, the Government of Sudan imposed a blockade on North-South supply routes. Unity State is a part of the oil producing area of South Sudan and the oil resources have generated additional income for the state. However, the oil production has also contributed to conflict and displacement and led to substantial negative impact on the environment. Local populations have complained over water contamination, which have resulted in the death of livestock and serious illness. Several militia groups have been active in Unity State and rebel activity continues to be a source of instability in northern Unity. Rebel activities affect the local populations as these led to displacement and food shortages, as well as re-mining and counter-insurgency operations. Some of the militia commanders that operate in Unity have participated in forming the South Sudan Liberation Army (SSLA) a loose constabulary that have operated more often as independent units than a unified movement. In September 2011, several incidents of cattle raids and violence erupted in Mayendit County where 28 people reportedly died and 18 were injured 2. Witnesses reported that, unlike in traditional raids, the attackers tried to maximize the number of casualties inflicted, including targeting women and children. 1 2 Unity: South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission. Accessed March Unity State: Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Article last updated January unity.html South Sudan: Compounding Instability in Unity State. Africa Report No International Crisis Group. October 17, regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan. United Nations Security Council. November 2, symbol=s/2011/678 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8. Warrap cattle raiders kill 28 people in Unity state. Sudan Tribune. September 12,

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14 5 Parts of the territory of Unity State are also used by the Misseriya or Arab nomads who, for generations, have migrated into South Sudan with their cattle during the dry season when water and fertile grazing land recedes in the north. However, due to conflicts and increased violence, the Misseriya has in recent years sometimes been blocked from entering into Unity State. With South Sudan s independence, the shared border remains in dispute. Also, internal border conflicts remain a persistent source of insecurity. Clashes between communities over tracts of land have resulted in injuries and deaths, such as those between Mayom and Rubkona, Rubkona and Guit, Leer and Mayendit, and Pariang and Guit. South Sudan s independence in 2011 prompted the return of huge numbers of South Sudanese who were residing in Sudan. More than 340,000 have gone back to South Sudan since October 2010, some 85,000 of them to Unity, far more than any other state. Conflict, erratic rainfall and the high food and fuel prices caused by North-South border closures have led to a situation of food insecurity in several counties in Unity State. Projections for 2012 indicate that the cereal deficit could reach the double of the estimated 2011 deficit. 3. METHODOLOGY Consultations in Unity State were conducted on 23 November 5 December 2011, in seven counties including Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. Due to security considerations, consultations in Mayom and Pariang were conducted later on 3-9 March A total of 454 community members and leaders participated in the consultation meetings from all nine counties. The outputs of the consultations included a conflict analysis in each county, ranking of security needs and a community security action plan. These are presented in detail in Section 7 County-Specific Findings. The county consultations are the initial steps of a wider support process of building the capacity of national partners and supporting the development and implementation of conflict-sensitive development projects. The support also includes consultation teams undergoing training, engaging communities in active participation and holding a validation meeting with authorities Training of Trainers To prepare individuals designated to conduct the county consultations, a comprehensive five -day Training of Trainers on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology was held for community resource persons. Trainees were provided with a number of PRA tools to assist them in working with communities to identify, map, and analyse the causes and effects of conflict as well as prioritise community security issues. These tools included community mapping, seasonal calendar, trend lines, gender daily calendar and semi-structured interviews County consultations Consultations - overview The consultation workshop lasted for three days in each of the counties consulted and included key tools such as community mapping, conflict analysis matrix, seasonal calendars, gender daily calendars and semi-structured interviews.

15 6 Participation Men, women, youth and elders are often affected differently by conflict and have accordingly different ideas about what make them safe. In order to obtain sustainable peace it is therefore essential to build on a wide range of experiences and perspectives, and to ensure that planning is based on the knowledge of all the members of a community. To ensure that the participants represented all the members of the county, each county commissioner was requested to mobilize 50 participants comprised of: An equal number of women and men (25 women and 25 men); Both youth and elders/traditional leaders (female youth and male youth, female elders and male elders); Participants from law enforcement agencies/security forces; and Participants from all the different payams in the county. However, out of a total number of 332 participants from Rubkona, Guit, Abiemnhom, Leer, Koch and Mayendit counties, only 110 participants (33 percent) were women. Mapping of Conflict Issues and Areas This phase involved the sketching of a county map to identify conflict zones and critical issues which affect the stability in the county. The mapping exercise was done on the ground in an open space, using locally available materials, to give the entire community the opportunity to participate. Seasonal Calendar The seasonal calendar was used to map out the seasonality of insecurity and conflict issues, enable discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity. Trend Lines Drawing trend lines from recent years made it possible to explore changes in security dynamics and the number of incidents for each of the conflict issues identified, and to discuss the causes of any increase or decrease in conflict. Gender Daily Calendar The tool outlined the activities women, men and youth are engaged in during a typical day. The calendar explored the different situations of men and women in the community and encouraged discussions on gender roles and how men and women can be affected differently by conflict and insecurity. Semi-Structured Interviews Semi-structured interviews were conducted with county administrators, youth, men and women. County administrators with particular knowledge about the security situation in the counties were chosen as resource persons. Women and youth were chosen for group interviews to make sure their views and concerns were captured. Conflict Analysis Matrix Findings from the consultations using the above tools unearthed the various issues causing insecurity in the county. After organizing the data collected, the consultation team extracted the focal problems identified by the community, including causes, effects, parties involved in the conflict, parties supporting the conflict and possible opportunities to address the problems. The product of this process was the conflict analysis matrix.

16 7 Preference Ranking Participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth to discuss conflict issues they previously identified, and prioritise which of these were the most important for their security and safety situation. All the identified conflict issues were ranked, with one being the highest priority and 10 as the lowest priority. Community Action Plan (CAP) The most tangible result of the community consultations is the CAP for each county, intended to delineate the following: Proposed projects as agreed collectively by the community; Proposed actions and resources; Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; and Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance. Steering Committee A County Steering Committee was created in each county with representatives from the local youth, women, men/elders and government. The roles and responsibilities of the Committee are to: be the bridge between the community, county administration, state authority, the Bureau and UNDP; participate in the project approval before implementation; oversee the implementation of the projects; ensure routine monitoring; provide leadership; ensure community mobilization; and ensure quality control. A State Steering Committee was also formed, chaired by the Director General for the Ministry of Local Government and Law Enforcement, and includes members from key state line ministries and departments, along with United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Civil Affairs The Validation Meeting The validation meeting took place two days after the last county consultations. Present in the validation meeting were the deputy governor, county commissioners, members of the Bureau, SSPRC, community members, and staff from UNDP and UNMISS. The meeting intended to share the outcomes of the county-level consultations on a wider scale with all relevant authorities and stakeholders, and to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their identified priorities during consultations were properly recorded and would be addressed. The validation meeting also served to avoid any duplication of efforts with other organizations in communities proposed projects. Due to travel obstacles, several county commissioners were not able to attend the meeting.

17 8 4. SUMMARY OF CONFLICT AND INSECURITY ISSUES Outcomes from these consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on socio-economic threats and risks, through UNDP s Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Project. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a layered and in-depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA mapped data on socio-economic risk and threat complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the conflict drivers identified in the consultations supported by CSAC Cattle raiding Cattle are the foundation of cattle keepers social, economic and cultural life. Owning a high number of cattle is considered prestigious, a source of pride and wealth. It is ascribed to culture and traditional practices such as providing dowry. Since the amount of cattle required for dowry can be enormous, young men who wish to marry resort to cattle raiding to secure the necessary number. Revenge attacks for stolen cows are common where fights can easily escalate into full conflicts. Furthermore, the abundance of small arms in the hands of civilians aggravates these conflicts. As one of the participants commented, To procure arms is as easy as buying food stuff. Cattle raiding is a widespread problem and considered a key insecurity issue in all of the nine counties consulted in Unity State. It is particularly rampant Community members in Mayom County illustrate the intensity of conflicts over time. UNDP during the dry season when people and animals can move more easily and need to walk longer distances in search for water. Participants during the consultations indicated that unemployment, lack of alternative livelihood options, food insecurity, competition over wealth, grazing land and water, and the absence of security organs at the payam level are the key drivers for cattle raiding. This has resulted in fights, deaths, loss of livestock, revenge attacks, food insecurity and even divorce when the aggrieved party discovers and reclaims the stolen cattle that were paid for dowry. Cattle raiding influences people s way of life in Unity State, including their relations within counties and with bordering states wherein water sources and grazing lands become points of contention Competition over water and grazing lands Cattle herders compete over scarce water and grazing land for their livestock. Clashes occur more frequently during the dry season and decline during the rainy season when movement of both humans and animals are restricted. When competition escalates into fights, human lives and cattle are lost. The value of livestock and their survival amidst scarce water and pasture is very critical for cattle keepers. Before a cow dies because of inaccessibility to water and pasture, men should have died first, as one participant noted. Pressure on available pastureland has increased with the influx of citizens returning to South Sudan. Moreover, populations are pushed to look for other grazing land as they are forcefully evicted from their traditional land when oil fields are discovered, as experienced by participants from Koch County.

18 9 Incidence of cattle theft in Unity State

19 Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict Unity State 10

20 11 Conflicts also arise from competing over water for human consumption due to the inadequate supply of boreholes and the shortage of harvested run-off water during the rainy season. Injuries, ethnic fights and deaths have resulted from water-related conflicts. Competition over water resources can also mean contention over fishing areas, as noted by participants from Guit County. This has led to fights over the shortage of fish and the ensuing lack of income, and at times the destruction of boats and fishing equipment. Furthermore, participants, particularly those in Pariang County, claimed that oil companies operating here have polluted the environment through poor waste disposal, toxic gas emissions and oil spillage due to bombings. This has rendered some land areas barren where they can no longer grow crops or let cows graze. This has forced residents to move to neighbouring counties and thereby compete for water and pasture land. Maps on the preceding pages show the location of cattle raids, incidences of conflict over water/ boundaries as well as tribal conflict in Unity State. Scarce water resources also impose an extra burden on women and girls who walk long distances in search of water. They lose productive time doing so and the long distances between the water source and their homes have exposed them to sexual violence. Carrying heavy water containers over vast distances has also led to women s poor health conditions. Women further revealed that husbands subject their wives to violence if they could not find or collect water Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs) Although seen as small in number, RMGs have been closely associated with a series of landmine explosions and sporadic attacks resulting in deaths, rape, or injuries. Sporadic and indiscriminate attacks by the RMGs have also disrupted and temporarily halted the education and learning calendars of children. RMGs have also been reported to abduct or recruit child soldiers. Their presence has further displaced and distorted the movement of communities, affecting their socio-economic and livelihood activities. This has led to less commercial activities and posed a huge challenge in delivering services, goods and commodities. Participants believed that RMGs prevail in Unity State because they struggle for power and positions, and are discontented from elections and influences from the Sudan government. The presence of RMGs was identified by participants in Rubkona, Abiemnhom, Koch, Mayom and Leer counties Border conflicts Internal border conflicts are a problem between counties or between its neighbouring states such as Warrap (Tonj East County), Lakes (Rumbek North County) and Jonglei. External border conflicts, on the other hand occur between Unity and the neighbouring Southern Kordofan in Sudan. These conflicts are common during the dry season when communities from the conflicting counties, states and regions are in need of water for household use and livestock. Participants noted that although cross-border conflicts have been witnessed in the past, the creation of new states and counties have resulted in an upward trend of these conflicts, pushing populations outside original geographic location. Abiemnhom County residents identify locations where conflicts occur. UNDP

21 12 The root causes behind border conflicts, as perceived by participants, include the artificial colonial border demarcation, disputes over land ownership, competition over land resources, e.g. oil fields, grazing land and water sources, and migration of people. While elders and government officials are responsible for deliberating and making decisions regarding border issues, the youth are directly involved in fights over territories. Border conflicts in Unity State have resulted in loss of lives and property, displacement of communities, injuries, and revenge attacks. Participants claimed that external border conflicts that occur between Unity and its northern neighbour Southern Kordofan have caused territorial disputes which typically occur during the dry season when the Misseriya (Arab nomads) migrate to the south in search of water Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya Every year, the Misseriya are known to move southwards to Unity for water and grazing land. At the end of the dry season as they head back north, they have been reported to steal cattle and kill people who get in their way. Participants in Rubkona and Abiemnhom counties, who identified this as one of the biggest threats to security, have stated that the Misseriya are supported by the Government of Sudan. Participants noted though, that conflicts have declined in the last two years as the South Sudan security forces can now halt the movement of Misseriya at the border. Participants also reported that the Misseriya have abducted children for child labour and slave trade. There were reports that boys were mutilated to prevent them from escaping, and that girls were abducted to be the wives of these boys Inter- and intra-clan fighting Inter- and intra-clan fighting is a common phenomenon in several counties in Unity state. Inter-clan fighting takes place between different counties or tribes while intra-clan fighting occurs between sub -clans within the same county. Inter and intra-clan fighting is often a result of competition over grazing land and over border demarcations. The conflicts may lead to killings, inciting a spate of revenge attacks, thus furthering a vicious cycle of community insecurity. In Panyijar County, complex inter-clan fights have occurred out of inequitable distribution of stolen cattle between two clans which have jointly carried out a raid. Should some of the clan s youth be killed during the planned raids, the aggrieved payam/clan would expect compensation from their partner clans. These situations have frequently resulted in disagreements and fights. Inter- and intra-clan clashes have also occurred as a result of competition over girls, adultery, elopement 3, pregnancies outside of marriage, failure to pay dowry and forced marriages. Fighting over girls/women and the associated cattle raiding to secure dowry, was in some communities considered the biggest cause of insecurity between clans and families. The actors involved in inter- and intraclan fighting are mainly young men; however young women, parents and elders might be indirect actors. What may have started as a family conflict in many cases could spill over to the entire community, resulting in indiscriminate killing of women, men and children Unemployment The lack of jobs and incomes, according to participants are caused by the low level of education, lack of capital or skills, limited or no economic opportunities, lack of awareness of various opportunities 3 Elopement of girls, as defined by the community, either means a woman eloping with and living with a man before the dowry is paid, or relations without the father s consent. This can become a source of insecurity for the woman because her parents often send her brother/s to demand for dowry from the man s family. By eloping with a man, the value of the woman in terms of the number of cattle she would have acquired is reduced. In places like Pariang, women reported that when brothers are sent to avenge the sister, other women and men are killed or injured.

22 13 and hindrance of investment from the blockage of the north-south roads. Participants also mentioned that people have an attitude of expecting the Government to provide them with employment. Unemployment particularly affects both the male and female youth. Low employment rate in a county can lead to redundancy, low standards of living, increased numbers of street children, divorce, dependency on other family members, cattle raiding as a means of affording dowry, increased crisis in the areas, migration (rural and urban) and depopulation. When young men are idle they also tend to get involved in conflicts such as cattle raiding, inter-clan fighting and skirmishes over young women Food insecurity Food insecurity can either be a cause or an effect of other underlying security issues, as indicated by participants. Food shortage is usually caused by drought, floods or the limited access to other markets which has been particularly problematic during the rainy season when roads are impassable or flooded. In some areas, food shortage has worsened when the roads connecting Bentiu to Adok and to Khartoum in Sudan were closed. Insecurity and risk of attacks have further prevented communities from accessing these markets or other food sources. Food shortages have led to increased food costs in the market, often beyond the purchasing power of the majority of households. With the lack of food and proper diet, people have suffered from anaemia or malnutrition. Women s security has been compromised as well. Wives have claimed that they suffer from increased domestic violence if there is no food in the house, and women looking for food late at night are prone to attacks from militia groups or wild animals. Additionally, the influx of returnees and reduced food distribution from relief agencies has put an even greater pressure on the food supply in Unity. 5. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN AND GIRLS 5.1. Division of labour according to gender Although men in some counties worked for hours each day fishing and cultivating, women s workload in most counties is significantly higher than men s. In rural areas, women do both the household work and most of the tasks in the farm. They perform an abundance of duties and travel long distances on foot to fulfil the household s needs. Several of their duties are physically demanding and can take several hours each day to accomplish. Women have no breaks in their workday except when breastfeeding, which constitutes one of the few times they sit down during the day. Both younger and older married women perform all the household duties including washing, grinding maize and fetching water and firewood in addition to a number of pastoralist tasks. Women s group in Pariang County with the consultation team. UNDP Both men and women expressed that this division of labour was in accordance with tradition and that it was the woman s role to do this type of work. If women do not perform the work they

23 14 are expected to do, their husbands may beat them up or divorce them. In one workshop, male participants said that women were born to do this kind of work and mentioned the dowry as a justification. When participants were asked if they see any problems with the division of work, some replied that the workload could cause trauma and illness. One female participant s reply to the question of whether this would be a problem was You can marry another wife Insecurity risks faced by women and girls Women suffer considerably in times of conflict, often left alone to look after the family when the husband leaves to fight and herd cattle or when he dies in conflict. As such, women are still expected to provide the next meal for the family, as well as protect the children and help them escape when conflicts worsen. However, women are rarely consulted on issues of security and conflict resolution. A typical day for women in Pariang County. UNDP Women and girls are often afraid to walk long distances to fetch water or go to the forest to collect firewood or material for building fences. They face risks from landmines, wild animals and attacks from rebel militia groups (RMGs) which were reported to have committed murder, rape and abduction, and have forcefully stolen water containers from women. Women who work at night, e.g. to brew beer for sale or to harvest water lily for food, are at a particular risk of attacks from wild animals and RMGs. In Abiemnhom County, women reported fear of attacks from the Misseriya. To reduce the risk of these militia attacks, women expressed that a solution to the risk of attacks from militia groups was to have water sources be established closer to their homes. Deployed soldiers living within the villages are perceived as often causing problems and posing threats to local women, who reported of harassment especially when soldiers are intoxicated. Women expressed that the payams need police and SPLA presence, but women would rather have the soldiers be accommodated outside the villages. Domestic violence is still common and some women have claimed they are most insecure at home with their husbands. If they do not fulfil the tasks they are expected to do, for instance providing food or water, they can be severely beaten by their husbands. Participants said that the depreciation of women stems from the fact that when having paid a high dowry, some men perceive of their wives as a commodity Sociocultural practices Some sociocultural practices do not recognize women s rights, such as the right to inherit property. Prevailing practices include wife and property inheritance by relatives after the husband s death. Early and forced marriages also occur wherein ex-combatants or undisciplined soldiers have reportedly kidnapped girls to make as their wives. However, women interviewed in the consultations said that forced marriages were not as common as before, as society changes and women are becoming more educated.

24 15 However, it is possible for women to go to traditional authorities to get a divorce or seek help for battery or other forms of domestic violence. According to women participants, it is more common to go to traditional leaders for help instead of availing of the formal judicial system where the process is tedious. Meanwhile, the inflicted damage may have already worsened before the case is resolved Lack of health facilities Without proper and accessible medical facilities, women are often at high risk during childbirth because they are unable to travel on roads believed to be laid with landmines. Neither is it safe for doctors or midwives to take the same road to attend to the woman. Furthermore, the few medical facilities lack trained doctors, medical personnel and medicines Women and food security Widowed women are expected to provide food for their families but since they do not own any cattle, they depend on costly meat sold in markets. Women are then left with limited food choices, compromising the quantity and quality of food provided to the family. Furthermore, women are discouraged from raising crops either for subsistence or to raise their income, for fear of landmines and of possible militia attacks. They were, however, willing to do so if security organs would provide stability in rural areas. 6. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH 6.1. Definition of youth Youth, in the context of these community consultations, are generally defined as young men and women, married or unmarried, below the age of 35. As participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth, they were allowed to join the group they found appropriate. Thus, married women who are in the early years of marriage and those without children are also referred to as youth Roles of youth Consultations showed that there is no distinction between young women and older women s roles and division of labour; they generally take care of all household chores in addition to tending to vegetable gardens and cattle. Young men s roles, on the other hand, revolve almost exclusively around the cattle; their main responsibility is cattle keeping including moving with the herd according to the seasons. This role transitions young men into potentially good providers particularly of dowry, and is considered as the rite of passage to manhood. If unmarried, though, young men felt marginalised in their households especially if they have older, married brothers. They are also frustrated with the steep dowry requirements that come with increased social pressure, discouraging them from marrying. Youth group in Mayom County creates this seasonal calendar. UNDP

25 16 Young women, as other married women, have more responsibilities and have very little free time. Young men, on the other hand, have a lot of leisure time outside of their cattle-keeping duties. The large amount of idle time, however, frustrates young men since they claimed to have hardly any opportunities for income-generating or recreational activities Young men and women in the midst of conflict Youth are seen as the main actors during conflict wherein young men are direct participants to the conflict, with young women getting embroiled as well. Fights erupt, for instance, when young men compete for girls as they herd cattle during the dry season. Some participants also shared that it is common for young unmarried men and women to have relations during the season s cultural dances, resulting in pregnancies and thereby feuds between clans. As main custodians of cattle, young men are the most prominent parties in cattle raiding and clashes over grazing land and water. Driven by a desire to get married to secure enough dowry or motivated by a culture of revenge, young men are often caught in a vicious cycle of attacks and counterattacks. Idleness can also be a trigger for conflict. Several male participants pointed out that without jobs or leisure activities, they are vulnerable to being recruited by rebel militia groups to participate in cattle raids. Young men, even those who have not been parties to previous incidences, are enticed as conflict issues turn into vicious cycles of attacks and retaliation. Young men from Guit County told how they can be tracked down in Bentiu in case someone wants to avenge other members of their clan. Meanwhile, young women indicated that they were more concerned with insecurity in their households and immediate communities; i.e. issues that affected their everyday life. Domestic violence and disputes over lack of employment or livelihood are key insecurity issues, as well as being treated as property based on the dowry paid to the woman s family. While communities generally perceive youth as the main driver of insecurity and conflict, the youth also see themselves as agents of positive change. However, they lack opportunities and alternative livelihoods The need for education and employment During the consultations, youth participants repeatedly identified the lack of education, training and employment opportunities as a main concern, especially among young men who said they had few vocational opportunities. Elders and county authorities echoed this sentiment as well. Without a proper education, the youth do not meet the skills requirement for employment. On the other hand, very few vocational opportunities and alternative livelihoods, such as those in agriculture, are available, leaving the youth to fall back into cattle keeping as their main source of livelihood. Combined with idleness and the potential enticement from militia groups, youth are easily drawn into conflict. Young unmarried men face additional challenges, especially if they are the youngest of the sons in the household. They want to get married but high dowry demands combined with a lack of cattle in their households place them under strain. In addition, there is a lack of employment opportunities and tools for taking up agriculture. Consequently, young men reported a particular predicament as they face social pressures, including falling under the weight of their own expectations. A general perception among participants in the county consultations, including elders and county authorities, was that there is an overriding lack of educational and training facilities, which contribute to the lack of alternative livelihoods for youth. The establishment of vocational training centres should preferably be demand-driven and optimise youth leadership, including establishing youth associations.

26 17 7. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS This section provides detailed results of the consultations in each of the nine counties. The outputs of these consultations include a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a community action plan. It should be noted that all of these findings were a direct expression of thoughts and opinions of community members, drawn out through group discussions. While editing on grammar and syntax was done according to publication standards, the matrices in this section retained participants own wordings to preserve the integrity of the results Rubkona County Rubkona County is located in the centre north of Unity State and covers an area of 3,597 sq km with a population estimated at 100, It borders Guit County to the east, Southern Kordofan state to the north, Abiemnhom County to the northwest, Mayom County to the west and Koch County to the south. It has two key towns, Rubkona (formerly known as Yoahnyang) and Bentiu which hosts the state government. Rubkona County consists of 10 payams, namely Bentiu, Rubkona, Nhialdhiu, Kaljak, Budaang, Panhiany, Dhorbor, Wathjak, Ngop and Norlamwuel. Most parts of Rubkona County remain inaccessible. The Nuer is the predominant ethnic group in the county. Agriculture, livestock and fishing are the traditional livelihood activities in Rubkona County. Development of the petroleum sector provides important economic and employment opportunities. The closure of the Khartoum-Bentiu road that links the north with Unity state after the 2011 referendum resulted in a shortage of commodities in the county. About 90 percent of the business activities in Rubkona are run by communities from Sudan and from Darfur as well as by Nubian merchants. Participants in the Rubkona County Consultations Women Men Total Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Solutions Cattle raiding Competition over wealth among clans Low levels of education Presence of small arms in the public Competition over grazing land Undefined county borders Shared land and water resources Male youth of Rubkona vs Mayom Rubkona vs Misseriya youth Rubkona Payam vs Wathnyona Payam of Guit, Budaang Payam vs Tor Payam of Parieng, Panhiany Payam vs Bou Payam of Koch Kerguin Payam of Guit, Ngop Payam of Rubkona vs Chatjak Payam of Mayom Communities Chiefs Government of Sudan Loss of lives Loss of properties Diseases Population decrease Hunger 4 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12. Deployment of police across counties Enforcement of law on cattle raiders Construction of police outposts at the borders/ payams raiding cattle Formation of committees from communities leaders, youth and women Provision of transport and communication equipment for police Compensation of stolen cattle Cont...

27 18 Cont Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Solutions Competition over water Competition over grazing land Rebel Militia Groups (RMGs) Border conflicts Abduction of children by Misseriya Shortage of water in the local area in South Kordofan where the Misseriya reside Undefined borders between communities Lack of pasture Competition over power and wealth Tribalism Discontentment over election results Artificial colonial border demarcation Competition over the ownership of land Competition over land resources, e.g. oil and grazing land Migration of people Child labour Slave trade Women internally Youth from Rubkona vs Youth of Misseriya Rubkona youth vs Koch Youth Rubkona youth vs Guit youth Youth from Rubkona vs Misseriya youth RMGs vs SPLA SSLA vs SPLA SSLA vs organised forces Male youth and the communities of Rubkona vs youth Men and the communities of Mayom, Koch, Guit and Pariang counties, plus Misseriya of South Kordofan Rubkona community vs Misseriya male youth Youth and men of Rubkona and Government of Sudan push Misseriya youth Government of Sudan Government of Sudan Youth and men from both sides Elders Head of security in the state Governor SPLA Government of Sudan Loss of human lives, cattle and productive time in search of other water sources Forced migration Loss of productive time as women must walk long distances in search of water Deaths Cattle raiding Loss of properties Displacement Loss of lives Abduction of children Loss of lives and properties Population decrease Insecurity Displacement Distortion of movement Presence of landmines Violent attacks Recruitment of child soldiers Loss of lives and cattle Migration Loss of properties Diseases Loss of children Trauma Loss of manpower Drilling of boreholes Construction of haffirs (large water catchments) Establishment of border committee Use of legal document for movement Deployment of UN troops Peace negotiations between the government and the RMGs Deployment of SPLA Dialogue between Sudan and South Sudan government Demarcation of borders Deployment of police across the border Construction of police posts Provision of transport and communication equipment to police Road connectivity Dialogue with Misseriya Deployment of police forces Border demarcation Inter/intraclan fighting Competition over grazing land Competition over girls Border conflicts Revenge Eloping of girls and early pregnancy Adultery Critic songs Rubkona youth in the villages vs Guit/ Mayom youth Youth in the sub-clans within the county Elders Restriction of movement Lack of trust and suspicion Broken relationships Loss of lives and properties Diseases Population decrease Displacement Limited manpower Enforcement of law Jobs creation Construction of schools Laws on dowry reduction Vocational training centres for youth Engagement of faith groups Establishment of joint courts

28 19 Rubkona County: Prioritisation of Conflict Issues Issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1 Highest 7 Lowest Cattle raiding Competition over water Competition over grazing land Attack by RMGs Border conflict Abduction by Misseriya Inter- and intra-clan conflict Rubkona County: Community Action Plan Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start date Priority 1: Construct six police posts in: Ngob Payam (Wangkei) Tanjiang Payam (Kerthou) Budaang Payam (Reng) Norlam Payam (Jornjang) Panhiany Payam (Tuet) Bentiu Payam (Kei) Provision of land by the community, labour by the community, provision of building materials County authority 1 Jan 2012 Who will follow up County authority, community leaders, UNDP Priority 2: Establish irrigation projects for youth and women in: Wathjar Ngob Kaljak Dhorbor Meeting with chiefs, youths and women, discuss what is needed for the project to be implemented Land Labour Water pumps(4) Water pipe Tractor Seeds Irrigation tools; axes, holes County authority and Community leaders. State govt/ community/ county authority UNDP, AECOM UNDP, AfDB UNDP, FAO, Min. of Agric/ state UNDP, Bureau/ MOWRI 30 Nov 2011 Community committee Priority 3: Drill boreholes Community mobilization, provision of land by the community, provision of local materials, provision of building materials, labour County authority, community leaders, central and state government, UNDP 1 Jan 2012 County authority, community leaders, Local steering Committee, UNDP

29 Guit County Guit County was formerly part of Rubkona County but was accorded separate status as a result of the devolution of power in the CPA agreement. Guit covers a surface area of 3,432sq km 5 and borders the following counties: Pariang in the north, Rubkona in the northwest, Koch in the South and Old Fangak in Jonglei State to the east. It is situated along the Nile River with three significant ports. Guit County has vast resources such as oil, cattle, fish and grasslands. Guit County has eight payams, 24 bomas and 208 villages. The payams are Niemni, Kuach, Nyathoar, Kedad, Kuerguini, Wathnyona, Chotyiel and Bil. All payams are connected to the county headquarter by murrum roads. The population is estimated at 33,004 6 of which the majority are youth. Guit is predominantly occupied by the Jikany clan of the Great Nuer tribe with a small of number of Fallath Arab Nomads and some Darfurians. The majority of the population is comprised of cattle keepers but the population also engage in subsistence farming and modest commercial fishing. The majority of the population lives in rural areas with only a few elites residing in the urban centres of Unity State. During the dry season, water and pasture becomes a challenge which leads people to move over long distances to other areas. Participants in the Guit County Consultations Women Men Total Guit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict Issues Unclear borders Unemployment Causes Parties Effects Possible solution Control over taxation. People taxed are from Guit but tax collected by Pariang Competition over state capital ownership Communities claim land of Bentiu Political interest of having higher population to increase political weight and have more seats in the State Parliament Higher population means more access to developmental State funds allocated Misunderstanding/mistrust between communities Attitude of seeking Government employment Lack of skills Unfair competition from skilled traders Idleness/inertia as consequence of war, people have no initiative Laziness: people look for clerical jobs and do not consider farming or labour intensive work Tax collectors Politicians Settlers in the contested areas Communities in Payam Women Men Population at large but mainly youth Youth Occasional fighting Death Instability Tension Insecurity caused by idleness People are unable to support their families Business initiatives of poor traders suffocated by stronger traders Border demarcation 3-party mediation: 2 communities and mediation by an external party (not the government ) Referring to old (colonial) maps to establish facts Engage elders knowledgeable of local history of the exact borders Traditional conflict resolution mechanism Engage communities in reconciliation Establishment of border court (formal judicial system) to solve controversies Formation of consortia or business groups Family-based business project based on resources owned Awareness/sensitisation on opportunities, business ideas, techniques, skills Create own business opportunities without relying only on public employment 5 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p Ibid, p.12. Cont

30 21 Cont Guit County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Issues Causes Parties Effects Possible solution Women are not supported by husbands/families in their entrepreneurship Lack of transparency and merit in public post recruitment Vocational training in brick making, catering, hotel management, mechanics Conflict over marriage/ dowry Elopement Failure to pay dowry Early pregnancy Dowry paid but pregnancy with another man occurs before marriage Arranged marriages Families Girls Youth Community Girls punished Inter-family fighting Reduced family wealth Forced marriage Trauma in marriage (unfaithfulness, adultery, domestic violence) Death Respect rights of others Respect women s rights to choose partner Awareness: girls are not just a source of wealth Shift dowry from cows to money (no need for raiding) Community consultation on dowry Competition over grazing land, fisheries Rubkona men coming to Guit for pasture during dry season Presence of only one fishing site (Lel Ganyai) Youth Men Fighting Cattle raiding Lack of food Lack of income Community leaders to facilitate youth movement Channel water from river Nile to Guit Provision of tools for fishing Border demarcation Cleaning the river to expand fishing ground Presence of rebel militia groups (RMGs) Power struggle North Sudan trying to cause insecurity in the State RMGs SPLA, SAF Presence of landmines Deaths Disabilities Road blockade Peace talks à try to solve CPA pending issues Peace dialogue in the community Border demarcation Police posts and patrols Inter-clan fighting Competition over girls/ marriage Pregnancy before marriage Youth Death Diseases Injuries/disabilities No opportunity for movement Alternative livelihood and employment opportunity Youth engagement Traditional leaders to help solve controversies Education and training Cattle raiding Culture / Tradition Lack of education Lack of economic opportunities Lack of food Young men Death Famine Diseases Disabilities Loss of life and property Cutting down trees and resettle in Nyatuol, Chang Pageny, Pam, Nyayouk Expanding agricultural and other livelihood activities Provision of agricultural tools including water tanks Long distance to water points Lack of water points Women responsibility to fetch water Men Women Rape Overwork Boreholes drilling for humans and animals Grinding mills Domestic violence Dowry Women low status in the society Men Women No appreciation of women from men Women not involved in decision making Cultural belief that women have no rights Clan fights Solve inequality through access to education Provision of reproductive health services Support to orphans and widows Adult education

31 22 Guit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1 Highest 9 Lowest Unclear borders Unemployment Marriage/dowry Competition over grazing land, water and fisheries Cattle raiding RMG presence Inter-clan fighting Domestic violence Long distance to water points Guit County: Community Action Plan Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Opening of existing water canal to provide access to water Show the site Community 5 Jan 2012 Steering Committee formed by the payams Clear the site County government Provide labour and inspect the existing canal Provide security UNDP Local administration Provide construction company UNDP and Steering Committee Priority 2: Mechanised agricultural projects (all payams) Community mobilization Identification of land Community County authorities 1 Jan 2012 Community leaders, Steering committee Steering Committee Formation of farming associations and membership County authorities and community Feb-Mar 2012 Payam authorities and Steering Committee Training of farmers through their Associations County authorities, UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee Purchase of a tractor UNDP Steering committee Priority 3: Construction and equipping of two police posts Purchase of farm inputs (seeds, tools, pesticide) Awareness, identifying actual locations in Thow Managor and Chang Payams UNDP Steering Committee and county authorities County and payam authorities Jan 2012 Steering committee and payam authority Land clearing Local Mar 2012 Payam authority Tendering process Steering Committee, UNDP Steering Committee Mobilisation of local materials Community and payam Community Actual construction, provision of equipment/furniture, communication equipment, vehicle Contractors/UNDP Steering Committee/ UNDP Hand over to government UNDP Steering Committee

32 Abiemnhom County Abiemnhom County is situated in the northeast of Unity state bordering South Kordofan and Abyei in Sudan. Abiemnhom further shares borders with Mayom County to the southeast, Pariang County to the north, Rubkona County to the east, and Twic County (Warrap State) to the south. Abiemnhom has a surface area of 2,380 sq km and has an estimated population of 17,012 7, most of whom are Dinka Alor along with some Nuer. The main economic activity in Abiemnhom is agriculture. Until 2005 Abiemnhom was part of Mayom County but became an independent county with the signing of the CPA. Abiemnhom s population was almost wiped out during the second civil war in 1983, which saw the majority of people fleeing to Sudan. Re-settlement only began in Parts of Abiemnhom remain unsettled and especially along the borders this allows for easy movement of RMGs who use Abiemnhom as a corridor for launching attacks in Mayom County. Participants in the Abiemnhom County Consultations Women Men Total Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the conflict RMGs and SPLA Presence of RMGs Competition over grazing land Competition over water Competition over oil 7 Ibid, p. 12. Abiemnhom is the corridor to Mayom Bangbang payam No police presence/ security Lack of pasture north of the border of Sudan during dry season Khartoum government incites Misseriya to capture land Soft border since independence Lack of clean water Lack of boreholes Competition over fisheries Competition over river Kiir Presence of oil Ownership of oil Male youth and men from Abiemnhom Misseriya youth Youth (men and women) from Abiemnhom Misseriya youth Government of Sudan Government of South Sudan Government of Sudan Government of South Sudan Government of Sudan Communities Abiemnhom - Khartoum Government of Sudan Government of South Sudan Effects Presence of landmines Disabilities Loss of lives Restriction of movement Food insecurity Displacement Burning of houses and gardens Loss of property Loss of lives Abduction of children Insecurity Loss of lives Long distances to fetch water for womenà miscarriages and health problems Inadequate oil Food insecurity Insecurity Fear Lack of development Displacement Loss of lives Solutions Deployment of security forces (SPLA and police) along the border of Bangbang and Awarpiny payams Construction of roads for easier deployment and delivery of supplies Construction of boreholes along the insecure borders for easier access to water for security forces Deployment of security forces (SPLA and police) along the border with Sudan Construction of police posts and provide transport, communication and provisions Connection of water pipes Construction of more boreholes Clear/demarcation of borders International interventions demarcate borders Involvement of UN security council Resolve outstanding CPA issues Cont...

33 24 Cont Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the conflict Presence of landmines Attack by Misseriya Border conflict Cattle raiding Presence of small arms RMGs allegedly sent by Khartoum government to plant landmines Control over resources, e.g. gum Arabic, fisheries Grazing land Water Khartoum government instigation to divide the Dinka and Nuer tribe Struggle for resources, e.g. grass, sand, fish, etc. Quest to annex some lands Grazing land Presence of arms in hands of Misseriya Wealth and prestige Ex-combatant (need for survival) Lack of rule of law No police presence Dowry Water issues Community Incitement Demobilised and not disarmed SPLA Ex-combatant (disserted) Presence of RMGs Presence of Misseriya (Arab nomads) Cattle Raiding Protection of wealth Youth and men of the militia group Youth and men of Misseriya Youth and men from Abiemnhom vs. Misseriya RMGs Misseriya Youth Misseriya Militia groups Youth from Warrap state Ex-combatants (SPLA) Government of Sudan Government of Sudan (they give arms to the Misseriya) Government of Sudan Government of Sudan Unknown militia groups Effects Restriction of movement Food insecurity Inflation Loss of lives Limited access to medical care for pregnant women and farmers Loss of cattle Loss of lives Rape Displacement Destruction of properties Abduction of children Assault/harassment of women particularly Restriction of movement Underdevelopment Lack of education Divorce (if cows stolen are discovered and taken back) Fights Loss of lives Loss of livestock Revenge attacks Food insecurity Displacement Loss of livelihood Enmity/sour relationship among the community Displacement Intercommunity fighting Collapse business Lack of commodities Hunger and malnutrition Diseases Loss of lives Close down of schools Fear/stress leading to premature delivery/ miscarriages Disabilities Increased number of orphans Bad effect on babies/ children Solutions UNMAO should carry out demining in the affected areas The government of South Sudan should raise the issue in the international community Deployment of troops to insecure payams UNMISS should patrol the areas affected Deployment of police and military in the payams Border demarcation Deployment of police and army to the payams at the border Clear demarcation of Sudan and South Sudan Mediation of this dispute over border between north and south done by the international community Increase the number of police forces at the border Awareness and intercommunity dialogues Provision of water dams and canals Roads network Establishment of Joint courts Disarmament (regional) Border protection and restrictions Police presence (well equipped) Clear border demarcation Disarmament Increase dialogues between the two countries Prison along the border Cont...

34 25 Cont Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties involved Parties to the conflict Unemployment Insecurity Low level of education Lack of capital Lack of entrepreneurial Skills Blockage of North- South Roads thus investment discouraged Youth (women and men) Effects Low standard of living Increase the number of street children Divorce Dependency Increase crisis in the areas Cattle raiding due to redundancy and desire for dowry Migration (rural and urban) Depopulation Redundancy Solutions Income generating activities Provision of loans for small scale business Vocational training (carpentry, African gum, fisheries, brick laying) Agricultural farming projects Provision of sewing machines for women s groups Construct recreational centre for youth activities Abiemnhom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict issue Women Men Youth Total Rank 1 Highest 10 Lowest Cattle raiding Competition over water Competition over grazing land Unclear border Presence of small arms Misseriya attacks Presence of RMGs Unemployment Competition over oil fields Presence of landmines

35 26 Abiemnhom County: Community Action Plan Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Construction of police posts in at least four, preferable seven payams Identify location and land Community, payam authorities Jan 2012 Survey the location County surveyors Feb 2012 Steering Committee, Commissioner, community leaders Priority 2: Construction of seven boreholes in the payams Identify building materials Community Mar 2012 Steering Committee (local) Tendering process UNDP, Government Apr 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Procurement of materials UNDP Government Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders Actual construction Apr 2012 Steering Committee Commissioner Community leaders Purchase furniture and equipment Hand over UNDP Jul 2012 UNDP Steering Committee UNDP Aug 2012 Government Provision of land Community Jan 2012 Steering Committee, county authorities Provision of local materials Community (with pay) Provision of labour (with Community pay) Provision of security County authorities Provision of accommodation Provision of construction company UNDP Priority 3: Sorghum farming in the seven payams Meet with communities and authorities Search for fertile land County commissioner Community Jan Steering Committee, county authorities, UNDP Machines for tree cutting UNDP State Government Community FAO WFP NGOs Seeds Labour Thresher machine Generator Water Pumping machine Pesticides Fertilizers Storage facility

36 Leer County Leer County is situated in the southeast part of Unity State, approximately 135 km from the state capital Bentiu. It consists of 16 payams and 48 bomas. It is the most densely populated county in Unity State, with an estimated population of 53,022 and an area of 1,612 sq km. 8 The county borders Koch County to the North, Mayendit County to the East, Panyijar County to the southeast and Jonglei State to the East. The border between Leer and other counties is not yet demarcated. The population in Leer relies on livestock, fishing and subsistence agriculture. The county receives rains between June to October which often results in floods. The swampy terrain makes the county endemic to diseases such as malaria and to parasitic infections like Kala Azar and bilharzias, among others. Participants in the Leer County Consultations Women Men Total Leer County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict Issues Competition over pasture Poor management of returnees Causes Less rainfall Drought Claim of ownership of communal grazing land Revenge Inadequate water sources for pasture growth Justice system still slow, laws on raiders not used Overstocking of animals Revenge to acquire dowry for sisters who have been eloped Limited funds Unclear return polices Poor planning of return process Concentration of returnees in urban areas High influx of returnees during the referendum Inadequate humanitarian support Fear of statelessness Parties in the conflict Youth of Leer, Mayendit and Panyijar Sudan and South Sudan Governments Parties to the conflict Parents Elders Traditional leaders Humanitarian partners Effects Loss of herds of cattle Loss of life Spread of livestock diseases Degradation of vegetation and land Violent fights Mistrust between counties Pressure on existing resources and services Increase of crime Incompatible cultural practices from different diasporas Over-population Competition over land, water, education etc Increased unemployment Language barrier medium of instruction is English so children from Sudan are unable to fit in Natural resources mismanagement Mismanagement of return resources Solutions Water sources construction Mobile animal health clinics Formation of youth organizations in cattle camps Youth training on peace building and unity Creation of income earning/job opportunities Burning of bushes should be stopped Creating ranches Allocation of adequate basic services water, education, health etc Creation of job opportunities Vocational training and income generating activities for the youth Awareness raising on return policies 8 Ibid, p. 12 Cont...

37 Cont Leer County: Conflict Analysis 28 Conflict Issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Solutions Competition over water Drying up of rivers Gaar, Tiam and Kuelnyang Long dry spell seasons which takes about 5 months Inadequate water sources in all payams whereby people have to share one borehole Pillieny and Thornyang payams Five payams do not have boreholes Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir, Juong High returnees influx Broken boreholes Women, youth and children Elders and leaders Long waiting time at water points Fights among youth in defence of their sisters and mothers; Women have less sleeping time because many hours are spent at water points Fights among women and girls from various payams Miscarriage among expecting women Less food in the house Poor personal hygiene at household level Health conditions deteriorate leading to neck, head, chest pain and miscarriage by expectant mothers Women are beaten by husbands if there is no water in the house Girls drop out of school to support with water fetching for the family Increase water sources/ points in all payams Surface water harvesting Borders disputes Creation of new counties Discovery of oil fields in Leer Displacement of people Unjust system of compensation between Leer and Mayendit Un-institutionalised conflict management mechanisms ( when a good officer who manages conflicts well is transferred the new person hired uses bad mechanisms) Fear that the less populated areas would be annexed Fear that counties would not be allocated resources or get services due to less population Perception by some people that traditional justice applied favours some people Confusion on voter registration Scramble to control counties between Mayendit and Leer (main roads taxes) Youth in Leer and Mayendit Elders, women and politicians Fighting over resources (water and schools) Restriction of movements Displacement of people Mistrust among communities Loss of life and property Out migration by men Rape of women and children Inter-county disputes over compensation paid by the oil company to destructed farms, houses and resources Border demarcation Inter-county dialogue Adequate allocation of funds and services by government to all counties regardless of population and size Empowerment of local authorities to mobilize communities on peace matters and coexistence Provide more equipment for security organs Proper management of the return process Empower local authorities in resource mobilization Support the reintegration of returnees Adequate basic services (Water, Health, Education); Cultural awareness Cont...

38 29 Cont Leer County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Solutions Attacks by Rebel Militia Group (RMG) Failure to reintegrate militia to national army Failure to succeed in capturing political seats by certain politicians Illegal possession of firearms by citizens Motivation to accumulate wealth Unconfirmed ranks Opposition of elections and referendum Youth organized by Galuak Political leader that failed to capture his seat Fighting Killings Displacement of people Rape of women and children Restriction of movement Forced recruitment of children Low production of food Rape of women Stealing of water containers and cooking pots Deployment of forces along the borders Comprehensive disarmament Reintegration of militia groups Dialogue between Government and RMGs Border demarcation between South Sudan and Sudan Cattle raiding Less job opportunities Inadequate food supply Absence of security forces High cost of dowry Revenge Presence of arms Lack of awareness on the effects of cattle raiding and other opportunities for generating wealth Less food importation from the North due to the dysfunctional port Adok and absence of roads Belief that possession of many heads of cattle is prestigious Bribing prison officers by elders to have their convicted sons released from prison Motivation to have money and clothes for Christmas Release of cattle raiders by prison authorities due to poor capacity of prisons to provide basic needs Youth of Leer and Mayendit, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona and Panyijar Parents who push their sons to raid Militia who supply guns Cross-border fighting Displacement of people Loss of property Restricted movements Less production of food Out-migration by men and youth Women are left behind to bear the burden of family care Loss of patriotism Construction of police stations and deployment of police Promote job creation for the youth Construction of road to link State Headquarters with counties Support foreign investors to create job opportunities Improve communication systems to access security organs in time of need Hold dialogue between the youth in the payams /intercounty dialogue Increase cross border dialogue Build mobile schools for the youth in the cattle camps Provide the youth with technical skills including masonry, carpentry, electronics and metal work Cont

39 30 Cont Leer County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Issues Food insecurity Causes High influx of returnees Use of traditional farming system Closure of borders between South Sudan and Sudan Over reliance on rain-fed farming Drought Floods Polygamy overstretch food resources Absence of food security priority by Government Displacement Alcoholism by men Loss of livestock and agricultural land due to open disposal of waste products by oil company Fights between Dier in Leer and Mayendit Restricted movement Death of household heads Pest infestation Lack of diversification of income sources Attacks by wild animals Parties in the conflict Men, youth and women Parties to the conflict Militant Groups Sudan Government Effects Malnutrition among children and women Out-migration of men Women left behind to care for children Forced and early marriage of girls Pregnant mothers become anaemic Death of pregnant women Robbery with violence Loss of life Some children refuse to go to school high dropout Miscarriages by expecting mothers/women School dropout; children join cattle camps and get mentored to raiding practices High rate of divorce Women overwhelmed (Sleep at 01:00 am and wake up at 04:00 am in the rainy season) Poor sexual relationship between spouses Men beat wives and children if there is no food Exposure habits of rape Solutions Initiation of income generating activities for women Irrigation pumps to harvest twice a year Modern farming methods (Tractors, improved seeds, extension of services) Creation of employment opportunities for youth Dialogue among the youth for peaceful coexistence Enact and enforce laws against alcohol and beating of women Awareness raising against domestic violence Rotational system Engage South Sudan Wild Life Services to control wildlife Open East Africans routes for food Construction of dikes to control flooding Construction of inter-state roads Attraction of foreign investors in food production Leer County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Total Rank Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County authorities 9 1 Highest 7 Lowest Competition over pasture Poor management of return process Border disputes Competition over water Food insecurity Cattle raiding Attacks by Rebel Militia Groups (RMGs) Leer county commissioner, police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife Service, South Sudan People s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People s Liberation Movement secretary.

40 31 Leer County: Community Action Plan Proposed projects Priority 1: Food security project Proposed components Activities Resources Possible partners Provide one tractor, improved seeds and extension services for the county towards improved farming Mobilize and train farmer groups members (three members in each payam) Provide the women s union in Leer county with support to initiate one retail shop and a restaurant at Leer county headquarter to improve income to supplement food needs Provide women with one grinding mill at Leer Payam centre Provide the youth in all the payams with skills in masonry, welding and carpentry including adult education Mobilize and form farmer groups with both men and women Train farmers on improved farming systems Strengthen the women s union with skills to enable them run the retail shop, restaurant Tractors Irrigation pumps Seeds Tools Funds Technical experts Grinding machine Funds Local government UNDP Other UN organizations Priority 2: Water project Mobilise and build the capacity of water user group to maintain the water sources Drill 64 hand pumps (3 in each payam) Construct water reservoir for livestock and kitchen gardening in each payam Repair five boreholes in Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir, and Juong Repair one water tank at Leer headquarters near the market Identifying payam committees / leadership that will work with the steering committee Drilling machines Water pumps Engineer Other related equipment and materials Authorities in the county Traditional leaders Return and Reintegration Commission (RRC) Water Department

41 Koch County Koch is located in the south of Unity State and borders Guit County to the northeast, Mayom County to the west, Rubkona County to the north, and Mayendit County to the south. It shares its border with Tonj East and Tonj North County of Warrap state to the west. The county has seven payams; Gany, Norbor, Pakur, Boaw, Ngony, Mirmir and Jaak. It is estimated that the total population of Koch is 74, Koch County is predominantly inhabited by Nuer people, of which there are five distinct clans, namely Rayien, Boor, Lang, Wuot and Jidiet. However, during the wars other ethnic groups came to the area. Koch communities rely on livestock, agriculture, fishing and oil for their livelihoods. Koch County has 11 murrum roads that connect it to various payams. None of these roads has tarmac and are thus inaccessible during the rainy season. Participants in the Koch County Consultations Women Men Total Koch County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict issues Cattle raiding Food insecurity Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict To get rich High cost of dowry ( cows) Revenge Restock lost livestock Myth that cattle belong to the Nuer people Myth that cattle belong to Dinka in Warrap Lack of alternative income for the youth Lack of education by the youth to engage in viable activities Lack of roads from payam to payam hence raiders caught cannot be handed over to law enforcers Absence of police station, radio communication and vehicles Presence of vegetation used has hideouts by cattle raiders in the rainy season Punishment to those who have impregnated their sisters Destruction of crops by elephants Rape of women when they are working in the farm Abduction of boys when working in the farms Killing of boys who provide manpower in the farms for food production Concentration on traditional farming methods that do not produce much yields Low yields due to reliance on rain-fed farming High cost of farm inputs Inaccessible roads hence other foods cannot be purchased from Juba or the North Youth in Warrap raid Koch Youth in Koch raid Warrap Youth in Mayom raid Koch Youth in Koch raid Mayom Youth who attack from neighbouring counties Koch youth who revenge and also attack the neighbouring counties Men who beat wives whenever there is no food Parents Extended family RMGs who attack people while working in the farms Effects Spread of firearms Food insecurity in Koch Loss of property Abduction of women and children Rape of women Limitation in movement Hunger Loss of livelihoods sources Loss of household assets Inter clan fights Overcrowding of people and livestock Environmental degradation due to overstocking Children displaced from school School dropout by children due to hunger Women beaten by husbands whenever there is no food in the house Migration by men to other regions leaving behind women with the burden of family care 10 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12. Cont...

42 33 Cont Koch County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Competition over water Competition over ownership of river Dol and Bilchang Inadequate water sources Discrimination of small clans from water points High livestock population Youth are not occupied/ are idle Warrap youth who bring cattle to Dol river Koch youth who bring cattle to Dol river Mayom youth who bring cattle to Dol river Women and girls who fight at the water points Elders Fathers Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth Fighting between Koch and Mayom youth Killings Loss of life of youth Loss of children by parents Loss of sources of livelihood sources Outbreak of livestock diseases Death of livestock Women covering long distances ( 5hours) to fetch water resulting to miscarriages, rape, attacks by wild animals/ snakes, roadside deliveries, injuries, attacks by RMG who steal Jerri cans Competition over land ownership Displacement of populations as a result of clashes in the North Creation of the new counties which push some clans outside their original geographical locations Rubkona elders community claiming rights over land Mayom elders community claiming rights over land Koch elders claiming ownership of land Government of South Sudan Elders Loss of human life Loss of property Fighting between Koch and Mayom youth Fighting between Koch and Rubkona youth Killings Loss of life of youth Loss of children by parents Loss of sources of livelihood Outbreak of livestock diseases Death of livestock Displacement of people Competition over pasture Drought Overstocking Pollution of vegetation by oil company Discrimination of the smaller clans Youth have no other activities Warrap youth who bring cattle to Dol river Koch youth who bring cattle to Dol river Mayom youth who bring cattle to Dol river Elders and parents Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth Fighting between Koch and Mayom youth Killing of youth and people in general Loss of life of youth Loss of children by parents Loss of sources of livelihood Outbreak of livestock diseases Displacement of populations Death of livestock Forceful eviction by oil companies Discovery of oil fields Failure by the government to provide strong policies on compensation Koch elders vs Government of Sudan Elders vs oil company management Youth vs oil company Government of Sudan Uncovered trenches Open disposal of waste on land, rivers and pasture Death of livestock in the open trenches Injuries of people from the open trenches Death of children in the open trenches Displacement of people whose land have oil fields Inadequate pasture Children consuming chemicals disposed in the open resulting to death Cont...

43 34 Cont Koch County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Attacks by rebel militia group (RMG) Rebellion against Government of South Sudan Intentions to acquire political power Youth organized by James Galwak Gai Government of Sudan Raping of women children Killing of people Forceful recruitment of children to the militia group Abduction of women and children Burning of villages Displacement of people Looting of property Re-arming of militia Forceful accusation of victims and families Victimization of men who report atrocities by RMG to their wives Food insecurity Robbery with violence Looting of household cooking pans and water Jerri cans by the militia Loss of dignity for women Spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections Rejection of girls who have been raped Presence of land mines planted by the militia Koch County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Total Rank Conflict / Insecurity Issues Youth Women Men / Elders County authorities 11 1 Highest 7 Lowest Cattle raiding Competition over water Food insecurity Competition over pasture Attacks by rebel militia groups Competition over land ownership Forceful eviction by oil company Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People s Liberation Movement secretary

44 35 Koch County: Community Action Plan Project Priority 1: Water project Proposed project components Construct 9 water pans in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, Nyang, Ngony, Koch, Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath payams for livestock Activities Resources Possible partners Start Date Organize community Water pan County Authority 10 Jan meetings to identify equipment UNDP 2012 space / land for the Funds Other humanitarian water pans Land agencies Train community on Expert on water water pan construction and pans maintenance Who will follow up County Authority Community Construct 9 bore holes in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, Nyang, Ngony, Koch, Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath payams for domestic use Organize community meetings to identify space / land for the boreholes Select a water use committee and train them on borehole maintenance Borehole equipment Funds Land Expert on borehole construction County Authority UNDP Other humanitarian agencies 10 Jan 2012 County authorities Construct a drainage system along the river bank to prevent and control the floods Mobilize community to support the construction work in kind and cash where possible Materials and equipment for construction of drainage system Funds Expert County Authority UNDP Other humanitarian agencies 10 Jan 2012 County authorities Construct 4 bridges to ease transportation in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, Nyang, Ngony, Koch, Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath payams Mobilize the community to support the construction work in cash and kind Equipment and materials Expert on bridge construction Funds County Authority UNDP Other humanitarian agencies 10 Feb 2012 County authorities Install water irrigation generators in Norbor, Pakur, Gany, Nyang, Ngony, Koch, Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath payams Mobilize the community to support the installation process Mobilize the community to form user groups in all the payams where installation shall take place Train the user groups on management of the irrigation intervention Irrigation equipment Funds Expert County Authority UNDP Other humanitarian agencies 10 Feb 2012 County authorities Cont...

45 36 Cont Koch County: Community Action Plan Priority 2: Food security project Proposed project components Provide one tractor, improved seeds, small scale irrigation and field extension services in all the 7 payams Initiate and install one grinding mill for women for the grains produced at Koch headquarters Build capacity of the youth in all the payams in technical skills specifically in carpentry, mechanics, tailoring and life skills to enable them earn income to meet their food needs Establish one Primary Healthcare facility with a feeding programme for children aged 7 years and below at Koch headquarters Activities Resources Who will provide Start Date Train farmers on improved farming methods Provide materials, seeds and tools for farming Train women on how to manage a grinding mill machine Tractors Irrigation pumps Seeds Tools Funds Technical experts Grinding machine Funds County authority Ministry of agriculture UNDP 5 Jan 2012 Who will follow up County Authority Train youth in technical skills specifically in carpentry, mechanics, tailoring and life skills Identify training centres Identify youth to be trained in technical skills from all the payams Train youth in technical skills (carpentry, mechanics, tailoring ) Provide loans to the youth for business start-up Technical Trainers venues Technical Materials and equipments County Authority Concerned Ministry UNDP 20 Jul 2012 County Authority Establish a health facility and feeding centre for children aged 7 years and below Mobilize community to identify location of facility and centre Trainer care takers for the centre Recruit staff to work at the facility and centre Medical staff Care takers Community mobilisers Funds Food County Authority Ministry of Health UNDP 30 Jan 2012 County authority

46 Mayendit County Mayendit borders Koch County to the north, Leer County to the east, and Panyijar to the south. Mayendit also borders Warrap State (Tonj East County) to the northwest and Lakes State (Rumbek North County) to the southwest. The headquarters is in Dhorgaapni at the central part of the county. Koch County occupies an estimated area of 3,067 sq km with a demographic representation of 100 percent Nuer. Three major Nuer sub-clans are found here, namely Kuei, Jalok and Beek. Mayendit has an estimated population of 53, Mayendit County is composed of 13 payams and 39 bomas. The payams include Rubkuay, Daplual, Bor, Thaker, Leak, Tutnyang, Madol 1, Pabuong, Maalkuer, Tharjiath, Jaguar, Maal and Mirnyal. Water-related and water-borne diseases are common due to the swamps, which are attributed to the floods that occur during the rainy seasons. Movement of people tends to be limited during this period including transportation of goods within the county. The county has extensive grazing lands and its economy is mainly based on crop production and cattle keeping. Participants in the Mayendit County Consultations Women Men Total Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict issues Causes Parties in in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Suggested solutions Cattle raiding Revenge Presence of small arms among ordinary community members, there was no uniform disarmament Absence of law enforcers Absence of compensation between the Nuer and the Dinkas No communication networks to call for reinforcement Unemployment among the youth Raiding done to accrue wealth Poor deployment of police officers High cost of dowry which is herds of cattle Lack of education among the youth Youth from Warrap, Lakes states and Leer County Elders Women Chiefs Witch doctors Loss of life and property Fear and Mistrust Food insecurity Displacement of families Restricted movement Erect a police post along the border Hold peace dialogue among Inter States. Inter-states should increase water points Construct roads to connect payam to payam Conduct uniform disarmament to all 10 states Review deployment procedures by avoiding deployment of officers in home states Install agricultural and vocational training centres Improve inter-county/state communication Cont th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12

47 38 Cont Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties in in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Suggested solutions Competition over water Inadequate rainfall Inadequate water points Over-population causing displacement Lack of run-off harvesting systems Competition for water between animals and humans Over-stocking of animals Big numbers of returnees and displaced people struggling to access overstretched water sources Presence of firearms in Warrap state Youth of Warrap, Mayendit, Leer and Koch who fight to protect their mothers and sisters against attacks at water points Women and girls who fight at water points Youth of Warrap, Koch and Leer who fight over water for their animals Politicians who provide arms Poor development policies that do not place water as a priority Women cover long hours to fetch water thus 2 hrs to return Poor health of women due to heavy water container they carry Poor personal hygiene Women are beaten by their husbands whenever there is no water Trauma and stress on women and children due to violence associated with mothers beatings Construct 13 hand pumps and water yards in 13 payams Provide non food items like Jerri cans Sensitize men against violence on women Carry out surface/rain water harvesting/catchment facility haffirs Disarm all states to improve stability Competition over pasture Border disputes Inadequate pasture Inadequate water sources for pasture Outbreak of animal diseases Overstocking of animals Intertribal fights between Dinka and Nuer tribes Warrap claims ownership of the stretch that covers 7 payams in Mayendit Mayendit claims ownership of border stretch that Warrap wants Warrap does not have adequate pasture due to dry climate Presence of firearms in Warrap and lakes States Presence of gangs in Lakes who attack Madol and Bhor The border is not demarcated Youth from Warrap, and Mayendit Youth from Lake States, Koch, Leer and Mayendit Warrap youth who attack 4 payams in Mayendit Mayendit youth who defend their county Youth and women who are killed in Lakes State Elders Chiefs Elders of Warrap elders of Mayendit Politicians Women who challenge men to prove their worth if they are not able to defend the borders of the county Fighting among the Youth Loss of life Displacement of families Migration to other relatively peaceful payams Children do not attend schools Children drop out Lack of access to medical services Cattle are raided Restricted movement Food insecurity Mistrust among neighbouring communities Food is not produced Loss of cattle Burning of homes Displacement of people Killing of youth Loss of sources of livelihood Construction of political outposts and deployment of law enforcers Dialogue between Warrap, Lakes and Unity Disarmament in all states Construct road connection from Remer to Madol to Pabuong to Bhol and Malkuer payams Deploy police and SPLA soldiers at the border Open roads and connect road from headquarters to payams for police movement Establish border courts Build prisons where criminals can be locked up as they serve their jail term Cont...

48 39 Cont Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issues Causes Parties in in the conflict Parties to the conflict Effects Suggested solutions Food insecurity Floods Droughts less rains Traditional farming system Displacement as a result of inter-state youth fights Dependence on rain-fed farming Blockage of Khartoum Bentiu road Polygamy with high number of children which stress available food resources Food production shouldered mainly by women only Alcoholisms by men Non-functional port (Paak) Overpopulation by displaced people from 7 payams bordering Warrap strained food resources Population increase by returnees Inadequate food for the returnees Men who beat their wives Men who are involved in alcoholism Women who have no food to feed their families Politicians who fail to put food security as a priority Poor health of women and children anaemia among expectant women and children, (malaria, diarrhoea, malnutrition) Reproductive systems of women affected due to lack of food Women are beaten by husbands when there is no food Women are predisposed to Urinary Tract Infections because they spend over 4 hours collecting water lily while standing inside water Women have no time to rest, they work long hours Less opportunities for education for girls and women High rate of school drop out by girls and children in general whenever there is no food Introduce modern farming system improve seeds of sorghum, g/nuts, sesame, vegetables etc, tractor, extension services Install grinding mill Construct police posts construction at the border areas along Warrap/Unity borders for stability Open port Paak for accessibility of food items and trade along the River Nile Road construction to connect payams to reach food markets Abuse of power by organized forces Deployment of organized forces to their own home states Partisan practices by deployed forces during conflicts Provision of arms by organized forces to their ethnic groups to revenge Youth of Warrap and Mayendit who receive arms and carry out the actual attacks Government Organised forces Elders County leaders Increase of revenge attacks Death of youth, men, women and children Loss of livestock Burning of houses Body injuries Loss of livelihoods Displacement of families Food insecurity in homes Wait for presidential decree

49 40 Mayendit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict issues Youth Women Men/elders County authority Total Rank 1 Highest 6 Lowest Cattle raiding Competition over water Competition over pasture Food insecurity Abuse of power by organized forces Border disputes Mayendit: Community Action Plan Proposed Project Priority 1: Food security project Activities Possible partners Start Date Community Mobilization for formation of farmer groups Training farmers on how to use the tractor and seed selection Train the already existing women group on management of the grinding mill Mobilize communities through payam administrators to support the road construction Mobilize community to support the rehabilitation of Port Paak Mobilize the youth to form a group Register the youth in formal and non-formal centres to learn skills in masonry, mechanics, metal works, carpentry and electronics County Authority UNDP Other humanitarian agencies 10 Jan 2012 Who will follow up County Authority Steering Committee Priority 2: Construct a police outpost Mobilise the community to support the construction of the police outpost Purchase equipment for communication and vehicles for transportation Organise state and interstate peace conference Talk to the government to carry out uniform disarmament County Authority 10 Jan 2012 County Authority

50 41 Conflict Issue Cattle raiding Competition over pasture and water Small arms 7.7. Panyijar County Panyijar County is situated in the south of Unity State. It shares borders with five counties in Lakes state. It was promoted to the county in 2005 following the signing of the CPA. It has 15 payams and the predominant clan in the county are the Nyuong. Panyijar stretches to 5,362 sq km and the population is estimated at 50, The topography of the area is flat and experiences heavy equatorial rainfall leading to regular annual floods. Some parts of the county experience water shortage which causes livestock owners to move to cattle camps in search of pasture and water. A number of people practice agriculture; sorghum and maize are the predominant crops. The road connecting Panyijar headquarters to Ganyliel and Taiyar is incomplete as only seven kilometres of the road have been constructed using mud instead of the ideal gravel called murrum. A road connects the State with the county but only until Panyijar headquarters and is not operational during the rainy season. Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions 13 Ibid, p. 12. Causes Effects Possible Solutions Ambitious /prestige in the number of cows owned Revenge in return to previous cattle raids To acquire cattle for dowry in marriage / repay debts Traditional values and mindset about conflicts between the Dinka Nuer Tribal tendencies between Nuer and Dinka Differences on historical and disagreement issues (split within the SPLM) Shared facilities without order and law particularly in the absence of government Rush to access grass near water points in dry seasons before other clans and communities Swampy areas with grass are near boundaries Militia sold guns to the people Those departing or resigning from the military come home with guns Arabs/South Sudan fight allowed communities to be equipped with guns Loss of human life / livestock losses Displacement of people (further migration) Animal diseases transfer (foot and mouth disease) Loss of property Kidnapping of women during raids Forced marriages Abduction of young girls/abduction and killing of boys Increased illiteracy (boys never go to school) Losses of lives Displacement of people (further migration) Instability among affected people Revenge in the previous losses/raids Loss of animals to hyenas Moving far areas to take animals encounter combative communities, wildlife, difficult situations Killing self, family and community members when there is disagreement Used during cattle raiding Loss of lives Mobilize youths to join schools while encouraging middle-aged men to undertake economic activities such as agriculture project sorghum production with or without external support Enhance awareness among elders, women, youth and leadership on the harmfulness of cattle raiding Engage key stakeholders (chiefs, elders across the counties/lakes state) on dialogue The ongoing disarming to continue Construction of 4 police stations (Pachar, Wunpab (Mayon payam, Marial payam, Pakom, Chuk, Panchinjok) Lobby for establishment of the mobile network extension Establish border market between Dinka and Nuer to promote positive interaction among the 2 communities Reconciliation among communities involving local leaders, chiefs (payams and Lakes state) Construction of a police station on the grazing zone Enhance communication between Nuer and Dinkas Reconstruction of the prison at the county headquarters Disarmament continues Cont...

51 42 Cont Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis Conflict Issue Presence of criminals Food insecure Causes Effects Possible Solutions Disarmament process on going Presence of arms in the hands of a few Weak justice system Lack of prisons Death/ambush on people Stealing and destroying property Instability / insecurity Construction of prison in the county headquarters Strengthening justice system in the county Construction of police stations identified Border conflicts Unclear boundaries / demarcation violated Disproportionate distribution after cattle raids When some of their own are killed in the raids During marriage ceremonies Loss of lives/properties Animosity among the communities Displacement of people Enforcement of the police in the existing and new police stations Telecommunication / mobile communications Engage the youth in businesses / agriculture projects (sorghum and other food crops) Maintenance of roads Formation of local construction companies to engage the youth Food insecurity Poor road network In access to tools and farm equipment Floods Inadequate knowledge in agriculture Over-reliance and dependency on livestock Insecure forests/limited or no collection of wild fruits Hunger Cattle raiding Fighting Stealing Creation of criminal gangs Rape Sometimes killings Improve road network (Panyijar to Rumbek/ Juba to Panyijar) Establish mechanized farming Promote fishing activities Promote irrigation along the river Educate farmers on improved farming Long distance to water points Drought / dry periods Long distance to water points Grinding floor for the households (long hours) Women walk long distance to fetch water Work overload affecting the health of women Insecurity Construct boreholes (Machora, Theanweng) Grinding meal for women Domestic violence Payment of dowry Cultural practices beating Early and forced marriage Requests for money dependency on women for daily subsistence Drunkenness among men Divorce sometimes Death /poor health of women Community education on the rights of women Promote income-generating activities for women

52 43 Panyijar County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict issue Men Women Youth Total Rank 1 Highest 8 Lowest Cattle raiding Competition over grazing lands and pasture) Presence of small Arms Presence of criminal gangs Border conflicts Food insecurity Long distance to water point Domestic violence Panyijar County: Community Action Plan Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Agri-business project Priority 2: Construction of 4 police stations Priority 3: Construction of boreholes Strengthen existing youth and women groups (may form new ones) Identify the actual land for the project: Binjak (River Yangar) Chuck HQ near river Paldengei Bangkal- pachal, near river mock Identify and train bulls for training at household level Identification of sites Clearing land for constructions Building Materials Cement Iron sheets Iron Bars Timber Sand Labour Geological survey/ selection of sites Clearing the land Drilling of boreholes Formation of borehole management committees Youth and Women Leader (Elizabeth Nyapada and Mading Pouch), elders chiefs Community / chiefs/ administrators Households ( men) Community and chiefs, county commissioner Community / chiefs, county commissioner Community/ GOSS/ UNDP and others Dec 2011 Jan 2012 Jan- Mar 2012 Elizabeth Nyapada and Mading Pouch Elizabeth Nyapada and Mading Pouch Head chief/ county commissioner Local Steering Committee/county commissioner Community/chiefs/ UNDP Jan 2012 County commissioner and Steering Committee Community / chiefs/ administrators Community, GOSS/ UNDP/ Chiefs Jan 2012 Jan- Mar 2012 Chief in the respective payam Steering Committee / county commissioner / UNDP Community/chiefs Apr 2012 Steering committee / UNDP Training pump mechanics Community/ chiefs May 2012 Steering Committee / UNDP

53 Mayom County Mayom County is one of the nine counties of Unity State, located to the northwest of the State. Its county headquarters is also called Mayom. It borders Abiemhnom County to the northwest, South Kordofan in the north, Rubkona County to the northeast, Mayom County to the east, Tonj East County to the southeast, Tonj North County to the south, Gogrial East County to the South West and Twic County of Warrap state to the West 14. Mayom has an estimated population of 120,715 and an area of 4,970 sq km. 15 Mayom County is home to the Bul Nuer population who are agro-pastoralists, living on subsistence farming, livestock keeping and fishing from River Chuolpi. Over time, merchants from Bentiu, Sudan and neighbouring states Darfur and Warrap migrated to Mayom to establish a market economy. Mayom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict issue (s) Causes Who is involved openly and the role they play Who is involved secretly and the role they play Effects Solutions Presence of RMGs Impacts of elections held in 2010 especially the losers Forced armed recruitment in Khartoum Dinka, Nuer and Misseriya sponsored by Government of Sudan. They fight to rebel against the Government of South Sudan. Government of Sudan so that they can destabilize South Sudan Attacks by lions Looting of property Killing people Displacement of families Grabbing of properties Planting of land mines There should be peace talks b/w the govt. and the Arabs The government should promote peace and stability in the country Government should establish training centres, vocational schools, Government should construct police posts and maintain peace and security in the region Cattle raiding Presence of small arms Lack of education Revenge as impact of previous raiding Unemployment Lack of infrastructure, police, roads and health centres Dinka ( youth from Warrap and Lakes) are involved, they do the actual fighting; and Youth from Mayom who also go and revenge previous attacks Misseriya who wait and raid cattle at the onset of the rains when they are returning to South Kordofan RMG who raid and take away cattle by force Dinka elders are involved indirectly because they even use Kujur to use supernatural powers to protect the youth who go for cattle raiding Government of Sudan who support the RMG Death Displacement of families Rape of women Abduction of women and children Houses are burnt Youth and men are killed Patrolling police should be deployed Disarmament of small arms Establishment of schools, roads and health centres Government should set up police posts Cont Mayom County Planning Unit (2011) County Strategic Plan and Budget 2012 to 2015 (unpublished). 15 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.

54 45 Cont Mayom County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issue (s) Causes Who is involved openly and the role they play Who is involved secretly and the role they play Effects Solutions Unemployment Competition over water for livestock Inter-clan fighting Long distance to fetch water Women from Mayom, and other neighbouring payams and counties who fight at the water points Misseriya who prevent women from fetching water Competition over girls / women Lack of education and vocational skills Lack of capital to start a business Lack of companies Insecurity Lack of opportunities from the government Lack of skills required in the job market Not enough water for livestock Movement of livestock to another county Keeping many cattle in one family Overcrowding of cows at water points Traditional dance with spear and kill Revenge Competition over farmland Revenge of previous attacks Killing of a man who impregnates a girl then family later comes to revenge Elopement of girls Not enough water points Water tank that was installed is not functional Attack from RMGs Not enough rain Some boreholes are broken Not enough water storage containers Taking girls by force Forced marriage (old men on young girls) Marriage that follows traditional laws Boys and girls are not in school Youth are directly involved because they do not have employment and the all the cattle belong to their fathers RMGs Youth Youth who fight to protect their families and communities Brothers of girls who attack men who have forcefully married or eloped their sisters Sometimes parent members Children, wives, parents and relatives are involved because they demand for support even if one has no income Elders Politicians Elders who provide advise Government of Sudan who use Misseriya to attack Mayom Parents and elders who authorize their sons to launch attacks as required traditionally Cattle raiding Inter-clan fights Death Injury and disability Youth joining militia groups RMGs stealing cows Death of cows RMGs beating youth in cattle camps Abduction of children, women and youth Death Injuries Loss of life Fight among women at water points Rape women Pregnant women loss their babies Fighting with boy s family Beating young girls Death (including boys and girls) Disability Wounds Clan fighting Open vocational training centres for the youth to learn skills such as mechanics, computer, welding, masonry etc. Disarmament of civilians Deployment of police in border areas Education for youth Creation of awareness to women and elders Developing Laws on girls child education by the government Police patrols in all ten payams Construction of 11 bores holes in the ten payams Repairing some boreholes which are broken Installing of water tank for animals and livestock in Mankien payams Installation of hand pump in all 10 payams Sending boys and girls to school Cont...

55 Cont Mayom County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issue (s) Attacks from Misseriya Presence of landmines Presence of Arms Cattle stealing Border disputes Causes Competition over pasture Misseriya want to take control of territory Misseriya are armed Cattle raiding Conflict between RMGs & Government Destabilization of area Presence of RMG: they supply weapons Cattle raiding (to protect own cattle and to raid) Conflict between youth (internal and external) Poverty (stealing for feeding or selling) Dowry greediness Displacement due to conflict (lack of everything) Climatic conditions (drought leads to lack of food) Competition over pasture, water and fishing grounds Cattle theft Diseases and epidemics of cattle Who is involved openly and the role they play Men and youth of Mayom who do the attacks Misseriya RMGs who plant landmines to prevent the organized forces from reaching them RMGs who are supplying arms to the local community Youth who are carrying and using the arms Any community member The youth from outside Mayom who cross over with cattle, and men who come to fish in Mayom water points Who is involved secretly and the role they play Government of Sudan who supplies arms; instigates and creates divisions Elders who are the link between the community and the government: link b/w Govt. Government of Sudan who provide support to RMGs to destabilize South Sudan Government of Sudan primary source of weapons They steal cattle, sometimes one or two Elders who allow such movements and also support attacks Effects House burning Child abduction Loss of livestock People dying Starvation Death (relating to all groups) Disability (all) Orphans (children) Widows (men and women) No movements of people and goods Starvation / lack of goods High commodity prices Death Criminality Disability Cattle raiding Cattle theft Breaking relations within community and with neighbouring community Resistance to traditional leaders authority (chiefs authority not respected) Raping of young girls by gangs) Death Loss of live stock Arrest / detention Conflict b/w communities or within community Cattle raids Death Loss of property / starvation Conflict between communities Diseases spreading (humans and animals) Solutions Border demarcation Disarming of Misseriya Peace negotiations and agreement on terms for migration Identification documents Mediation committee to solve controversies Police patrols Infrastructure development: roads, clinic, school, market Construct water points Demining of Mayom area Repair of roads Peace negotiations with RMGs Uniting the community (through community leaders and authorities) Patrols by security forces Disarmament Involvement of cattle camps heads in meetings with local govt. and chiefs Educating youth on peaceful coexistence (peace education) Creation of job opportunities / employment such as agricultural schemes, fishing boats, nets, hooks; access to credit Creation of job opportunities Farming projects Education of youth and children (all) Free health services (cattle are stolen to pay health fees) Construction of roads linking bordering town for faster monitoring and follow up Police patrols and posts b/w Mayom and Warrap state (Majok, Malou, Dol, Kuengdid, Manyang Ayuk, Titil, Koch) and Rubkona (Wak) and Mayom(Turkey) Peaceful negotiation between neighbouring villages 46

56 47 Mayom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Youth 1 Youth 2 Elders/Men Total Rank 1 Highest 13 Lowest Cattle raiding Presence of arms Unemployment Inter-clan fighting Long distance to fetch water Competition over women and girls Attacks from Misseriya Presence of landmines Presence of RMGs Cattle stealing Border disputes Competition over land Competition over water for livestock

57 48 Mayom County: Community Action Plan Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Construction of 11 boreholes: Wangbur at Pibor boma; Kuarbinaa at Joknyang boma; Mankien at Dengbong boma; Riak at Thorboth; Biech at Tongtul; Ngop at Rupguey; Wangkey at Loathjuat; Pub at Nurjuoy; Ruathayibol: Kuer yiek; and Bul 2. Show the site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee Clear the sites Community Members and County Authorities March 2012 Local Steering Committee Inspection of Sites UNDP March Local Steering Committee Provide security Local Administration Local Steering Committee Biding and Selection of the Company to construct boreholes UDP and Steering Committee April 2012 Local Steering Committee Actual Constructions UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority Monitoring and Maintenance of the Boreholes UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee Community, Steering Committee and payam Administration After completion starting August Priority 2: Introduce mechanized cash crop farming in all payams and provide tractors, seeds and agricultural tools; as well as training of youth and women in agricultural skills Priority 3: Construction and equipping of 3 Police Posts (Mankien, Riak and Wangkic payams) Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders Identification of land and allocation Formation of farming associations and Membership and Management Committee Selection of beneficiaries through the formed Association Training of farmers through their Associations Purchase of a tractor and its accessories Purchase of farm inputs (seeds, tools, pesticide) Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority Monitoring the Project Awareness and Identifying actual locations in Mankien, Riak and Wangkic Payams County Authorities County authorities and Community Payam Administration Management Committee April 2012 April- May Steering Committee Payam Authority and Steering Committee Steering Committee and Association Management Committee County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee/ UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering Committee UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee Local Community through the Management Committee County and payam Authorities June 2012 March 2012 County Steering Committee and County Authorities Steering committee and payam Authority Land clearing Community March 2012 Payam Authority Tendering Process Mobilisation of local materials Steering Committee and UNDP Community and Payam Leadership April 2012 April 2012 Steering Committee Community Actual Construction Contractors/ UNDP May 2012 Steering Committee/ Purchase of office furniture, communication equipment UNDP UNDP August 2012 Steering Committee Hand over to Government UNDP Steering Committee

58 Pariang County Pariang County borders three states including South Kordofan in Sudan in the north, Upper Nile in the northeast, Jonglei in the east; it borders Guit County in the south, Rubkona County in the southwest and Abiemhnom in the west. The county has nine payams and 60 bomas, while its headquarters is located in Rianghnom town. Pariang is one of the least densely populated counties in Unity, with an estimated population of 82,443 and an area of 9,016 sq km 16. The people of Pariang County depend on agriculture (maize and sorghum), fishing and largely, livestock rearing including cattle, goat and sheep. Local authorities estimate that around 99,000 cattle, and over 200,000 goats and sheep are being raised in the county. Pariang County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Conflict issue Attacks by Misseriya Cattle raiding External border dispute Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions Political settlement Interest in oil Lack of water and pasture To get cattle and hunt wild animals To get gums and honey To cut cash trees To acquire wealth For marriage Involvement of Khartoum government Competition over grazing land and water Oil field Political resettlement Extension of Northern Sudan territory Youth of Pariang, Misseriya Misseriya Guit Pariang Youth Government of Sudan Government of South Sudan Government of Sudan who use the Misseriya to fight Pariang Government of Sudan Guit people Arab world, e.g. Iran Dinka youth in Pariang who fight to defend the Pariang Misseriya who come and attack Pariang Government of Sudan that use Misseriya to attack Pariang The leadership of Guit who have come and established farms on land belonging to Paring The Arab world that backs the oil companies and the SAF Loss of lives Loss of properties Abduction of children Burning of houses and dura and shogun Displacement Insecurity Loss of lives Loss of properties Displacement Insecurity Food insecurity Unemployment Lack of health facilities Lack of education Loss of lives Displacement Loss of properties Food insecurity Border demarcation International commitment and mediation of border dialogue Construction of police post Deployment of SPLA and police Deployment of SPLA to the borders of Kolek, Paknem, Aliry and Palob International intervention Unity State government to stop Nuer tribe from occupying the areas of Parieng e.g. Nyeel payam Unity State and GoSS to organize peace dialogue between Neur of Guit and Dinka of Parieng Demarcation of international border between Sudan and South Sudan by UN and international communities Cont th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8..

59 50 Cont Pariang County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issue Lack of education Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions Civil war Lack of teachers (are employed otherwise) Culture promotes cattle herding but not access to education Lack of money to pay teachers salary Lack of Englishspeaking teachers Parents Former Government of National Unity Former Government of National Unity who did not make efforts to establish good schools Parents preventing girls to go to school State government does not pay sufficient salaries to teachers Unemployment Lack of opportunities Cattle raids Building more schools in all bomas Employ Englishspeaking teachers Train teachers Adult education Government has to supply school supplies Pollution of the environment Poor waste disposal by oil companies Toxic gases pollute the air Oil exploitation Bombing of oil wells Oil companies and Pariang people Government of Sudan who support the oil companies Oil companies who pollute the environment Pariang people who suffer from pollution Water polluted Displacement of residents without compensation Diseases (skin, infertility of women, miscarriage) Relocation of residents away from oil exploration area Provide health facilities Have strict environmental laws and its enforcement Construction of safe boreholes Compensate people for displaced Unemployment Food insecurity Lack of education / skills Discrimination/ tribalism Cultural attachment to the high value of cattle Lack of employment opportunities Displacement Loosing tools and fertile land Lack of water Overcrowding during displacement Birds eating crops Crops affected by oil fields waste Aerial bombardment cause poor land productivity Frequent/regular attacks by SAF and Misseriya Fear of leaving kids unattended while farming Oil companies who do not recruit Pariang youth Parents of the unemployed youth The youth of Pariang Female youth who are not allowed to work Unity State Government Misseriya families The State government that has not created opportunities for the youth Misseriya who raid cattle belonging to Pariang people State government does not provide opportunities Nuer majority discriminate against Pariang youth Parents prevent their girls from learning and working The previous government of National Unity that focused on oil and not on people s need for farming Misseriya competing for cattle, water, pasture Birds destroying crops Lack of food medication, money Involvement in raids to revenge attacks on Pariang Weakness of body and malnutrition Anaemia Starvation Street children Vulnerability to diseases Theft, dishonor of family Quarrels within the family Women/men not able to produce children Death Injuries Collect firewood and sell at the market (for ladies) Government has to force all boys and girls to go to school (force parents) Policies to encourage school attendance Vocational training (e.g. tailoring mechanics, carpentry, driving, electronic) Adult education Peace negotiations with Misseriya Introduction of mechanized farming for increased production (tractors etc.) Irrigation schemes Insecticides and pest control Cont...

60 51 Cont Pariang County: Conflict Analysis Conflict issue Cause Parties in Parties to Roles Effects Solutions Competition over water Distance from main sources of water (Nile) Old haffirs silted Haffirs contaminated by remnants of war or by proximity to oil fields Displacement from water sources Lack of boreholes Oil companies Attacks by SAF The previous Government of National Unity Youth, children and women of Pariang Women and children of Pariang who are attacked by Misseriya when going to fetch water Oil companies: Contamination from oil fields SAF: Bombing, abandoning ammunitions Unity State Gov.: No planning/ provision of water points (Government too young to blame) Attacks by animals (hyena, snakes) Rape of women and girls Abduction of children and women Unexpected delivery Miscarriage Injury death / during travel Provision of water points (water yards, hand pumps) in peripheral payams (8) HQs Solar pump plant at payams HQ HP at bomas Haffir dug for domestic use and animal use Rehabilitation of existing haffirs (within fencing or safe for children) Youth, children and women of Pariang Poor hygiene infections No settlement of returnees Fights at water points Marriage failure (groom is asked to provide water in small tanks to bride s family; failure to which the two are not allowed to get married) Repair of broken boreholes Lack of health facilities Reluctance of previous government to invest in health in the area Lack of doctors (medical qualified personnel) in the existing health centres Previous Government of National Unity NGOs People of Pariang People of Pariang who have no hospital Previous Government of Unity that did not establish health facilities in Pariang NGOs who are not supporting to have a hospital in Pariang Death Complications during delivery Children health (lack of postnatal care) Long distance to other health centres Employ qualified medical personnel Construction of health facility Drug supplies Health promotion/ awareness Pariang County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues Conflict / Insecurity Issues Women Elders/Men Youth Total Rank 1 Highest 9 Lowest Attacks by Misseriya Cattle raiding Food insecurity External border disputes Environmental pollution Lack of education Competition over water Lack of health facilities Unemployment

61 52 Pariang County: Community Action Plan Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Priority 1: Construction of 27 boreholes, three (3) in each payam Identification of site Community March 2012 Local Steering Committee Clear the sites Community Members and county authorities March 2012 Inspection of sites UNDP March 12 Provide security Bidding and selection of the company to construct boreholes Local Administration UNDP and Steering Committee April 2012 Local Steering Committee Actual Construction UNDP, Selected Company May 2012 Steering Committee, UNDP Hand over the project to community thru the County Authority Monitoring and maintenance of the boreholes UNDP, County Community August 2012 Steering Committee Community, Steering Committee and Payam Administration After completion starting August Priority 2: Provision of Medical Personnel and medical drugs (Aliiny, Nyiel, Biu, Panyang, Wankur, Jamjang, Panrieng) Priority 3: Provision of tractors (2 tractors per payam) Recruitment of more doctors State Ministry of Health 2012 Community leaders Training of Health Cadres UNDP and NGOs April 2012 Local Steering Committee Provision of drugs to health centre Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority UNDP April 2012 Payam Authority and Steering Committee UNDP June 2012 County Authority Monitoring the Project Ministry of Health Steering Committee and County Authorities Community mobilization Community March 2012 Community leaders Identification of land and allocation Formation of farming associations and Membership and Management Committee County Authorities County authorities and Community Apr 2012 (steering Payam Authority and Steering Committee Selection of beneficiaries through the formed Association Training of farmers through their Associations Purchase of a tractor and its accessories Purchase of farm inputs (seeds, tools, pesticide) Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority Payam Administration Management Committee Apr May 2012 Steering Committee and Association Management Committee County Authority /UNDP May 2012 Steering committee UNDP May 2012 UNDP and Local Steering Committee UNDP May 2012 Local Steering committee June 2012 County Monitoring the Project Local Community through the Management Committee Steering Committee and County Authorities

62 53 8. NEXT STEPS In Unity State, CSAC is supporting the Government s conflict-sensitive projects to address the topmost priorities identified during the consultations. Police posts Boreholes Agriculture project (provision of tractors) State capital Abyei Southern Kordofan Pariang Southern Kordofan Nyeel, Wunkur, Jamjang, Gumrak, Panyang, Yida, Aliny, Biu, Panrieng Abiemhnom Abiemnhom Bang-Bang Upper Nile Bentiu Exact locations to be determined pending site assessments Rubkona Budaang Guit Mayom Ngop Jonglei Koch Warrap Mayendit Leer Panyijar Lakes