Baseline Profile of UCs Darosh 2, Darosh 1 & Ayun of District Chitral

Transcription

1 Baseline Profile of UCs Darosh 2, Darosh 1 & Ayun of District Chitral Submitted by: Submitted to: Empowerment Performance Result

2 Table of Contents List of Exhibits... 1 Acronyms... 2 Foreword Introduction Identification of UCs for Intervention Data Collection Tools for Baseline Information Household Survey Strategy Challenges Faced in the Field Findings of Household Survey Demography Household Socioeconomic Characteristics Housing Characteristics Household Wealth Status Social Assistance and Extent of Community Mobilization Media Habits Community Profile Tribes Conflict IDPs Child Vaccination Environmental Analysis Crime Gender Financial Institutions Community Problems and Priorities for Development Community Institutions Community Institution for the People Community Institutions of the People Annexures Annexure 1: Households Poverty Score Ranges Summary Annexure 2: Tools Used in Data Collection Annexure 2A: Poverty Score Card Survey Questionnaire Annexure 2B: Media Profile Questionnaire Annexure 2C: Focus Group Discussion Questionnaire Annexure 2D: UC Profile Questionnaire Annexure 2E: Community Institutions Assessment Questionnaire Annexure 2F: LSO/VO/CO Data Sheet Annexure 3: Field Team of District Chitral... 81

3 List of Exhibits Exhibit 1 Exhibit 2 Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit 2.1.2a Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit 2.1.6a Exhibit 2.1.6b Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit 2.2.2a Exhibit 2.2.2b Exhibit 2.2.2c Exhibit Exhibit 2.2.3a Exhibit Exhibit 2.2.4a Exhibit Exhibit 2.2.5a Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit 2.3.1a Exhibit Exhibit 2.4.1a Exhibit Exhibit 2.5.1a Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Exhibit Multi-dimensional Poverty Estimates Household Distribution According to Poverty Score Cut-Offs (In Percentage) Household and Population of Selected UCs Demographic Indicators Demographic Indicators By Household Poverty Status CNIC Status Percentage of Population 18 years and above Household Residential Status and Migration Reasons for Migration Percentage of Migrated Households Disability of Household Member Percentage of Households Disability of Household Member by Gender Percentage of Households Disability of Children (Under 5) Percentage of Households Child Immunization Less Than Five Years (In Percentage) Occupation Percentage of Population Years Occupation of Head of Household Percentages Occupation of Head of Household By Gender Percentages Occupation of Head of Household By Poverty Status Percentages Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Population by Completed Education Level Adult Literacy 15 Years Plus (In Percentage) (Population Who Ever Attended School) Adult Literacy 15 Years Plus (In Percentage) (Population Who Ever Attended School By Household Poverty Status) School Enrollments School Enrollments by Household Poverty Status Reported Household Expenditure Average Pakistan Rupees Reported Household Expenditure By Poverty Status Average Pakistan Rupees Loans and Saving Habits Percentage of Households Housing Conditions - Percentage of Households Housing Conditions By Poverty Status - Percentage of Households Household Assets Household Assets By Poverty Status Social Transfers (In Percentage) Social Transfers By Poverty Status Type of Social Assistance - Percentage of Households Households Who Benefited from Development Scheme Percentages Households Who Reported Affiliation with Community Organization Percentages Training of Household Member Percentage of Households Media Habits Radio Listening Media Habits Watching TV Media Habits Newspaper Reading Media Habits Reading Magazine Media Habits Computer, Internet and Mobile Media Habits Household Perception Regarding Source of Information 1

4 Acronyms AKCSP AKHSP AKRSP AusAid BHUs BISP CIADP CIDO CNIC COs CSOs DADP DGDC ESRA FATA FGDs GoI GPI IC IDA IDPs IKF KP LAPH LSOs NGO NOVIB NTFP PDO PPAF PSC QADP RSP Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan Aga Khan Health Service Pakistan Aga Khan Rural Support Program Australian Agency for International Development Basic Health Units Benazir Income Support Program Chitral Integrated Area Development Programme Chitral Innovative Development Organization Computerized National Identity Card Community Organizations Community Support Organizations Darosh Area Development Programme Directorate General for Development Cooperation Education Sector Reforms Assistance Federally Administered Tribal Areas Focus Group Discussions Government of Italy Gender Parity Index Intercooperation International Development Association Internally Displaced Persons Imran Khan Foundation Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Legal Awareness Program for Human Rights Local Support Organizations Non-Governmental Organization Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation Non-Timber Forest Produce Project Development Objectives Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Poverty Score Card Qashqar Area Development Program Rural Support Program 2

5 RWEP RWSSP SDC SRSP ToR ToT UCs UN UNFPA VOs WOs YSDO Regional Women Empowerment Program Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Sarhad Rural Support Program Terms of Reference Training of the Trainers Union Councils United Nations United Nations Population Fund Village Organizations Women Organizations Young Star Development Organization 3

6 Foreword Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) has received financing from the International Development Association (IDA) for undertaking the consulting services titled Situation Analysis and Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Balochistan in 14 targeted districts. The study has been awarded to AASA Consulting. The findings of this research will be utilized for a three year investment program in KP, FATA and Balochistan which would be financed by the Government of Italy (GoI) through the Directorate General for Development Cooperation (DGDC). The project is divided in two phases. The macro features of target districts were evaluated in Phase 1 and District Situation Analysis reports were submitted. In Phase-II, a baseline data of selected Union Councils (UCs) has been gathered through quantitative and qualitative surveys. This report provides detailed information of UCs regarding household demographics, poverty and wealth status, socioeconomic aspects, housing characteristics, media habits etc. This baseline survey information has been obtained through a Household Census using structured questionnaires and by conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the communities. The last section on Community Institutions covers the social institutions at different tiers including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Local Support Organizations (LSOs), Village Organizations (VOs) and Community Organizations (COs). 4

7 1.0 Introduction PPAF which is the leading institution for community-driven development in Pakistan has received financing from the IDA for undertaking the consultancy services titled as Situation Analysis and Baseline Surveys for Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in KP, FATA & Balochistan. The findings of this contract research will be utilized for the three year investment programs Poverty Reduction through Rural Development in Balochistan, KP & FATA which will be financed by the GoI through the DGDC. The specific objective of the planned three year investment program intends to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life indicators for poor communities in the identified UCs, which includes: Strengthened community institutions leading to increased empowerment of local communities Effective creation of livelihood opportunities for community groups (especially women and more marginalized segments) Increased access to economic productivity and markets through infrastructure development Increased access of local populations to basic social services (health and education) The proposed investment program aims at contributing to poverty reduction in the 14 selected districts in KP, FATA and Balochistan. According to the Terms of Reference (ToR), these areas are suffering from poverty, as well as from ongoing conflicts and are considered to be the most vulnerable areas of the country. The target districts for the planned interventions are: KP Province/ Tribal Area District / Agency Chitral Lower Dir Swat Upper Dir FATA Bajaur Agency Awaran Lasbela Gwadar Balochistan Kech Panjgur Killa Abdullah Pishin Killa Saifullah Zhob 1.1 Identification of UCs for Intervention The objective of the proposed intervention by PPAF is to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for the people living in the identified or targeted UCs. According to the ToR of the project, three or two UCs will be selected for the investment intervention in each target district. The ToR also narrates that the specific intention of the project is to strengthen the community institutions leading to increased empowerment of local communities and effective creation of livelihood opportunities for community groups. The criterion which has been considered in the selection of UCs for the intervention includes level of deprivation, existence of COs, extent of community mobilization, logistics and proximities and PPAF priority levels. 5

8 After a detailed discussion with PPAF and its Implementing Partners, based on the criteria identified three UCs of Chitral district were selected for carrying out detailed survey at the UC level. Chitral, a district of KP is located at the northern end of the province as well as Pakistan. The district of Chitral is situated on the western side of Upper Dir and Swat. The western border of Chitral connects Pakistan with its neighbor, Afghanistan. Selected UCs for Project Intervention District Tehsil UC Darosh Darosh 2 Chitral Darosh 1 Chitral Ayn The proposed UCs i.e. Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun are present on the southern part of the district. The proposed UCs are connected in almost a straight line with the district headquarter i.e. Chitral. Ayun is on the northern side of Darosh 1 and Darosh 2. Map District Chitral Sources: ACTED Pakistan, Rapid Need Assessment Project 6

9 1.2 Data Collection Tools for Baseline Information The main part of the consultancy assignment was to conduct detailed quantitative and qualitative surveys in the identified UCs for: Ensuring availability of core quantitative and qualitative data on socio-economic indicators through which progress will be measured against Project Development Objectives (PDOs) and program impacts in the targeted UCs and villages. Provide information that can be used later on as a baseline when a comparative analysis (control and treatment as well as differences in intervention combinations) will be undertaken so as to improve design and planning of future programs. The quantitative data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire to the head of the household in the identified UCs, while for the qualitative assessment of the current status of the community; interviews with knowledgeable representatives of the UC were carried out besides Focus FGDs. The standard World Bank and Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) Poverty Score Card (PSC) questionnaire was administered in the household survey and thus, the assessment of the household poverty status is based on the components and standard formulae used in PSC survey for BISP. Some additional information was also gathered by adding questions, such as household income and expenditure, social assistance, polio vaccination and participation in COs in the household questionnaire. The perceptions of UC representatives regarding Impact of Conflict on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and Host Communities, Community Conflict Resolution, Assessment of the Local Economy and Livelihood Opportunities as well as perceptions regarding vaccination were obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire. Three or four senior knowledgeable representatives of the UC with diverse expertise were requested to share their ideas with respect to the aforementioned issues. From each selected UC one or two FGDs were administered to compile participants views on: Community mobilization Impact of IDPs on the local economy and on the host community Attitude and perceptions of the community on vaccination / polio Needs analysis and categorization priority areas of investment Perception regarding interventions by NGOs Environmental issues Further, community institutions in selected areas were also assessed through a semistructured, open-ended questionnaire which was administered to the relevant personnel of the community institutions. 7

10 1.3 Household Survey Strategy The salient feature of the strategy followed in the household survey includes: An adequate amount of field staff (Field Supervisors and Enumerators) were hired with the appropriate qualifications and experience. It was ensured that all the survey team members had valid Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs). The Training of the Trainers (ToT) was arranged by AASA Consulting in Quetta and Islamabad followed up sessions in Quetta and Swat. During these sessions, the Master Trainers (i.e. District Team Leaders) were given detailed trainings on how to train the field staff for the purpose of conducting the data collection surveys throughout the province smoothly. The Enumerators, Field Supervisors and Field Editors were given trainings, consisting of pretrial survey training session and post-trial survey training session by the Master Trainers. Detailed logistic plans and field procedures for each district were developed for management of the flow of goods, information and other resources, including people that are involved in the process of gathering information. For each selected UC, detailed profiles were created with the areas marked in blocks for the household census along with UC maps to assist field teams. The District Team Leaders along with Field Supervisors were responsible for this task. An attempt to hire local Field Supervisors was made to ensure that they are able to provide the most information for their respective UC. After the negotiation with community leaders and community mobilization teams, data collection was started in the designated UCs. Every effort was made to ensure that no household was excluded from the enumeration. An interview with head of the household was preferred. However, in case of non-availability of the head, any adult (18 years and above) or knowledgeable household member was selected as a respondent. After completing the interview, the household unit was marked by the interviewer with a serial number, date and team code for back checking and verification. Monitoring teams and District Supervisors were responsible for checking the quality of the submitted forms and to take any appropriate action for the inconsistencies and irregularities. The following tools were designed and shared with the PPAF team before finalizing and starting field surveys; Household PSC Questionnaires, Questionnaires for Media Habits, Check Lists for FGDs, UC profile questionnaires and Community Institutions Assessment Questionnaire. 1.4 Challenges Faced in the Field Some of the key challenges faced by our field teams during the data collection phase are shared in this section. The survey was designed to achieve carpet coverage of the targeted UCs and efforts were made to administer the survey to ensure 100 percent coverage. As in any field work there have been exceptions, refusals and household members not being available and so on. The following are some of the hurdles the field team faced: Tension on the Borders: Chitral is a sensitive area as its western border connects it with Afghanistan. The field teams faced difficulty in carrying out the survey. The teams had the Non- 8

11 Objection Certificate but still due to security concerns they were not permitted to carry out the data collection exercise in two villages by the armed forces. Law Enforcement Agencies: The mobility of the field teams was hampered significantly due to strong vigilance of the security agencies in the area. After the military operation, the security agencies were stringently monitoring the activities related to social mobilization as they do not want the miscreants to infiltrate the district again. Closed Houses: There were some houses that were found locked by the field teams due to seasonal or permanent migration. The people of these houses had migrated to other places for different reasons (e.g. for employment, visiting relatives etc.) and had not returned to their homes during the time of the survey. The field teams were instructed to visit the house at least three times before leaving the area to ensure maximum coverage. Non-Cooperation of Households / Non Participation: There were some households that denied participating in the field survey. These households were then visited by the field supervisor in a bid to convince them to give their household information. The field visit turned out to be fruitful in some cases however; those households that still denied participation were left during the survey. Possession of CNIC and its Reporting: Lastly, the lack of data on the CNIC numbers is again due to the shattered confidence of the people living in the targeted UCs. This mistrust has been created due to militant insurgencies in these areas as people do not trust the people who visit their households for the purpose of data collection and doubt their intentions. Another challenge faced in the field was possession of CNICs, many were missing because CNICs were taken by the land owners, lenders, shopkeepers and political leaders for their own vested interests. 9

12 2.0 Findings of Household Survey Poverty Score Card in Pakistan The PSC for Pakistan adopted by BISP has been developed by the World Bank as a tool to measure change in poverty in an effective way and to support the management of development program that focus on alleviating poverty. The PSC uses proxy means testing (PMT), which are based on proxies of income such as family characteristics, ownership of assets and housing features. The scorecard recommended by BISP uses 12 inexpensive-to-collect indicators which are highly related to poverty and changes in poverty. Statistically optimal weights, assigned to the indicators or components improve the predictive power of household poverty status. The relevant empirical literature suggests that PSC methodology is comparatively better for identifying underprivileged households as opposed to national surveys of household income and expenditures. This is particularly true in a developing country such as Pakistan, where it is difficult to collect accurate income and expenditures data and to determine the value of household wealth. Thus, the inability to assess household income or expenditures correctly makes the comparison invalid and inappropriate between poverty determined by PSC and poverty estimated through the household income or expenditures data 1. To determine the household poverty status in the selected UCs, the exact methodology regarding components, weights and cut-off points, adopted by BISP for estimating household poverty status is applied. Moreover, in order to target particular groups for specific interventions, it is important to decide cut-off points for the analysis of poverty in terms of severity and vulnerability. This study uses PPAF recommended following cut-offs for the determination of household poverty status. Poverty Score Household Poverty Status 0-11 Extremely Poor Chronically Poor Transitory Poor Non-Poor Findings This section summarizes main findings of household census which was carried out in the selected UCs of the district. The description starts with the estimates of household status in terms of multidimensional poverty as measured by the PSC methodology which is followed by the information regarding the nature of household demography, household socioeconomic and housing characteristics, household wealth status, social assistance, extent of community mobilization and household media habits. According to Exhibit 1, about 13, 8 and 23 percent of households in Darosh 2, Darosh 1and Ayun respectively, are designated as poor following the BISP methodology. Accordingly, the poor population in these UCs is estimated at 17, 11 and 29 percent. The lowest poverty incidence is estimated for Darosh-1 UC. 1 The major objective of the household survey for this study was to collect information regarding the components of Poverty Score Card (PSC), while a simple one-line question was also asked about household monthly income and expenditure. However, the income and expenditure data provides a crude and rough picture of household economic status and not suitable for determining household poverty status or for comparison with the PSC results. 10

13 Exhibit 1 Multi-dimensional Poverty Estimates UC Percentage of Poor Households [0-23 Poverty Score] Percentage Poor Population Numbers Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey The distribution of the household according to various cut-offs are furnished in Exhibit 2. The exhibit reveals that around half of the poor belong to the category of transitory poor with poverty scores of points. In contrast, about 1 to 4 percent of households are designated as extremely poor with poverty score less than 11 in Darosh 2 and Ayun, respectively. Chitral being a relatively more progressive district of the region, which concentrates on development and education shows better results on the poverty scale where the majority of households fall under the non-poor category Exhibit 2 Household Distribution According to Poverty Score Cut-Offs (In Percentage) Extremely Poor Chronically Poor Transitory Poor Non-Poor Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Source: Household Survey 2.1 Demography The estimated population of each UC is displayed in Exhibit 2.1.1, while important demographic indicators of UCs are furnished in Exhibit In terms of population, Ayun UC is relatively small. The average family size is estimated around 5 with the exception of Ayun UC where the family size is estimated at 6 members per house. The dependency ratio in all UCs is less than 100 due to a higher share of active population (15-64 years). The sex ratio is in favor of males in all UCs. For each 100 women there are about 125 males in Darosh 2 and Ayun UCs whereas, the sex ratio in Darosh 1 is estimated at 146. However, these figures should be taken cautiously due to the culture of underreporting of women and girls in these areas. The proportion of less than five children varies from 11 to 14 percent in selected UCs. 11

14 Exhibit Household and Population of Selected UCs District Tehsil UC Households Population Total Male Female Darosh Darosh Chitral Darosh Darosh Source: Household Survey UC Chitral Ayun Family Size [Average] Exhibit Demographic Indicators Sex Ratio [%] Dependency Ratio [%] Proportion of Children [%] Population [%] Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey An attempt is also made to disaggregate demographic indicators according to the household poverty status. According to Exhibit 2.1.2a which displays this disaggregated information; poor households have relatively larger family sizes and higher (more than 100) dependency ratios. This is not surprising because these indicators are used in estimating households multidimensional poverty. However, the lower sex ratio in favor of male in poor households is observed. Darosh 2 Darosh 1 UC Exhibit 2.1.2a Demographic Indicators By Household Poverty Status Family Size [Average] Sex Ratio [%] Dependency Ratio [%] Proportion of Children [%] Population [%] Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Ayun Source: Household Survey Non-Poor Poor The CNIC status of adult (18 years and above) household members is depicted in Exhibit About 87 percent members of household reported having CNIC in Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs, while the percentage of population which confirmed having CNIC in Darosh 2 is 82. It is also observed that about 19 percent population in Darosh 1 did not provide CNIC numbers. The exhibit also reveals that about 7-9 percent of female and 5 to 9 percent of male household members do not possess a CNIC. The low registration in NADRA database (CNIC) is due to a 12

15 couple of reasons; firstly, being a remote area, there is a very low coverage of National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) offices and secondly, a lot of population in the selected areas reside on mountains due to which the dynamics of their lifestyle is quite different from other people. Exhibit CNIC Status Percentage of Population 18 years and above UC Have A CNIC CNIC Number Not Provided Male Do Not Have A CNIC Female Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey Information regarding household residential status is collated in Exhibit According to the exhibit, the majority (94 to 97 percent) of households reported residing in the area for more than 15 years, while an insignificant (3 to 6) percentage of the population migrated during the last 15 years, mostly from other areas of the KP province. Relatively higher percentage of migration was reported by people during the survey. Primary reason for people migrating to Chitral is its safer environment and better educational infrastructure. UC Households Reported Residing in the Area for more than 15 Years [%] Exhibit Household Residential Status and Migration Households Migrated During Last 15 Years [%] KP [%] Migrated From Other Provinces [%] Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey During the survey, the reasons of migration were also probed which are assembled in Exhibit Searching for jobs and education are the major reasons narrated by the migrant households. Exhibit Reasons for Migration Percentage of Migrated Households UC Jobs Education Food Security Bad Governance and Law and Order Family Dispute Relatives Migrated National Disasters Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 13

16 According to Exhibit 2.1.6, about 1 percent of households reported disability of household members in the selected UCs. The exhibit also provides the type of disabilities. Major disabilities include leg problems, abnormalities, blindness and hand problems. Exhibit Disability of Household Member Percentage of Households UC No Disability Type of Disabilities Deaf Dumb Abnormal Blind Leg Hand Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey Household member s disability, disaggregated by gender is furnished in the Exhibit 2.1.6a, while disability statistics of children of less than 5 years are produced in the Exhibit 2.1.6b. No significant differences are observed across gender, while relatively less incidences of disability are reported in children of less than five age cohort. Moreover, no differences are noted in terms of disability across poor and non-poor households (not shown here). Exhibit 2.1.6a Disability of Household Member by Gender Percentage of Households UC No Disability Type of Disabilities Deaf Dumb Abnormal Blind Leg Hand Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Male Female Male Female Ayun Source: Household Survey Male Female Exhibit 2.1.6b Disability of Children (Under 5) Percentage of Households UC No Disability Type of Disabilities Deaf Dumb Abnormal Blind Leg Hand Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 14

17 Barring Darosh 1 UC, about percent of children did not get polio vaccines (Exhibit 2.1.7). This trend is also evident with respect to full immunization with all type of vaccines. However, in Darosh 1 UC, almost 98 percent of children were fully immunized. The low percentage of immunization against viruses is again triggered by the reason that a lot of people in these UCs live on the mountains and their lifestyles are quite different from that of people residing in urban areas. Exhibit Child Immunization Less Than Five Years (In Percentage) Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun All Infants Get All Vaccines All Infants Get Polio Vaccines Source: Household Survey Household Socioeconomic Characteristics To represent the household socioeconomic status, information regarding occupation, education, adult literacy, household expenditure is tabulated in this subsection. Occupation The nature of the occupation of the labor force (15-64 years population) and head of households are assembled in Exhibit and 2.2.2, respectively. Both exhibits clearly reveal that the major occupation in the area is the wage employment (mostly non-agriculture). Government employment and self-employment are also notable occupational categories in the selected UCs. Both exhibits also show the extent of unemployment. About 3 to 6 percent of head of households asserted that they are currently searching for jobs, while the percentage of unemployed population in the age cohort years is quite high in the area. About 17, 28 and 21 percent of household adult members are searching jobs in Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs, respectively. In Chitral, due to relatively more progressive environment there is a clear difference in the nature of occupations of the people. In each UC, almost 25 percent of the total workforce is salaried employees. Nonetheless, there are a very high percentage of people that are currently looking for a job that is a major cause of worry. The lack of employment opportunities is related with the remote location of the UCs and the district. UC Government Employee Exhibit Occupation Percentage of Population Years Private Employee Self Employed Agriculture Wage Employee Looking for a Job Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 15

18 Exhibit Occupation of Head of Household Percentages UC Government Employee Private Employee Self Employed Agriculture Wage Employee Looking for a Job Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey The occupations reported by head of households are further tabulated with respect to gender and household poverty status. Exhibits 2.2.2a and 2.2.2b furnish this information. It is not surprising that the incidence of female headship is very low (less than one percent) and insignificant in these backward areas. The relevant exhibit clearly reveals that the majority of female heads reported working in the self-employment sector followed by the government employment category. In contrast, significant differences are observed in the choice of occupation across poor versus non-poor households. Generally, wage employment proportions are higher in poor households while the proportions of private, government and self-employment occupation are comparatively lower than non-poor households. As expected, the percentages of unemployed heads in general are higher in poor households. UC Exhibit 2.2.2a Occupation of Head of Household By Gender Percentages Government Employee Private Employee Self Employed Agriculture Wage Employee Looking for a Job Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Male Female Male Female Male Ayun Female Source: Household Survey UC Exhibit 2.2.2b Occupation of Head of Household By Poverty Status Percentages Government Employee Private Employee Self Employed Agriculture Wage Employee Looking for a Job Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Ayun Poor Source: Household Survey 16

19 The breakout of the people that are currently looking for a job is mentioned in Exhibit 2.2.2c. Both educated and uneducated people are currently looking for a job and it is the remote location of the selected UCs, which is the main reason for high unemployment rates. Exhibit 2.2.2c Percentage Distribution of Unemployed Population by Completed Education Level UC Age Illiterate Primary Or Below Primary Above Primary But Below Matric Intermediate Above Intermediate Years Darosh Years Years Years Darosh Years Years Years Ayun Years Years Education & Adult Literacy The direct literacy (reading or writing in any language) question was not asked in the survey; however, the educational status of each member is recorded. Therefore, literacy variable is defined here as those who ever attended school as literate persons. Exhibit reports the literacy status in the targeted UCs. Around percent of the literacy rate is estimated in Darosh UCs, while the rate is comparatively lower (53 percent) in Ayun UC. As expected, female literacy is lower as compared with male literacy rates. Female literacy rates in the selected UCs are observed in the range of 35 to 49 in contrast to male literacy rates of 67 to 78 percent. This has a lot to do with the antiquated beliefs of the people in which investment is done on the boy who is believed to become the bread earner of the household. On the other hand girls are expected to leave after getting married and, therefore, stress is not given on their education Exhibit Adult Literacy 15 Years Plus (In Percentage) (Population Who Ever Attended School) Overall Male Female Percentage of Population Who Ever Attended School 67 Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Source: Household Survey 17

20 As the level of education is a constituent of the PSC and used in the estimation of household poverty status, significant differences in adult literacy rates are expected in poor versus nonpoor households. According to Exhibit 2.2.3a which reports literacy rates disaggregated by household poverty status, literacy rates in poor households are about 11 to 23 percentage points lower than the non-poor households. Exhibit 2.2.3a Adult Literacy 15 Years Plus (In Percentage) (Population Who Ever Attended School By Household Poverty Status) Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Overall Male Female 0 Overall Male Female 0 Overall Male Female Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Source: Household Survey Exhibit disseminates the status of school enrollment in the 5-14 age cohorts, while Exhibit 2.2.4a provides this information disaggregated by household poverty status. Overall, about percent of children in selected UCs are enrolled in schools. No significant differences are observed in school enrollment across gender. Again, as this information is used in the estimation of the household poverty status, differences in children enrollment are expected. The incidence of children enrollment is about 8 to 17 percent lower in poor households as compared to non-poor households. A summary measure called the Gender Parity Index (GPI) is commonly used to assess gender differences. It is the value of an indicator for girls divided by that for boys. A value of less than one indicates differences in favor of boys, whereas a value near one indicates that parity has been more or less achieved. Exhibit and Exhibit 2.2.4a also document the prevalence in gender disparities in school enrolment for the children in primary and secondary age groups. Lower gender disparity is observed in both primary and secondary age cohorts. The coefficient of GPI is around 0.7 which indicates gender equity. No significant variations are evident across UCs in terms of GPI. However, different results are estimated for GPI disaggregated by household poverty status. Surprisingly, the magnitudes of GPIs for secondary education and barring Ayun UC in primary education are higher in poor households. UC Exhibit School Enrollments Percentage of 5-14 Years Population Who are Currently Enrolled Gender Parity Index Overall Boys Girls 5-9 Years Years Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 18

21 Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun UC Source: Household Survey Household Expenditure Exhibit 2.2.4a School Enrollments by Household Poverty Status Percentage of 5-14 Years Population Gender Parity Index Who are Currently Enrolled Overall Boys Girls 5-9 Years Years Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Although the major objective of the household survey was to collect information regarding the components of the PSC, a simple one-line question was also asked about the household monthly income and expenditure. Thus, Exhibit which reports the average expenditure portrays a crude and rough picture of the household economic status. On average, the per capita monthly expenditures are estimated in the range of Pakistan Rupees However, it is noted that significant differences exist in poor and non-poor households in terms of per capita expenditure (Exhibit 2.2.5a). Exhibit Reported Household Expenditure Average Pakistan Rupees Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Monthly Expenditure Total Monthly Expenditure Per Capita Source: Household Survey Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Exhibit 2.2.5a Reported Household Expenditure By Poverty Status Average Pakistan Rupees UC Source: Household Survey Total Monthly Expenditure Total Per Capita Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor

22 Household loans and saving habits are recorded in Exhibit The exhibit clearly reveals an insignificant incidence of obtaining loans from NGOs or any microfinance institutions. However, abut 4-9 percent of households confirmed the occasional forced saving and regular saving due to expected future expenditures. Due to insignificant differences with respect to the household poverty status, the disaggregated loan and saving phenomenon is not tabulated here. Exhibit Loans and Saving Habits Percentage of Households UC Loans Obtained Saving Reported Did Not Obtain Loans Reported Occasionally Regularly Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 2.3 Housing Characteristics Various features of house structures, housing services and housing conditions in the targeted UCs are put together in Exhibit 2.3.1, while the pertinent disaggregated information according to household poverty status are furnished in Exhibit 2.3.1a. Ownership of households varies from 88 percent (Darosh 2 UC) to 98 percent (Darosh 1 UC), while the majority (more than 70 percent) of households resides in separate houses in all selected UCs. No odd results with respect to house ownership and sharing conditions are observed across household poverty status. Overall, the Kacha structure of house is reported by about 59 to 92 percent of households whereas, the percentage of Pucca house structures varies from 2 to 8 percent. As expected, proportions of Kacha house structure in poor households are relatively higher than the nonpoor households. About 50 percent of households in Darosh 2 UC reported the flush system toilet in their houses, while the corresponding percentages in the other two UCs are very low (7-8 percent). The box system toilet is dominant in other two UCs. About 91 and 78 percent of households in Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs respectively, reported the use of the box system toilet. In terms of the poverty status, about 32 percent of poor households in Ayun UC do not have toilet in their houses. The major source of drinking water in Darosh 2 UCs is the government connection, while river/ponds are reported by the majority of households in Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs. Water is also fetched from well by about 5 to 9 percent of households. The pattern of sources of water is however, slightly different in poor households. However, the 2 major sources of water in the selected UCs are proper connections and river. 20

23 Exhibit Housing Conditions - Percentage of Households UCs Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Number of Households Ownership of Housing Units Number of Rooms Average Sharing Condition of Housing Unit Separate House Combined House Others Pucca Condition of Housing Unit Kacha Kacha-Pucca Others Flash System Toilet Condition of Toilets Box System Toilet No Toilet in House Others Government Connection Wells River/Pond etc Sources of Water Hand Pump Connection Outside House Motor Pump Source: Household Survey Karez Others

24 Exhibit 2.3.1a Housing Conditions By Poverty Status - Percentage of Households UCs Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Non Poor Poor Non Poor Poor Non Poor Number of Households Ownership of Housing Unit Number of Rooms Average Poor Sharing Condition of Housing Unit Separate House Combined House Others Pucca Condition of Housing Unit Kacha Kacha - Pucca Others Flash System Toilet Condition of Toilets Box System Toilet No Toilet in House Others Government Connection Well River/Pond etc Sources of Water Hand Pump Connection Outside House Motor Pump Source: Household Survey 2.4 Household Wealth Status Karez Others Household wealth in the selected UCs is represented through the ownership of household durable assets, agriculture land and livestock. Exhibit furnishes the extent of ownership of these assets, while Exhibit 2.4.1a furnishes disaggregated information according to household poverty status. The exhibit reveals that four types of durable assets (refrigerators, TV, heaters and washing machines) are noticeable in the Darosh UCs. In contrast, washing machines and TVs are the major type of assets possessed by the households in Ayun UC. Household disaggregation with respect to the poverty status confirms significantly lower incidence of asset ownership in poor households. In fact, ownership of household durable assets is almost zero in poor households 22

25 of selected UCs. The high ownership of refrigerators and washing machines is related with the gradual urbanization and the extreme weather of the area. During the summer time, refrigerators become a necessity for the people. About 19 to 38 percent of households reported ownership of agricultural land. It is not surprising; the ownership of agricultural land in poor households is significantly lower as compared with non-poor households. Among the livestock, cows, hens and goats are the major categories which are reported by households in the selected UCs. About 55 to 71 percent of households reported the ownership of cows in the selected UCs of the district. Slight differences are observed across households with different poverty status. Exhibit Household Assets UCs Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Number of Households Refrigerator Cooking Range Geyser Freezer Television Motor Bike Durable Assets Ownership [Percentage of Households] Microwave Heater Cooking Stove Car AC Tractor Washing Machine Air Cooler Percentage of Households Have Agriculture Land Average Acres of Land Owned Bulls Livestock Ownership Reported [Percentage of Households] Source: Household Survey Buffalos Sheep Cows Goats Hens

26 Exhibit 2.4.1a Household Assets By Poverty Status UCs Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Non Poor Poor Non Poor Poor Non Poor Number of Households Poor Refrigerator Cooking Range Geyser Freezer Television Durable Assets Ownership [Percentage of Households] Motor Bike Microwave Heater Cooking Stove Percentage of Households Have Agriculture Land Car AC Tractor Washing Machine Air Cooler Average Acres Who Owe Land Bulls Livestock Ownership Reported [Percentage of Households] Source: Household Survey Buffalos Sheep Cows Goats Hens Social Assistance and Extent of Community Mobilization During the household survey, incidence of social transfers, types of social assistance and household members affiliation with the CO were probed. This section summarizes the main findings. 24

27 According to Exhibit 2.5.1, about 10 to 14 percent of households are receiving social assistance in the selected UCs. Most of these households reported the BISP financial assistance, while very few confirmed of having the benefits of the health support program of BISP (Exhibit 2.5.2). Less than one percent of households are getting Zakat or Ushr from private sources. Exhibit also reveals that about percent of households are getting benefits from various PPAF programs. It is surprising that the proportions of non-poor recipients are higher than recipients of poor households in all UCs (Exhibit 2.5.1a). It is perhaps the problem of targeting Exhibit Social Transfers (In Percentage) Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Receiving Social Assistance Benefitted from PPAF Programs Source: Household Survey UC Exhibit 2.5.1a Social Transfers By Poverty Status Households Receiving Social Assistance Households who Benefitted from PPAF Programs Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Poor Non-Poor Ayun Poor Source: Household Survey Exhibit Type of Social Assistance - Percentage of Households UC BISP Support Programs Financial Health Employment Education Zakat /Ushr Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 25

28 A general question regarding various development schemes in the area was also included in the household questionnaire. Exhibit furnishes the percentage of households who confirmed the benefits from specific development schemes. The noticeable category is the improvement of water supply; about 8-20 percent of households indicated the benefits from this intervention. However about percent of households in the selected UCs reported no development scheme in the area. Exhibit Households Who Benefited from Development Scheme Percentages UC Water Supply Paved Roads Paved Street Sewerage system Bridges No Scheme Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey In Chitral few households reported the membership in COs in the selected UCs (Exhibit 2.5.4), while female affiliation in COs is even less. About 2 to 5 percent of households confirmed the participation of members (both male and female) in community management training (Exhibit 2.5.5). Participation in technical or professional training programs is also verified by about 2 to 5 percent of households. Exhibit Households Who Reported Affiliation with Community Organization - Percentages UC Male As Female As Member Manager President Member Manager President Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey UC Exhibit Training of Household Member Percentage of Households Members Acquired Community Management Training Male Female Members Acquired Professional /Technical Training Darosh Darosh Ayun Source: Household Survey 26

29 2.6 Media Habits A separate module regarding the media habits of the population was administered to the selected households in the targeted UCs. Routines and practices regarding listening to the radio, watching TV, reading newspapers and magazines and using the computer, internet and mobile phones were asked. This information is summarized in Exhibits through About 51, 66 and 12 percent household listen radio two hours daily in Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs respectively, during evening and night preferably. Favorite channels in the selected UCs include BBC Urdu, Radio Pakistan, Deo Radio, Voice of America Urdu Service and FM 88 (Exhibit 2.6.1). Exhibit Media Habits Radio Listening UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Percentage of Household Who Listen to the Radio FM BBC Deo Radio Voice of America Radio Pakistan Radio Channels * FM Rokhan FM FM Aman Aap Ki Dunya FM FM 97 Chitral Radio China Monthly Frequency of Listening Radio Average Daily Hours - Radio Listening Night Listening Time Evening Morning * Multiple Response Variables Afternoon

30 Exhibit reveals information regarding watching TV in the selected UCs. About 40, 67 and 82 percent of households watch TV almost 2-3 hours daily in the evening and night in Darosh- 2, Darosh-1 and Ayun UCs, respectively. The favorite TV channels are PTV, ARY and GEO. Exhibit Media Habits Watching TV UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Percentage of Household Who Watch TV GEO PTV ARY Sports AVT-Khyber Khyber News TV Channels * BBC Express Samaa PTV Home Star PTV Global NHK Monthly Frequency of Watching TV Average Daily Hours Watching TV Night Time for TV Watching Evening Morning * Multiple Response Variables Afternoon The newspaper is read in about 31, 50 and 1 percent of households in Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs, respectively. Favorite Urdu newspapers include Mashriq and Aaj; while Dawn is the favorite English newspaper (Exhibit 2.6.3). Moreover, magazine reading habit is report only in Darosh 1 UC by about 21 percent of households (Exhibit 2.6.4). 28

31 Percentage of Household Who Read Newspapers Exhibit Media Habits Newspaper Reading UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Urdu Language* English Khora Mashriq Aaj Express Nai Baat Dawn News Newspaper * Jang * Multiple Response Variables Khyber The News Naway e Chitral Nawa-i-Waqt Jinnah Exhibit Media Habits Reading Magazine UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Percentage of Household Who Read Magazines Language* Urdu Pushto Koh Mor Akhbar-e-Jehan Khel Magazines* Sachi Kahanian New Jarrar Jawab Arz * Multiple Response Variable Roomanvi

32 According to Exhibit 2.6.5, about 37, 43 and 13 percent of households use computer in Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs respectively, while the corresponding percentages for the using internet are 29, 31 and 9. The incidence of using mobile is relatively low (44 percent) in Ayun UC, while in other two UCs, more than 80 percent of households reported the use of mobile phone. About 90 percent of mobile phone users engage in conversation through text messaging. Exhibit Media Habits Computer, Internet and Mobile UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Percentage of Households That Use Computers Percentage of Households That Use the Internet Average Daily Hours Internet Percentage of Households That Use Mobile Phones Percentage of Household That Use Mobile for Text Messaging Exhibit reports household perception regarding the most reliable source of information. Friends, newspapers and TV are perceived as most reliable source of information in Darosh 2, Darosh 1 and Ayun UCs, respectively. However, popular source of getting information is community meetings. Reliable Sources: Exhibit Media Habits Household Perception Regarding Source of Information UC Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Radio Newspapers TV Friends Relatives Mosques Religious Leaders Popular Sources: Community Meetings Musical Theater Community Theater

33 3.0 Community Profile The working populations of these UCs belong to selected occupations. Majority of the labor force in these UCs are involved in farming activities. The other dominant sector in which the labor force is engaged in includes trade and transport. Most of the remaining is either private or public employees or daily wagers. Local residents of the area are relatively happier with the overall economic and social conditions of the area. Major reasons for this are the decrease in criminal activities and a relatively smaller footprint of terrorist activities in the area. People believe that they are better off when compared to the other districts where the law and order situation has hurt the economic activities gravely. Nonetheless, those few who faced difficulties on the social and economic front during the past few years found a way to fight these issues. In general, people started saving more. Some started different businesses, while others took on more than one job. Moreover, there were some who migrated both nationally and internationally to find earning opportunities. Those few people, who believe that their lives have become more difficult over a period of time, considered natural calamities as a major contributing factor. Apart from this, there is political infiltration at every level of the system, making it more difficult to find jobs and thus, was cited as another reason. However, there are some who believe that access to basic facilities, improved road infrastructure, local development projects and increased employment opportunities have improved the lives of people in the past few years. 3.1 Tribes The major tribes residing in each UC are mentioned in the table below. Union Council Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Ayun Major Tribes Chitrali, Pathan, Afghani Muhajir Chitrali, Pathan, Afghani Muhajir Katuray, Khashenay and Raza 3.2 Conflict Unfortunately, many of these areas are embedded in conflict and cannot seem to get away from it. Common conflicts that occur in these localities vary in nature. Family feuds are based on the distribution of wealth and assets, internal fights between children of the family and sometimes on issues that are not that important. The dearth of water in the area is another instigator of disputes as some of the conflicts arise on water distribution. Lastly, issues pertaining to women s rights create a stir in these conservative areas as well. Marrying or wanting to marry someone of your own choice raises objections. The situation is worsened, if the individual of her choice belongs to another tribe; this can lead to violent actions in the name of honor. The most preferred way for solving disputes in the three target UCs in Chitral is the jirga system. Jirgas are given preference by most people in poor areas as it provides quick and low cost justice. For disputes such as deciphering the rightful owner of a particular asset, the matter is taken into a jirga. Respectful elders of the locality are part of the local jirga. The doors of the formal justice system are only knocked when either the plaintiff or the defendant is not satisfied with the decision of a jirga. 31

34 3.3 IDPs A lot of areas, due to extensive migration of people from other areas, due to natural calamities and military operations, have been facing severe problems pertaining to resources and security. However, none of the three target UCs reported the presence of IDPs in their locality. 3.4 Child Vaccination Concerns regarding vaccinating children against polio or immunizing them against other diseases in Darosh 1 UCs are minimal. According to the primary data collected, children are both vaccinated and immunized properly against polio and other deadly viruses. However, in Ayun and Darosh 2 attitudes towards vaccinations are negative. There are many reasons people are against vaccinations and immunization against diseases, one of the major reasons is due to an individual s religious belief. Another significant reason is the negative hype created against vaccinations and immunizations, people are often misinformed about health products and think they are bad for children when in fact, the opposite is true. It should be noted that the community in Darosh 1, as a whole, has a healthy attitude towards vaccines for polio and other diseases as well. 3.5 Environmental Analysis Chitral faces many environmental challenges such as floods and droughts. These natural disasters wipe out crops and destroy many people s livelihoods. Disinterest from the government over environmental issues compounds the problem as there are no safety nets available or protocols in place to protect the people or their crops. Although 40, 25 and 20 percent of the areas in Ayun, Darosh 1 and Darosh 2 are covered in forests, deforestation continues to be a major problem; trees are being cut down faster than they are being replanted. There are also many infrastructural issues such as stagnant water on the roads or barriers placed on roads. These cause great inconveniences within the community as stagnant water can lead to many water-borne diseases. Proper infrastructure for water and sanitation are not present in these UCs. Proper drainage systems are hardly found anywhere. Waste gets flooded away in the streams (nadi/nalas) and sometimes people have to clean the waste themselves. These cause great inconveniences within the community. They also litter and dump rubbish in open fields themselves, as a proper waste disposal system at the grass root level is missing. 3.6 Crime Crime in these UCs has decreased over the past few years. However, some of the most commonly occurring criminal activities include theft, dacoity, illegal capture of wealth and assets, abduction and rape. To solve these issues in the aftermath of a criminal activity, as discussed above, local jirgas are the first system that people look towards. Although, it is an informal system for providing justice, jirgas have gained the trust of local residents over the years as they find it to be a quicker and cheaper mode for getting justice. In order to decrease crime further, it is imperative that developmental work be done in the area to produce economic growth, which will lead to employment opportunities and raise peoples standard of living. 3.7 Gender Women in these UCs and in Chitral as a whole are treated much better than women around in KP. Women have a high status within the urban community; they are responsible for the financial and resource utilization disciplines as well as have inherited proper and managed large estates. They can visit social institutions such as police stations, jirgas. 32

35 In response to changing socio-economic realities, traditional gender roles have begun to change in a few rural areas. When men leave the fields in order to pursue education or employment, women take the responsibility of managing farmland and perform many managerial roles. Although the mobility of women is still restricted in rural areas, they engage in farm-related activities. Kitchen gardens, dairy products, and the production of silk and woolen handicrafts is the exclusive domain of women. Under Muslim family law, which the Khow (a tribe in Chitral) follow, women are permitted to inherit property. With the assistance of social institutions, women have also begun to participate in microenterprise activities, setting up shops in towns and villages. These shops are managed individually as well as collectively through women s organizations. However, problems persist; the societal pressures, patriarchal traditions and culture, all play a part in keeping them excluded from the public sphere. Not all women enjoy the liberties that have been given within Chitral as a whole. Mostly they have limited inclusion in the decision making process. Weak implementation of inheritance laws further adds to their discrimination. Women hardly inherit their due share; the common notion in these UCs is that women s real home is where she lives after getting married and therefore, they are deprived of wealth and other assets. 3.8 Financial Institutions The following financial institutions are present in the target UCs of the district. Darosh 2 Habib Bank Limited Zarai Taraqiati Bank National Bank of Pakistan Darosh 1 Habib Bank Limited Muslim Commercial Bank National Bank of Pakistan Ayun Habib Bank Limited 3.9 Community Problems and Priorities for Development A number of community issues enfold the socio-economic environment of Darosh 1, Darosh 2 and Ayun. Based on the FGDs conducted in these UCs, the community identified a number of problems prevalent and areas which require immediate attention A Snapshot of Community Issues and Development Needs The issues that the communities are facing and its possible solutions at each UC were obtained from the FGDs and are mentioned in the table below. 33

36 UC Community Issues Community Needs Ayun Darosh 2 Darosh 1 Men: Unrest Unemployment, corruption and inflation. Women: Poor state of women rights, health, lack of education and earning opportunities. Boys: Unemployment, lack of educational and sporting resources and opportunities. Girls: Restrictions imposed by family and society, lack of education and earning opportunities. Men: Unemployment and lack of access to resources. Women: Deprivation from the decision making process and inheritance as well as health and nutrition. Boys: Lack of quality education (schools and colleges), unemployment and lack of playing grounds. Girls: Dearth of schools, colleges and training institutes. Men: Financial constraints, unemployment, poverty and shortage of electricity. Women: Lack of financial resources, health and domestic issues. Boys: Unemployment, poverty and lack of playgrounds. Girls: Financial constraints, domestic issues and family restrictions. Enhancing the educational capacity of the UC. Build more schools and colleges. Develop a method for accountability in institutions. Ending the culture of briberies. Increasing the number of hospitals, Basic Health Units (BHUs) and maternal health cares. The government and social institutions should primarily focus on; Providing access to safe drinking water and irrigation channels. Providing access of roads to villages. Building schools and colleges for boys and girls. Creating employment opportunities. Building good quality schools and colleges. Building hospitals and setting up BHUs Setting up industries. Constructing a power plant. Building new roads Details of Community Issues and Development Needs Community Issues: Unstable Economic and Political Environment: The major community issue arises from the unstable economic and political environment that is caused by political unrest, unemployment and corruption. All of the aforementioned issues pose a negative impact on the earning opportunities of the local residents as it has become the cause for high unemployment rates. People are in dire need of employment opportunities as their financial constraints continuously expand. The issue persists as men and women struggle due to lack of education and technical skills. Natural calamities as well have caused severe damage to the economic environment of the area. Lack of Health Facilities and Services: People in these UCs have to travel long distances to access health facilities. The existing health centers are in dissatisfactory state and require amelioration. The health facilities such as clinics, BHUs and THQs are less than there is a need for. This is particularly a problem for Ayun and Darosh 2 as they lack these facilities and services. 34

37 Hindrance to Education: Although, the plight of lack of education affects both men and women, women are more affected more by it. There are very few good quality primary and secondary schools. The teachers in these schools are not trained and thus, are unable to disseminate knowledge in the most effective way. The illiteracy rate is substantially higher among girls and women of the area, which restricts gender equality and women s empowerment significantly. Apart from societal pressures, religious beliefs and archaic norms and culture there are some other issues that impede women s education in these areas, which is security. A common trend that is observed in the UCs is the dropout rate of girls from primary to secondary school is extremely high. The reason behind this is that the families of the girls fear for their security as a proper transportation system for the students is not present. Unavailability of Playgrounds: Playing sports or engaging in recreational activities is a vital part of growing up. Children within these areas are unable to do anything because they are bound to the confines of their residence due to security issues. Gender Discrimination: Women face the problem of being left out on all key decisions made within the family and the society. They also face serious financial constraints as they lack education and do not have a proper understanding of their rights, resultantly; they hardly inherit their due share. This is particularly an issue in the community of Darosh 2. Moreover, women are affected by the restrictions that are imposed by their family members and society. These restrictions limit women s mobility considerably posing a trickledown effect on their education and income generating activities. Energy Crises: Shortage of electricity, excessive load-shedding and frequent breakdowns add to the miseries of the local populace. Energy shortfall hurts both, the social and economic environment of the Darosh 1 UC as it affects businesses, education and health facilities. Domestic Disputes: In-house disputes are another major impediment within the Darosh 1 community, as it affects the environment of the household. It sometimes becomes the problem for the entire area when these issues do not get resolved internally and are placed in front of the jirga. Community Needs: Development of Infrastructure: There are quite a few developmental needs within these areas. Primary/middle schools nearby the house of the students will boost the confidence of the parents, especially those of girls, to send their children to the school. Thus, building primary and middle schools is one of the most important needs of the UCs. Along with that, improving the existing apparatus of the health facilities that are present in the form of clinics, BHUs and THQs and also building new ones is the prime need of the community in the health sector, which the community deemed as one of the major problems of their UCs. Also, an effective ambulance service is required to transport patients to the nearest health facility was cited by the community. In order to fight the energy crises in Darosh 1 and Darosh 2, construction of small power houses and improvement in the transmission mechanisms of the existing power networks will save the community from frequent blackouts. Pico solar systems can also be used to help the most vulnerable households from excessive load-shedding. For children developing playgrounds and arranging extracurricular activities for them is a must to change the monotony in their lives and diverting them to constructive activities. Launching Technical and Vocational Training Programs: To curb the problem of unemployment in Darosh 1 and Darosh 2, welfare programs such as technical vocational 35

38 trainings or microfinance schemes should be launched. These schemes will support both employment and micro-enterprise development. Trainings can be specifically given in the field of mobile repairing as a large percentage of the total households reported ownership of mobile phones. Women s Rights Awareness Campaigns: The literacy rate among both boys and girls is low in Darosh 2 UC, still more primary and secondary schools are required for girls than boys. At the same time an awareness campaign for educating girls should be implemented to increase the enrollment rates of girls in schools and colleges. 36

39 4.0 Community Institutions During the survey it was observed that the community institutions present at the grass root level are either following a three tier structure or a two tier structure. Since PPAF was the architect of LSOs hence, in UCs where PPAF has interventions, a three tier structure is present. This structure involves LSOs, COs and VOs working under the Development Institute/ Partner Organizations (POs). However, in other areas two tier structure is found in which LSOs are not present and development institute are directly dealing with the VOs and COs. 4.1 Community Institution for the People People hold mixed views when it comes to the performance of the social sector. Most of the people are not satisfied with the performance of local NGOs whereas; others are pleased with their performance. They believe that only a few NGOs have been working efficiently and effectively. The following development institutes are working in the three target UCs of Chitral. The social infrastructure that is required to undertake social work at the grass root level is available in all of the proposed UCs. The community institutions have a lot of experience of working for people/community welfare and at the same time they have also worked substantially in the sports sector. UC Development Institutes Ayun AKRSP YSDO DADP SRSP Darosh 1 AKRSP DADP SRSP CIDO RADCO QADP Darosh 2 AKRSP YSDO DADP SRSP Details of the development institutes that are present in Chitral are mentioned below: Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) The Aga Khan Foundation established a NGO named Aga Khan Rural Support Program to improve the living conditions in Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan. Over its vast experience, it has worked intensively in the field of education, health, rural development and environment. AKRSP has a total of 50,000 community activists belonging to almost 5,000 COs and 67 LSOs. AKRSP mainly works in natural resource management, community infrastructure, human resource development, women s development, enterprise promotion and credits and savings. Young Star Development Organization (YSDO) YSDO was established in 1987 to cater to the needs of the poor and vulnerable. It functions at the provincial level and has been working in Chitral since It has 6 offices across KP with a total of 21 paid workers and 30 social workers. Over its vast experience in the social sector it has catered nearly 5,000 beneficiaries with the help of its 80 VOs and 50 Women Organizations (WOs). From village to district level, YSDO works at all levels and for all types of people. The major service sectors of this organization include education, health, poverty, women rights, human rights, rural development and environment. For the various projects that YSDO has executed, it has received funding from the federal, provincial and local governments. Also, World Bank, Australian Agency for International Development (AusAid), DFID, United Nations Population Fund UNFPA, Intercooperation (IC), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and CIDA are some of the noteworthy donors of the organization. The organizations works by either socially mobilizing its COs or by intervening directly. 37

40 Darosh Area Development Program (DADP) DADP is a native LSO that was formed in 2006 and registered in It covers 56 percent of the total area of Darosh which comprises of both Darosh 1 and Darosh 2. DADP has a total of 73 member organizations that include 35 VOs, 22 WOs and 16 Community Support Organizations (CSOs). The thematic areas of the LSO includes community mobilization, institutional development, gender and development, capacity building, resource mobilization, infrastructure development, micro enterprise, education, health, natural resource management, poverty alleviation and vocational trainings. Over the years DADP has partnered with institutions like AKRSP, Hashoo Foundation, Regional Women Empowerment Program (RWEP), Legal Awareness Program for Human Rights (LAPH), Chitral Integrated Area Development Program (CIADP), Imran Khan Foundation (IKF), Mora Scholarship, Muslim Medical Mission, Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP), Aga Khan Health Service Pakistan (AKHSP) and Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) of the environment department. Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) The foundation of SRSP was laid in It was set up as non-profit organization to cater to the needs of KP (then Sarhad) and FATA. It is an intermediary organization which connects the donors with the communities working at the grass root level. SRSP follows the Rural Support Program (RSP) approach to improve the livelihoods of the people. Over the years SRSP has been funded by the government, international NGOs and donor agencies. Some of the notable donors include PPAF, DFID, Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation (NOVIB), CIDA, Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Program (RWSSP), Education Sector Reforms Assistance (ESRA) and the United Nations (UN) agencies. The major service sectors of SRSP are institutional development, livelihoods and development of linkages, within which programs initiated by SRSP include social mobilization and local governance, community enabling infrastructure, humanitarian programs, financial services, human resource development and vocational trainings, gender development and value chain and enterprise development. Chitral Innovative Development Organization (CIDO) Established in 1999, CIDO is a local NGO that works at the UC level in the Chitral district. It has one office in the district in which 8 paid workers and 15 social workers work. It has formed 40 VOs and 35 WOs with which it works and has produced almost 1500 beneficiaries over its 16 years of experience. The organization works for all types of people including men, women, children and handicapped people with direct intervention and community mobilization as a mode of operation. The service sectors of this organization include education, health, poverty, human rights, rural development, environment, human resource development and technical/vocational trainings. Local government, the provincial government and IC are the major donors of CIDO. RADCO RADCO has been working in Chitral for the past 3 years. It has one office in the district, 3 paid workers and 11 voluntary workers. With the help of its 15 VOs and 15 WOs, it has added almost 2,000 people in the last 3 years. RADCO works for all types of people on a district level. It works in the areas of education, health, poverty, women rights, human rights and environment. The major donor of this organization has been the local government with the help of whom it has mobilized the community and has made a direct intervention as well. Qashqar Area Development Program (QADP) Established in 1995, QADP is a local CO that works on district level. It has an office in the district and around 20 social workers. Over its vast experience in the social sector it has formed 20 VOs and 12 WOs and has served around 200 beneficiaries. The major service sectors of the 38

41 organization are education, health, poverty and rural development. The organization usually works by mobilizing the local community. 4.2 Community Institutions of the People This section presents the details of the community institutions that were surveyed in each of the proposed UC separately. LSO Same LSO functions in all 3 proposed UCs of district Chitral. The LSO named YSDO is based in the Sahan and Bazar village of Ayun and Darosh respectively and caters to all 3 UCs. It was established in Interestingly, the LSO was made by the young people of the UC by themselves. YSDO has a lot of experience in the social sector as they have done ample work in health, education, livelihood, agriculture, sports, etc. During the course of its long experience as a community institution it has been funded by the Intercooperation Pakistan / Skills Development Council (IC/SDC), Strengthening Participatory Organization (SPO), Citizen Engagement for Social Service Delivery (CESSD), South Asia Pakistan Partnership (SAPP), Aawaz and TVO. As discussed before, the LSO was created by the people of the village themselves and, therefore, they believe that they can run this institution in the future as well. Name Year of Establishment YSDO Ayun VOs VOs COs WOs Previous Work Donors / Partners Health, Education, Livelihoods, Agriculture & Sports IC/SDC, SPO, CESSD, SAPP, Aawaz & TVO Out of the 5 surveyed VOs, all of them were formed by the village people themselves to cater the needs of the community. Interestingly, the youth participates actively in the proposed UCs as a lot of VOs are either made by or have active participation of the youth of the village. On average, each surveyed VO comprises of 6-7 COs and 4 WOs. The surveyed VOs have 3 years of experience on average during which they have worked in a variety of social sectors that include; education, welfare activities (livelihood, enterprise development, trainings, etc.), water, sports and health. The respondents from all of the surveyed VOs, who were presidents, affirmed that their VO will be able to run on its own with the help of the linkages that they have developed over the years. Some of the major partners with whom the surveyed VOs have worked are AKRSP, SRSP, YSDO and Bait-ul-Maal. Important information regarding the VOs is mentioned below: # Name of VO Year of Establishment COs WOs Previous Work 1 Alkhedmat Welfare Activities & Education 2 Asper Sports, Welfare Activities & Water 3 Bishal Water & Welfare Activities 4 Grass Guroo Welfare Activities, Education & Health 5 Jaw Kuro Welfare Activities 39

42 COs In total, the surveyed COs are comprised of 21 members and have 3 years of experience on average. Just like the LSO and VOs, the COs in this area were also made by the community people themselves. These COs have previously worked in welfare activities (livelihood, trainings, etc.) and sports. The projects in these areas were mainly funded by organizations such as AKRSP, SRSP and YSDO. Similar responses were observed from the presidents of the COs regarding their sustainability; the entire COs said that they can sustain on their own without the help of their partner organization. Some of the most pertinent details of the surveyed COs are mentioned in the table below. # Name of CO Year of Establishment Members 1 Sandic Welfare Activities 2 Guru Welfare Activities 3 Jafakash Welfare Activities Previous Work 4 Asper Welfare Activities & Sports 5 Grass Kuru Welfare Activities 6 Greey Welfare & Sports 7 Jaw Kuru Welfare Activities & Sports 8 Behal Welfare Activities 9 Groom Welfare Activities & Sports 10 Galanguru Welfare Activities Darosh 1 VOs The people of the villages themselves developed VOs after having understood the importance of them in the modern social sector. The youth actively participates in the proposed UCs as they are present in a lot of VOs. On average, each surveyed VO comprises of 5-6 COs and 4 WOs. The surveyed VOs have 3-4 years of experience on average during which they have worked in a variety of social sectors that includes; education, welfare activities (livelihood, enterprise development, trainings, etc.), water, sports and health. The respondents from all of the surveyed VOs, who were presidents, affirmed that their VO will be able to run on its own with the help of the linkages that they have developed over the years. Some of the major partners with whom the surveyed VOs have worked are AKRSP, SRSP, YSDO and Bait-ul- Maal. Important information regarding the VOs is mentioned below: # Name of VO Year of Establishment COs WOs Previous Work 1 Pothaniandeh Village Organization Welfare Activities, Education 2 Dargirdine Disable Organization Dargirdine Payeen Welfare Organization 4 Qashqar Welfare Organization Sports, Welfare Activities, Water Sports, Water Sector Welfare activities, Education, Health 5 Tek Shahnigar Welfare Orgnization Welfare activities 40

43 COs Each surveyed CO is comprised of 21 members and has 3 years of experience on average. COs in this area were made by the people of the community themselves. AKRSP, SRSP and YSDO are the major donors of the surveyed COs. They have previously worked in welfare activities (livelihood, trainings, etc.) and sports. The entire surveyed COs said that they can sustain on their own without the help of their partner organization. Some of the most pertinent details of the surveyed COs are mentioned in the table below. # Name of CO Year of Establishment Members Previous Work 1 Pothaniandeh Bala Welfare Activities 2 Pothaniandeh Payeen Welfare Activities 3 Iqra Community Organization Dirgirdine Bala Welfare Activities 4 Dirgirdine Bala Welfare Activities & Sports 5 Dap Noghoor Welfare Activities 6 Dap Noghoor Payeen Welfare Activities & sports 7 Al-Khedmat Welfare Activities & Sports 8 Pasbaan Welfare Activities 9 Tek Shahnigar Welfare Activities & Sports 10 Center Shahnigar Welfare Activities Darosh 2 VOs All of the surveyed VOs were developed by the people of the village themselves. The youth actively participates in the proposed UCs as they have their presence in a lot of VOs. On average, each surveyed VO comprises of 4 COs and 3 WOs. The surveyed VOs, on average, have a little over 4 years of experience during which they have worked in a variety of social sectors that include; welfare activities (livelihood, enterprise development, trainings, etc.), sports and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS). The respondents from all of the surveyed VOs, who were presidents, affirmed that their VO will be able to run on its own with the help of the linkages that they have developed over the years. Some of the major partners with whom the surveyed VOs have worked are AKRSP, SRSP and YSDO. Important information regarding the VOs is mentioned below: No 1 Name of VO Dadkhandure Village Organization Year of Establishment 2 Osiak Welfare Organization Defender Development Organization COs WOs Previous Work Sports & Welfare Activities Sports, Sanitation and Welfare Activities Welfare Activities & WSS 4 Kuru Welfare Organization Welfare Activities 5 Friends Sports & Welfare Organization Sports & Welfare Activities 41

44 COs The surveyed COs have 21 members and have four and a half years of experience on average. Just like in other UCs of Chitral, COs in this area were also made by the community people themselves. These COs have previously worked in welfare activities (livelihood, trainings, etc.) and sports. The projects in these areas were mainly funded by organizations such as AKRSP, SRSP and YSDO. Since COs have been developed by the people themselves, the respondents of the COs said that they will be able to run their CO on their own. Some of the most pertinent details of the surveyed COs are mentioned in the table below. # Name of CO Year of Establishment Members Previous Work 1 Shaheen Welfare Activities 2 Wafa Welfare Activities 3 Al-Falah Welfare Activities 4 Al-Khair Welfare Activities & Sports 5 Jinjirate Dap Welfare Activities & Education 6 Jinjirate Kuru Welfare Activities & Sports 7 Hellow Borhter Welfare Activities & Sports 8 Langa Blood Welfare Activities 9 Kuru Welfare Activities & Sports 10 Center Shahnigar Welfare Activities 42

45 Annexures 43

46 Annexure 1: Households Poverty Score Ranges Summary District/ Agency Tehsil Union Council/ Sections HHs with Score Range Summary in HHs with Score Range Summary Percentage (%) Non Poor Poor Non Poor Poor Total HH Total Total Total % Chitral Drosh Drodh ,432 3, Drosh ,582 2, Chitral Ayun ,595 2, Koz Abakhel Kabal ,549 2,143 3, Swat Upper Dir Lower Dir Bajaur Agency Kabal Hazara ,020 1,809 2, Bara Abakhel Kabal ,288 2,486 3, Barawal Barawal Bandi , , Upper Dir Chukiatan , , Bibiour ,030 1,095 3, Manda Khazana ,901 1,796 3, Balambat Balambat ,201 1,937 3, Koto ,981 2, Alizai ,334 1,102 2, Khar Khar ,817 2, Pachagan ,624 2, ,315 7,293 6,668 17,276 27,033 44,309 44

47 Annexure 2: Tools Used in Data Collection Annexure 2A: Poverty Score Card Survey Questionnaire 45

48 46

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53 Annexure 2B: Media Profile Questionnaire 51