Geography Revision Booklet. Population & Settlement

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Pauline Simpson
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1 Geography Revision Booklet Population & Settlement

2 What do I need to know? This unit will account for 33.3% (!) of your final exam. You must answer a question on this unit and they are likely to mix it up e.g. ask some population questions and some settlement questions. Remember, the last 12 marks will be a case study (9 for the case study, with a further 3 for SPG) so you must make sure that you know them inside out. However, case studies alone will not get you the marks. You must revise all of the key LA s (ideas) that we have covered. You will need to know definitions for all of the key words plus all of the issues that we have studied. There are no short cuts in this exam if you learn it inside out then you will succeed So Where to start?! This is a list of all of the key concepts/learning Objectives that you studied in this unit. You could use this as a check list as you work through and revise. 1. The Global Population you need to - understand how the worlds global population has changed. 2. Population Distribution can you recognise the factors that affect the distribution of the world s population? 3. Population Density you need to be able to identify areas of high/low density and be able to comment on possible reasons as to why the distribution is as it is! 4. Population Change this is where you played the Jelly Baby Game! You must be able to describe and explain the factors that lead to population change. 5. The Causes of Natural Population Change what are the main causes and consequence of population change? 6. The Demographic Transition Model you will need to understand and be able to explain how the DTM works. You will also need to be able to identify countries that fit into each stage. 7. Population Pyramids can you draw a population pyramid? You could be asked to describe and interpret the population structure of a country by using a population pyramid? Also to forecast issues that the country may have in the future. 8. An Ageing Population (Japan) what are the positives and negatives of an ageing population to people and the economy? 9. A Youthful Population - what are the positives and negatives of a youthful population to people and the economy? 10. Managing the Population CASE STUDY:CHINA, ASIA 11. Migration what are the reasons for migration? 12. Migration in a LEDC CASE STUDY:DHARAVAI SLUMS, MUMBAI, INDIA 13. Counter-Urbanisation (Thurston - What are the causes, consequences and management of counterurbanisation? 14. International Migration CASE STUDY:MEXICANS TO THE USA, NORTH AMERICA 15. Urban Land Use in a MEDC you need to know the Urban Land Use Model for a MEDC. You also need to know why there are economic, cultural and social differences and why they exist. 16. Urban Land Use in a LEDC you need to know the Urban Land Use Model for a LEDC. You also need to know why there are economic, cultural and social differences and why they exist. You will also need to know the similarities and differences between the MEDC and LEDC Models. 17. Sustainability in Cities - To understand how cities can look towards a more sustainable future. You also need to know what the following are: Zero Carbon Living, Brownfield Land, Eco-Towns, Greenfield Land. CASE STUDY: Greenwich Millennium Village, Former London Docklands, SE England. 18. Shopping Hierarchies - To understand what a shopping hierarchy is and the following key terms: Hierarchy, tertiary, low order, high order, specialist goods. Also how services are distributed in an urban area their similarities and differences. 20. Changes in Shopping Services - What have been changes in the provision of goods and services over the last 40 years? Why these changes have occurred? 21. Out-Of-Town Shopping Centres Change in Services in a City CASE STUDY: Meadowhall, S. Yorkshire, England. 22. Retail Changes Over Time: Case Study: Sheffield CBD.

3 Use Red, Amber, Green to show your current understanding LA Very Well Okay Not Very Well The Global Population Population Distribution Population Density Population Change The Causes of Natural Population Change The Demographic Transition Model Population Pyramids An Ageing Population (Japan) A Youthful Population Managing the Population CASE STUDY:CHINA, ASIA Migration what are the reasons for migration Migration in a LEDC CASE STUDY:DHARAVAI SLUMS, MUMBAI, INDIA Counter-Urbanisation International Migration CASE STUDY:MEXICANS TO THE USA, NORTH AMERICA Urban Land Use in a MEDC Urban Land Use in a LEDC Sustainability in Cities Shopping Hierarchies Changes in Shopping Services Out-Of-Town Shopping Centres Change in Services in a City CASE STUDY: Meadowhall, S. Yorkshire, England. Retail Changes Over Time: Case Study: Sheffield CBD

4 Case Studies Remember there are no short cuts you just need to learn them! In this unit there are 6 case studies to learn. It is really important that you remember that all schools in the country can use whatever case study title they wish. This means that the exam paper will NOT say e.g. For the China case study you looked at. It will just give you an idea and suggestion. However, as I know the key phrases that they will use, the next bit is easy! The exam paper will say something like the bits in, next to it I have put what the case study title is in bold! The last few years they have also asked how sustainable this can be so make sure that you have some ideas and have learnt it!. A case study to show/illustrate strategies to influence natural population change within a country/management of population in a country. Case Study: The One Child Policy, China, Asia. A case study of international migration to illustrate/show the causes, consequences and management. (make sure that you know effects on the country that people are leaving -source county - and the one that they are arriving in). Case Study: Mexicans to the USA, North America. A case study of migration within one country internal migration (this can also be urban to rural migration). Case Study: The Dharavi Slums, Mumbai, India (you could also use Thurston, Suffolk, East Anglia if you also did this as a case study). A case study of urban change to illustrate social, economic and environmental planning and its sustainability. Case Study: Sheffield CBD, South Yorkshire, England. A case study to illustrate how retail service provision changes over time. Case Study: Meadowhall, S. Yorkshire, England (also an example of an Out-of-Town Shopping Centre) and Sheffield CBD, S. Yorkshire, England. Outlined below is the core information that you need to know about each case study. However, on its own this is not enough, you need to learn it in detail from your book!

5 1. Case Study: The One Child Policy, China, Asia. Make sure that you can draw a locational map Why did China become over-populated? A LEDC so lack of contraception High Birth Rates as people wanted more children as risk of Infant Mortality is much higher Larger families could work on the land and look after their parents in old age Also China was a Communist country, Chairman Mao encouraged people to have larger families so that they could work on the land and also as the country wanted to expand its military power What year was the One Child Policy Introduced? 1979 What were the aims of the One Child Policy? To reduce the population and therefore reduce the risk of food shortages and other associated problems. How did China try and achieve it s aims? Introduced laws saying that parents could only have one child Encouraged parents by giving people tax breaks, better health care, free schools is they only had one child Advertising images portraying that a happy family has two parents and one child Fining people if they have more than one child (also making them pay for their children s education and health care) Encourage women to be sterilised after they have had a child What have been the advantages of the policy? They have halved the birth rate They have reduced the expected growth rate by 300 million people What have been the disadvantages of the policy? More girl orphans and girls being abandoned as families want boys More boys than girls in school, an imbalance There are now 30 million more bots than girls will they find wives in the future? The problem (when the child becomes an adult they may have to support 2 parents and 4 grandparents) As they are an only child they are been treated like Little Emperors. They have no brothers/sisters so they are spoilt and there is a great deal of pressure on them. They may not be able to work so easily with others when they grow up Some people are terminating their pregnancy if they find out that they are having a girl The Future Laws have been relaxed for people in rural areas Since 2009 if a couple marry and they are both only children, then they are allowed to have two children In November 2015 the Chinese government realised that problems of an ageing population so allowed families to have up to 2 children (they didn t think that the continued use of the One Child Policy was sustainable!)

6 2. Case Study: Mexicans to the USA, North America. General Facts The USA/Mexican border is 1,950 miles long It is the most crossed border crossing in the world The Rio Grande is the 4 th longest river in the world and flows for half the length of the border Why are people migrating away from Mexico? (Push Factors) The average hourly wage in Mexico is just $3.49 (Economic Reason) 5% of Mexico s population are undernourished (Social Reason) Once many people in Zacatecas (in Mexico) worked in the mines. Mines are no longer profitable (Economic Reason) 18% of people in Mexico live on less than 60p a day(economic Reason) Many people do not earn enough to feed their family properly or to pay for health care (Social Reason) What are the effects of this migration on Mexico? Many men have left the villages (as the men tend to leave for work) (Economic, Social Impact) Breaks up the family structure (Social Impact) As many of the workforce are leaving there is no inward investment (new companies coming in to the area) (Economic Impact) Why are people migrating to the USA? (Pull Factors) The average hourly wage in the USA is just $6.75 (Economic Reason) The USA spends a great deal of money on healthcare and education, therefore there are better opportunities (Economic, Social Reasons) Better quality of life (Social Reason). In the USA 8 out of every 10 people have a car (Social Reason)and only 1% of the population live on less than 60p per day (Economic Reason) Everyone in the USA has access to clean, safe water therefore there people s health is better and so is their life expectancy. (Social Reason) What are the effects of this migration on the USA? It provides the USA with cheap labour (the Mexicans do the low paid, unskilled work that American s don t want to do) (Economic Impact) In some areas, the migrant workers take the jobs (Economic Impact) Millions of dollars is spent by the USA securing the border and deporting illegal immigrants (Economic Impact) Over-crowding in some area (Social Impact) Higher crime rates (Social Impact) How is the USA attempting to manage this migration? By accepting some legal migrants each year By patrolling the border 24/7 by armed guards in jeeps, on horses and in helicopters with thermal imaging and search light equipment Deporting illegal immigrants

7 3. Case Study: The Dharavi Slums, Mumbai, India Why do people migrate away from the rural villages? (Push Factors) Lack of: Health care Schools Clean water Work/Employment opportunities Why do people migrate to Mumbai? (Pull Factors) Chance of higher education (passed primary school age) Variety of job opportunities Chance to earn higher wages Concept of the Bright Lights, Big City What are the consequences of the migration? Squatter Settlements/Slum e.g. The Dharavi Slum in Mumbai Covers 1 mile square Estimated that between 600,000 and a million people live there It has housing and industry (there are an estimated 15,000 workshops there) Describe a typical squatter settlement. High density Made of any materials e.g. wood, plastic, corrugated sheets No electricity, open sewers (they run down the street), limited fresh running water (usually only for one hour a day), very few toilets e.g. 1 per every 500 people no amenities Lack of services e.g. schools, doctors What are the government doing to deal with the problem of squatters? Planning to redevelop the area by demolishing the slums and building new 20 storey blocks of flats which will create 100,000 new apartments Only people who can prove that they have lived there since 1995 can apply to have a new flat Is this sustainable? For the city, it will get rid of the eyesore of the slums and hopefully attract foreign investment so therefore it is sustainable For the people of the slums, no, as they probably won t get an apartment. It will just move the problem elsewhere and another slum will be built

8 4. Counter-Urbanisation/Internal Migration. Case Study: Thurston, Suffolk, East Anglia Why are people migrating away from the urban areas? High crime rates High density Too much air/noise pollution High house prices Why are people migrating to the village of Thurston? 5km to the East of Bury St Edmunds Small, quiet, traditional village Population of approximately 3000 Easy access to nearby towns so attracts people who would like to commute What have been the effects of this migration on the village? 1884 population of s village began to grow rapidly as people moved out of London 1960 s The Heath was sold for housing 1980 s Maltings Farm sold for housing. The A14 became a dual carriageway the village was becoming suburbanised e.g. more modern houses, more traffic, many new comers, increase in noise and pollution lost it s traditional village characteristics Population = Is this sustainable? No as the surrounding rural area is been damaged, higher levels of air/noise pollution, damage to habitats etc. How is it been managed? Limiting the number of new houses being built in the village Government Policy e.g. Green Belts and strict planning regulations 5. Case Study: Sheffield CBD, South Yorkshire, England. What was it like/what have the changes been? 19 th Century Steel works located in Sheffield and rapid urbanisation occurred. High density terraced houses were built near to them s/1960 s Terraced houses were demolished and high rise flats were built with the hope of providing more space and better facilities s some of these flats were demolished due to poor quality buildings, high crime rates etc.

9 What have they done to make the area more sustainable? Building Smarter Housing old terraces and former high rise flats have been replaced by modern housing and apartment blocks (for young professionals). Many older local residents don t like it as much as they feel like the areas have lost their community spirit. Park Hill Flats are being converted under the Urban Splash project in to luxury apartments, social housing and business units. Redeveloping Brownfield Sites e.g. West One (near the CBD) has luxury apartments with shops, bars and restaurants beneath. The Digital Campus opened in 2009 on the site of the old bus station (near to the train station). It specifically caters for new digital companies and creates the potential for 2300 new jobs. EIS international standard sports facilities and training to professional and the public. It was built on a site in the Lower Don Valley where terraced houses (for the factory workers) used to be. It opened in 2003 and cost 24 million. Environment The Winter Gardens opened in 2003 as part of the 120 million Heart of the City regeneration project. They have created the Peace Gardens Pedestrianised Fargate Reopened Castle Market Overall, since 2000: 43,000 new jobs have been created 1535 new homes built 6. Retail Provision, Out-of-Town Shopping Centres: Case Study: Meadowhall, South Yorkshire, England It is also possible to do this as change in an urban area. You just need to make sure that it fits the case study question in the exam properly. Remember that this case study can also be used as an example of economic migration in a MEDC or The location of economic activity. What was the land previously used for? Manufacturing. Hadfield Steelworks. When did Meadow Hall open? 1990 at a cost of 250 million How can people access Meadow Hall? It has a bus station, train stop and tram stop. However, the majority of people use private cars as there in free parking for 12,000 cars and it is situated near Junction 34 of the M1 (so easy accessibility)

10 How many people does it employ? Many of these are part-time jobs. What type of services does Meadow Hall offer? (How many shops? High/Low/specialist shops? Entertainment? Give examples). 280 independent and national shops. It sells a range of good which include high and low order shops, as well as specialist shops make sure that you can name examples. There is also an 11 screen cinema, cafes and restaurants e.g. The Food Hall What have been the advantages of Meadow Hall? Regenerated the local economy by creating 7000 jobs, many are part time so suit women who have a family It has had a positive multiplier effect. After Meadowhall had located the rest of Don Valley followed e.g. Meadowhall Retail Park, EIS, The Arena. Improved the area. The area has redeveloped the former brownfield sites so it looks more attractive to visitors and businesses and therefore more people locate there. What have been the disadvantages? Some shops in Sheffield CBD closed and also in Rotherham. Visitors were down by 20% Some local, independent shops have also closed as they cannot compete with the large stores at Meadowhall At certain times of the day and year, traffic jams and congestion raise air pollution levels What groups of people find access to Meadow Hall the easiest? Why? Young people as they can easily access public transport and it is quite cheap Car owners many main roads lead to Meadowhall and the parking is free when they arrive (plus there are 12,000 free parking spaces) What groups of people find access to Meadow Hall the most difficult? Why? Elderly people/some people with a disability they may find it too expensive to have a car and might find using public transport difficult to access Is Meadowhall Sustainable Meadowhall was the first UK shopping centre to develop an on-site recycling facility. The Resource Recovery Centre, which opened in 2006, operates a conveyor belt system to separate out types of waste, from paper to plastic, cardboard to cans. The centre recycles 97% of waste from retailers and customers, with the remaining three percent going to incineration with energy recovery; no waste goes to landfill. Meadowhall began to harvest rainwater in Four water storage tanks collect rainwater and condensation from air conditioning. This is then used throughout the Shopping Centre for cleaning, flushing toilets and watering the external landscaped areas. The tanks are nearly 7 metres high and hold some 6,600 imperial gallons (30,000 l) of water each. Remember though, there are also negatives in relation to air and noise pollution so the choice of whether it is sustainable or not is yours.

11 7. How service retail provision changes over time/how CBD s have fought back. Case Study: Sheffield CBD, South Yorkshire, England What happened and why did the CBD go into decline? Competition from out-of-town shopping centres e.g. Meadowhall. An increase in the number of food supermarkets (Tesco, Morrisons, Asda) has caused the closure of many specialist shops such as butchers, fishmongers and small grocers. Many bulky goods sellers e.g. furniture and carpet shops have moved out of the city centre to larger spaces There has been an increase in nationwide chain stores e.g. DFS at the expense of family-run businesses. What effects had the out- of town shopping centres had on the people and the environment? Loss of income and jobs leading to unemployment as shops close. An increase in congestion and air pollution from increased traffic as people travel further to shop. Health problems from increased noise and health pollution. Out-of-town shopping centres isolates people e.g. elderly, low income, people without access to car Variety of shopping and goods is reduced. Areas of city centre can become derelict. Can lead to dead centre doughnut effect How has the CBD fought back What strategies has it used? Old buildings demolished and replaced e.g. The town hall extension known as The Egg Boxes replaced by Derwent House. New road systems introduced e.g. one-way systems on Arundel Gate and Pinstone Street. Areas pedestrianised e.g. Fargate and Barkers Pool (Near the city Hall) Improvements in public transport e.g. Supertram, bus station redeveloped to the New Interchange, The Railway station and Park and Ride Schemes Housing attracted back to area so that there is increased pavement use e.g. Devonshire Green and Leadmill Bus Depot - Old shops redeveloped designer goods and luxury flats e.g. Peace Garden shops Increase in public attractions e.g. Winter Gardens and Millennium Galleries New public spaces e.g. Peace Gardens Special Events e.g. Farmers Markets and The Sheffield Wheel. What challenges does the CBD face now? The Internet is changing peoples shopping habits. This is known as E-Tailing! (In contrast to retailing) Many people shop on line for weekly groceries Many services such as banking and booking of holidays are also often done online In 2007 Virgin closed all of its branches as so many people now download music from the internet. ebay now also sells fixed price goods as well as auction sales. Amazon is another market leader in terms of internet sales.

MANAGING CHANGE IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

MANAGING CHANGE IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT POPULATION CHANGE Birth Rate- the number of people born per thousand per year Death Rate- the number of people who die per thousand per year Infant Mortality Rate-