Re: Reconstruction

Transcription

1 Period 6:

2 Re: Reconstruction

3 Lincoln v Congressional Reconstruction Lincoln: Favorable to the South Lincoln s 10% Plan: - If 10% of voters in 1860 election pledged loyalty to US, state could be readmitted - Congress felt it was too lenient Wade-Davis Bill: - Congress (Republicans) sought 50% of voters in 1860 election to pledge allegiance - Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln

4 Civil War Amendments, A Background Emancipation Proclamation gave a moral cause to the Civil War Lincoln worried that it would not be applicable post-civil War Republicans wanted to gain power in the South post Civil War Radical Republicans sought to punish former Confederate leaders

5 13th Amendment, 1865 What it says: Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation What the amendment did: - Abolished slavery EVERYWHERE in the US - Huge economic and social implications for the country

6 14th Amendment, 1868 What it says: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. What it did: - Section 1 Born in the US? You re a citizen (Overturned Dred Scott decision); equal protection of laws used frequently in the future - Section 3 Confederate officials could not hold US office sorry Alexander Stephens

7 15th Amendment, 1870 What it says: - Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. - Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation What it did: - Provided suffrage for African American males - Helped provide for large Republican support from blacks in the South

8 Impacts of the Amendments Women s Rights Movement: The 14th and 15th amendments divided the group - Frederick Douglass and others favored black suffrage PRIOR to women s suffrage - Lucy Stone and the American Women Suffrage Association hoped to achieve suffrage after Reconstruction - Elizabeth Cady Stanton feared suffrage was not likely near, National Woman Suffrage Association advocated an amendment for women s suffrage

9 Civil War Amendments: Impact Ways Southern states would get around them: Local political tactics: Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses - Sharecropping = peonage: freed men exchanged labor for using land to grow crops, ½ of which went to landowner; had to borrow $ to get started - Majority of black people in the South were sharecroppers by 1890 Segregation Convict-Leasing Violence KKK Supreme Court decisions: - Civil Rights Cases (1883) Congress could not prohibit discrimination by private businesses and individuals - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld separate but equal facilities

10 Freedmen s Bureau (est. 1865) Goal: to help former slaves survive and adjust to new life - Food, medicine, and clothing were provided to former slaves and poor whites Promised 40 acres and a Mule Biggest success? (Higher) Education HBCUs by 1872

11 Andrew Johnson President following Lincoln s death Democrat from the South (Tennessee) - Disliked by Radical Republicans followed Lincoln s 10% plan and offered pardons to Confederates Resisted Republican Reconstruction attempts - Opposed 14th Amendment - Vetoed (lost) re-appropriation of $ to Freedmen s Bureau - Impeachment? Tenure of Office Act

12 Election of 1876 Samuel Tilden (D) wins, but loses % v 47.9% & 165 to Electoral votes were disputed in 4 states Rutherford B Hayes (R) wins, on 2 conditions 1) Military administration in the South removed 2) Southerner appointed to Pres. Cabinet This informal agreement is known as the Compromise of 1877

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15 End of Reconstruction Why did it end? 1) North s waning resolve: - Charles Sumner died in Panic of 1873 hurt Republican Party as many began to call for a smaller government 2) Compromise of 1877 Impact of the end of Reconstruction? - Jim Crow Laws (supported by Plessy v Ferguson) developed - Disenfranchisement for black people

16 Booker T Washington & Born in 1856, in Virginia, as a slave Established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Believed that education was very important for African Americans Vocational training learning a specific skill The Atlanta Compromise (1895): Belief that African Americans should accept segregation in exchange for economic opportunities In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. WEB Dubois Born in 1868, in Massachusetts, as a free man Received a doctorate from Harvard Opposed Booker T. s accommodation policies Niagara Movement (1905): Niagara Falls, Canada Wanted an end to discrimination and segregation Helped morph into. NAACP Goal is to ensure equality and end discrimination Talented Tenth Leaders in the African American community should have full access to education and American life

17 Comparing The Two Both wanted rights for African Americans Two of the most influential African Americans from the late 19th, early 20th century They differed on how to achieve those rights W.E.B. was against accommodation and segregation Gradual acceptance Booker T. Immediate acceptance W.E.B.

18 Key Ideas Before The Case Reconstruction Amendments: 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment Granted citizenship, equal protection 15th Amendment Suffrage for African American males Jim Crow Laws

19 Homer Plessy Citizens Committee Civil Rights group Wanted to challenge segregation laws in Louisiana Separate Car Act Required equal, but separate train cars for blacks and whites Homer Plessy: Biracial, lived in Louisiana Arrested for sitting in the first-class section of a white train car

20 The Supreme Court Decision Plessy sued citing the 14th amendment, no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. Louisiana Judge ruled that the state could regulate railroads within the state The Supreme Court decision: Sided against Plessy and for Louisiana in a 7 1 decision Lone dissenter was Justice John Marshall Harlan

21 Plessy v Ferguson Ruling Decision excerpt: In view of the constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.

22 Effects of the Court Case Jim Crow laws are upheld by the Supreme Court Separate but equal remains in effect for 58 years - Obviously, in reality, separate facilities were NOT equal - Plessy v. Ferguson was finally overturned in 1954, and 1964: 1954: Brown v. Board of Education John McCutcheon cartoon from 1904

23 Political Paralysis in Gilded Age

24 President Grant s Administration Bloody Shirt : Using Civil War memories to receive votes Administration Scandals: Credit Mobilier: Railroad insiders hired themselves at inflated prices VP of US accepted payments Whiskey Ring: Stole excise-tax revenues from Treasury department Grant s private secretary was involved Boss Tweed: Tammany Hall, stole over $200 million Thomas Nast helped contribute to his capture

25 Tammany Hall Tammany Hall was established in the late 18th century Influential in the election of 1800 Political Machine Organization that held tremendous influence in NYC Encouraged the public to vote for Tammany men Rewarded voters with patronage Many mayors of NYC, and even governors of NY were Tammany men Held tremendous influence throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries

26 There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might What is graft?sum up the whole thing by sayin': "I seen my opportunities and I took 'em. Just let me Using political power for a personal gain explain by examples. My party's in power in the Honest city, and it'sgraft goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped say, that they're Using inside information foroff, personal gain going to layout a new park at a certain place. I see George Washington Plunkitt my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I Dishonest Graft buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or thatetc. makes its plan public, and Stealing, bribery, there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared William Boss Tweed particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft. Graft

27 th Tammany Hall in the early 20 Century Tammany played an instrumental role in new workplace laws Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: March 25, 1911 Worst workplace disaster in NYC history until 9/ workers (mostly women) died Progressive political changes like the secret ballot weakened the influence of political machines By the 1960s, Tammany was no longer in power

28 Panic of 1873 One of the longest protracted economic downturns in US history; will affect laborers and their unionization moving forward Causes: - Overproduction of RR s, mines, factories, etc. - Bankers made too many risky loans Effects: Debate over hard currency vs. greenbacks - Debtors wanted greenbacks. Why? Paper $, inflation decreased value - Lenders wanted hard currency. Why? Hard $, not affected by inflation, increased value VS

29 Key Political Ideas in Gilded Age Solid South : - Democratic base in much of the South Grand Army of Republic (GAR): - Several 100,000 Union veterans that tended to vote Republican Stalwarts: - Led by Roscoe Conkling, believed in patronage Half-Breeds: - Led by James G. Blaine, wanted civil service reform

30 Compromise of 1877 & Civil Rights Settled the dispute in the election of 1876 (Hayes Republican, Tilden Democrat) Hayes (R) is elected, Democrats are promised : In return for compromise: Reconstruction ends Military is withdrawn Patronage, RR construction through Texas Civil Rights Act of 1875: Guaranteed EQUAL accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection Civil Rights Cases (1883): Supreme Court stated 14th amendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not denial by individuals

31 Railroads and Immigration 1880: 9% of CA population were Asian immigrants Asians tended to build RR and dig for gold Leads to discrimination and resentment towards immigrants Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act: Limits Chinese immigration until 1943 US vs. Wong Kim Ark: Guarantees citizenship to ALL people born in US

32 The Era of Forgotten Presidents ( ) Rutherford B. Hayes: Compromise of 1877, 1st president to send troops to break up RR strike James A. Garfield: Died 6 months into office Destiny of a Republic In favor of civil service reform Chester A. Arthur: VP to Garfield, was a stalwart ***Pendleton Act of 1833 Instituted Civil Service Reform*** Grover Cleveland: Laissez-faire advocate Benjamin Harrison: Won electoral vote against Cleveland, lost electoral vote Grover Cleveland: Still a laissez-faire advocate

33 Politics, Laissez-Faire, & Tariffs Throughout the Gilded Age, both major parties were supporters of laissez-faire capitalism - Little to no regulation on private enterprise Large tariffs were passed - As a result, in 1881, US Treasury had annual surplus of $145 million Most of government revenue came from tariffs; no income tax - Cleveland wanted lower tariffs he was a Democrat - ***McKinley Tariff Act of 1890*** - Highest peacetime rate ever (48.4%); Hated by farmers, loved by North

34 Industry Comes of Age

35 Transcontinental Railroads Pacific Railway Act of 1862 gov t behind the development Union Pacific Railroad: built west from Omaha, NE Given 20 square miles of land for each mile of track laid Given generous loans from government Irish Paddies Central Pacific RR -> Sacramento to Sierra Nevada Given same subsidies as Union Pacific Used predominantly Chinese labor Great Northern: Connected Minnesota to Seattle

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38 Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Cornelius Vanderbilt: the Commodore Made millions in RR industry, popularized the steel rail Two improvements in RR: Steel rail -> safer, stronger, last longer Bessemer Process Standard gauge of track -> think interchangeable parts, popularized Eli Whitney Other advancements: Westinghouse air brake Pullman Palace Cars

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40 Revolution by Railways RRs: created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods Other impacts of RR: Stimulated immigration Established time zones

41 Entrepreneurs & Inventions Millionaires look for areas to invest their capital + patents were issued at high rates = Key inventions: - Phone (Alexander Bell); leads to women working the switchboard ; Electric light, phonograph (Edison); mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures.

42 Typewriters & Secretaries

43 The Telephone Alexander Graham Bell or Antonio Meucci?

44 Thomas Edison Light Bulb Phonograph

45 Eastman Kodak

46 Business gets BIG Vertical Integration: introduced by Andrew Carnegie (steel); legal Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end improve efficiency by making supplies more reliable, controlling quality of the product at all stages of production, and eliminate middlemen s fees Horizontal Integration: mastered by Rockefeller (oil); illegal Owning most or all businesses in an industry involved in one step of the production process Interlocking directorates: used by all - JP Morgan; legal - Executives from one company sitting on the Board of Directors of another company loyalty aids in favorable deal/buyout

47 Wrongdoing in Railroading RR tycoons became very powerful, abuse their power and the rights of others Stock watering: Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated value of stock. Bribed judges and legislatures, employed lobbyists, etc. Often formed Pools : An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits Charged more for short hauls than long ones

48 Wealthy Thoughts Andrew Carnegie believed the wealthy should be morally responsible to fix the ills of society - Gospel of Wealth written in 1889 Herbert Spencer coined Survival of the fittest capitalism is conducive to creating a few wealthy, and this is natural - Darwin's ideas about species were later applied to businesses and humans

49 Government Bridles the Iron Horse, Trusts Should government intervene? Goes against laissez-faire philosophy (Grover Cleveland and many others of the time) - Farmers wanted gov t, and in their case, states, to regulate RRs, but could they? Wabash v Illinois (1886): Individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) est. - Prohibited rebates and pools First large-scale legislation passed by federal government to regulate corporations in the interest of society, but ICC didn t effectively regulate the railroads; way to appease the public Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) - Created in response to public demand for curbing excesses of trusts Largely ineffective as it had no significant enforcement mechanism Ironically, used by corporations to curb labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade

50 Impact of the RR on America 1. Spurred the industrialization of the post-civil War years (especially steel) 2. The continent became united physically. 3. Created huge domestic market for US raw materials and manufactured goods. a. Perhaps the largest integrated market in the world. 4. Stimulated creation of 3 Western frontiers: mining, agriculture, and ranching 5. Led to great exodus to cities from rural areas in late 19th century

51 Impact of the IR on America 1. Standard of living rose sharply and remained highest in the world 2. Urbanization developed as a result of factories 3. The workplace became regimented and impersonal 4. Women achieved social and economic independence in new careers as typing, stenography, and switchboard operating - Marriages delayed, smaller families resulted

52 Labor & Industrial Working Conditions Transformation of the everyday (agrarian to industrial) job 1880: first time majority worked in non-farming jobs 1890: 66% worked for wages 1915: US = 1/3 of total industrial output (worldwide) Average workday for industrial workers was between hours/day, usually 6 days/week, at an average pay of 15 /hour - Sick leave, vacation, injury compensation, and unemployment benefits were nonexistent Company Towns worker housing typically located adjacent to factories or mines - Provided basic needs food, housing, medical services, general store - Some workers paid in scrip only redeemable at company store - Many towns had strict laws (ex. no loitering, alcohol, and mandatory curfew)

53 Labor v Big Business Massive immigration creates favorable labor market for owners Major court case, Commonwealth v Hunt (1842), gives way for unions to take action - Massachusetts SC: labor unions are legal organizations, have the right to strike Tactics: - Labor Unions: Collective bargaining, pickets, strikes, boycotts, slowdowns - Owners/Managers: Lockouts, blacklists, scabs, yellow-dog contracts, government intervention (court injunction, police)

54 Unionization In response to cheap wages, poor working conditions, and unfair business practices, labor unions began to organize on a national level National Labor Union ( 66): one of the first + major national - Secured 8hr workday for federal employees; membership open to all Knights of Labor ( 69): found early success through strikes - Membership open to all - except Chinese laborers (endorsed Chinese Exclusion Act) American Federation of Labor ( 86): formed in wake of AFL / Haymarket - Autonomy to crafts; exclusive membership

55 Labor Unions National Labor Union: Major boost to union movement Lasted 6 years, 600,000 workers Excluded Chinese, barely included women and Blacks Knights of Labor: Led by Terence Powderly Much of leadership and membership was Irish Sought to include all workers in "one big union" including Blacks & women Wanted 8 hour work day ***Skilled and unskilled workers***

56 Downfall of the Knights of Labor Demise due to Great Upheaval (1886) 1,400 strikes involving 500,000 workers and Haymarket Square bombing: Alleged German anarchists urged violent overthrow of gov't A dynamite bomb thrown in the crowd that killed or injured dozens Knights were associated with anarchists

57 The AF of L to the Fore Formed in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers ***Shunned politics for economic strategies and goals bread and butter issues*** Only consisted of skilled workers Consisted of an association of self-governing national unions with the AFL unifying overall strategy. Chief weapons were walkout and boycott

58 Laborers: Strikes & Riots Haymarket Riot (1886) - Bomb kills 4 people on May Day - Knights of Labor (worked in tandem) and anarchists are blamed for the excessive violence, giving the union a negative public perception again Great Railroad Strike of Panic of 1973 leads to laborers wages cut - Strikes occur across the NE (Baltimore & Ohio RR) - Federal troops are used, giving labor unions a negative public perception

59 Laborers: Strikes & Riots (continued) Homestead Strike (1892) - Carnegie (via Frick) locks out steel mill workers, uses Pinkertons to enforce lockout court injunctions and criminal prosecutions bring strike to an end Pullman Strike (1894) - Why? Wages cut while rents in Pullman community remained the same - What? Non-union workers strike as Eugene V Debs leads boycott, resulting in massive slowdown - Owners use Sherman Anti-Trust Act to file federal injunction (US mail used these RRs) Pres. Cleveland calls in federal troops (30 people die, $80m in damages)

60 America Moves to the City

61 Immigration & Urbanization Evidence 1900, New York had 3.5 million people; second largest in the world (London was first) - Chicago and Philadelphia had over 1 million people. - No American city had 1 million people in The U.S. population in 1900 doubled to about 80 million since 1870 (105 million by 1920) - City population had tripled; 40% in 1900

62 Immigration & Urbanization

63 Old Immigration

64 New Immigration

65 New Immigration

66 Ellis Island, NY

67 Medical Exams & Quarantine

68 Ellis Island, NY

69 Statue of Liberty, 1886

70 Statue of Liberty Torch Light & hope Seven Spires Seven Seas Stone Tablet July IV MDCCLXXVI

71 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Emma Lazarus, 1883

72 Angel Island, San Francisco

73 Japanese Picture Brides

74 A New Immigration New Immigration from S & E Europe Poland, Italy, Greece, Hungary Push/Pull factors: - Jobs, birds of passage, lack of military conscription, and to avoid religious persecution (Jews) Urbanization... - NYC and Chicago dumbbell tenements - Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

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78 Challenges Faced Assimilation Proves Difficult (w/out native resistance!) - Many were unskilled and so received lower wages; language barriers made it hard to unionize - Highly illiterate (schools were English-only) and lived in ghettos Politics & Patronage - Political bosses (re: Tammany Hall) gave immigrants jobs and resources in exchange for votes became a strong voting presence

79 Theories of Culture Melting Pot Assimilation Salad Bowl Pluralism

80 Chinatown San Francisco Los Angeles New York City

81 Little Italy

82 The Lives of Immigrants "Dumbbell" tenements developed in 1879; 7 or 8 stories high with little ventilation while families were crammed into each floor - Comprised 50% of New York City housing - Despite later criticism, these dwellings actually were an improvement Cities had deplorable conditions. - Rampant crime: prostitution, cocaine, gambling, violent crime - Unsanitary conditions persisted as cities could not keep up with growth

83 Tenements One or more families living in a small apartment Poor sanitation & ventilation

84 Tenements

85 Tenements

86 Dumbbell Tenement

87 Immigrant Families

88 Sweatshops Urban factories with poor wages & working conditions

89 Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890) Described the working and living conditions of immigrants First muckraker

90 Assimilate or Accommodate? Social Gospel: Crusaders attempted to improve the horrible conditions in cities Motivation: fear of violent revolution among the working class; Christians should work to improve life on earth rather than waiting for the afterlife Jane Addams - Chicago: Founded the Hull House (1889) a model for urban development (Settlement House Movement): provided housing, food, and education for poor women and immigrants - Primarily a women s movement: northern, white, middle-class, college-educated and prosperous Teaching or volunteerism were almost the only permissible occupations for a young woman of the middle class Women were prohibited in politics due to Victorian ideals and the cult of domesticity.

91 Assimilate or Accommodate? Re: Nativism Fear/distrust/hatred of foreigners - They re taking our jobs - They are minions of the Pope - They re anarchists/socialists - American Protective Association (1887) - Urged voting against Catholics to keep them out of office; favored tougher immigration laws

92 Hull House

93 The Pope s Dream: This cartoon references anti-catholic attitudes common in the 19th century that Catholics were anti-democratic and loyal primarily to the Pope.

94 Thomas Nast: Catholic Invasion

95 Immigration Laws Emergency Quota Act (1921) - < 3% (based on pop. from home country) allowed (based on 1910 census) - This favored S / E European immigrants National Origins Act (1924) - < 3% < 2% (based on 1890 census) - This hurt S / E European immigrants These two acts signified an end to previously unrestricted immigration

96 Immigration Laws Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) - Unlawful for Chinese laborers to enter the country - Chinese already living in the US are ineligible for citizenship (for the next 10yrs) - Context: The Burlingame Treaty in 1868 between the U.S. and China allowed unrestricted immigration to work on the transcontinental railroad : Chinese = 75k or 9% of California population - Renewed in 1892; made permanent in 1902 (until 1943)

97 Immigration Laws Gentlemen s Agreement (1907) - Japanese immigration restricted; kids in school Webb Alien Land Act (1913) - Aliens (i.e., Asians) in California couldn t own agriculture land

98 Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

99 Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg 1st transcontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869