London Examinations IGCSE

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1 G144738_M23045A.qxd 22/03/ :51 Page 1 Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 4370/1F London Examinations IGCSE Geography Foundation Tier Paper 1F Tuesday 17 May 2005 Morning Time: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials required for examination Ruler, pencil and pen Items included with question papers Nil Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature. This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B. In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided. Information for Candidates The total mark for this paper is 110. The marks for parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g.. There are nine questions in this question paper. There are 32 pages in this question paper. Any pages are indicated. Advice to Candidates Write your answers neatly and in good English. Paper Reference F Surname Signature Initial(s) Examiner s use only Team Leader s use only Question Number Blank Section A Section B This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy Edexcel Limited. Printer s Log. No. M23045A W850/4370/ /5/5/4/3/3/3/ *M23045A0132* Total Turn over

2 G144738_M23045A.qxd 15/03/ :58 Page 2 SECTION A Answer all six questions. 1. Water (a) Study Figure 1, which shows the hydrological cycle of a drainage basin. Precipitation (snow, rain) Evapo-transpiration from trees Infiltration Evaporation from ground Rock Rock A Throughflow Throughflow Groundwater flow Groundwater flow B River flowing to sea Figure 1 (i) Name the input of water into the drainage basin. (ii) Name the output of water from the drainage basin. (iii) What stores water at A? (iv) What process is represented by arrow B? 2 *M23045A0232*

3 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :27 Page 3 (b) (i) What term is used to describe the volume of water in a river channel? (ii) Draw and label a diagram to show how a river is part of a drainage basin. (c) (i) What is river flooding? (ii) Give one physical and one human cause of river flooding. 1. Physical Human... *M23045A0332* 3 Turn over

4 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :27 Page 4 (d) Using a named example, explain why a dam might be built in a drainage basin. Named example: (4) Q1 (Total 15 marks) 4 *M23045A0432*

5 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :27 Page 5 2. Hazards (a) Study Figure 2, which shows the island of Montserrat (West Indies) before and after the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted in BEFORE the volcanic eruption Population: 11,000 AFTER the volcanic eruption The North Undeveloped: few roads, settlements or services. Makeshift camps set up. Port Salem H S Plymout h Airport Soufriere Hills Volcano 50% of the population move to the north of the island Plymouth (capital city) evacuated 50% of the population died or left the island Soufriere Hills Volcano The South Developed: small towns and villages with patches of farmland growing vegetables. N 0 3 km Area evacuated. Villages destroyed. Key Roads H Hospital Forest Volcano S School Villages and patches of farmland Capital city Industry Area affected by lava and ash: population evacuated Figure 2 (i) In which area of Montserrat is the Soufriere Hills volcano located? Tick the box by the correct answer below. undeveloped North developed South. (ii) From the information in Figure 2, calculate the population of Montserrat after the eruption. *M23045A0532* 5 Turn over

6 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :27 Page 6 (iii) From the information in Figure 2, give one effect of the eruption on the following: 1. the landscape 2. the population 3. the transport network. 1. The landscape The population The transport network... (3) (iv) From the information in Figure 2, describe what the local people did after the eruption. (b) Draw a labelled diagram to show how volcanoes are formed. (4) 6 *M23045A0632*

7 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :27 Page 7 (c) Suggest ways in which people can prepare for a volcanic eruption. Refer to at least one named volcanic eruption in your answer. Named example(s)... Named example(s) (4) Q2 (Total 15 marks) *M23045A0732* 7 Turn over

8 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 8 3. Production (a) Study Figures 3a and 3b, which show employment in the three economic sectors of a sample of countries Russia Japan USA A Brazil B C Indonesia % tertiary sector 70 % secondary sector Nigeria 10 Tanzania % primary sector 100 Figure 3a Country Percentage of workforce employed in Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Level of economic development Tanzania LEDC Indonesia (Less Economically Developed Country) Nigeria Brazil Jamaica Russia Japan USA MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) Figure 3b 8 *M23045A0832*

9 G144738_M23045A.qxd 15/03/ :33 Page 9 (i) Which country has the highest percentage of its workforce employed in the secondary sector? (ii) Use the information from Figure 3a to complete Indonesia s entry in Figure 3b. (iii) Which one of the dots labelled A, B or C represents the position of Jamaica on Figure 3a? (iv) How does the size of the primary sector in an LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) differ from the size of the primary sector in an MEDC (More Economically Developed Country)? (v) How does the size of the secondary sector in an LEDC differ from the size of the secondary sector in an MEDC? (vi) Name one occupation that is typical of each of the following three sectors: 1. Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector... (3) *M23045A0932* 9 Turn over

10 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 10 (b) Farming in some LEDCs fails to prevent food shortages. (i) Give two causes of such shortages (ii) Describe two ways in which food supply in some LEDCs could be increased (4) Q3 (Total 15 marks) 10 *M23045A01032*

11 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :07 Page Development (a) Study Figure 4. This shows information about the South West region of the UK (United Kingdom) in 2000, including wealth, indicated by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per person. GDP per person (wealth) UK average = 100 South West average = 95.5 Above UK average Below UK average Avon Gloucestershire km east to wealthy London New investment and jobs in health care, medical products and electronic industries. Devon 86.8 Somerset 91.0 Dorset 91.5 Wiltshire Cornwall 71.2 Decline of fishing and tin mining industries. Figure km N (i) There are seven counties (e.g. Cornwall) in the South West region. 1. Which is the wealthiest of these counties? How many counties are wealthier than the UK average?... (ii) The South West region is one of the less economically developed regions of the UK. Does Figure 4 support this statement? Give one reason for your answer. *M23045A01132* 11 Turn over

12 G144738_M23045A.qxd 15/03/ :59 Page 12 (iii) Describe the pattern of wealth (GDP per person) in the South West region. (iv) Using Figure 4, give two reasons why Cornwall has the lowest GDP per person in the South West region (b) Apart from a low GDP per person, suggest three other features you would expect in a less economically developed area (3) 12 *M23045A01232*

13 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 13 (c) With reference to a named less economically developed area of a country other than the UK, describe the new jobs and investment moving into the area. Named less economically developed area (4) Q4 (Total 15 marks) *M23045A01332* 13 Turn over

14 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page Migration (a) Study Figure 5, which gives information about refugees entering the UK (United Kingdom) in 1982, 1992 and Year Number of refugees (thousands) Year Main sources of refugees 2002 Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia 1992 Former Yugoslavian republics, Sri Lanka, Turkey 1982 Poland, Ghana, Iraq Figure 5 (i) In which year did the largest number of refugees enter the UK? (ii) What is meant by the term sources of refugees? (iii) Referring to refugees, explain how forced migration differs from voluntary migration. (3) 14 *M23045A01432*

15 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 15 (b) Suggest two reasons why some of the refugees shown in Figure 5 might seek asylum in the UK (c) Give the meaning, and one example of: 1. a push factor Meaning:... Example: a pull factor Meaning:... Example:... (4) (d) Give the reasons for one named international migration. Named international migration (4) Q5 (Total 15 marks) *M23045A01532* 15 Turn over

16 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page Urban Environments (a) Study Figure 6 which shows part of a mega-city in an LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country). Four typical shanty town locations are marked A, B, C and D. Industrial district B Development spine: line of offices, shops, apartments CBD C River valley A Main roads New industrial areas City boundary A B Industrial district Poor-quality housing with some basic C services B D Mainly rural migrants Rural-urban fringe A B C D Type of Shanty town location On rural-urban fringe On wasteground near city centre On steep valley sides On marshland Movement of people Figure 6 (i) What is a shanty town? 16 *M23045A01632*

17 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 17 (ii) What is the main cause of the growth of the shanty towns in Figure 6? (iii) For two of the locations marked A, B, C or D, give reasons why a shanty town is located there. Location... Reasons... Location... Reasons... (4) (iv) Suggest why people are moving from location B out towards locations A and C. *M23045A01732* 17 Turn over

18 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 18 (b) State two features of a CBD (Central Business District) (c) Describe and explain the developments that are taking place in the rural-urban fringe of cities in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) (4) Q6 (Total 15 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 90 MARKS 18 *M23045A01832*

19 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 19 SECTION B 7. Fragile Environments Answer one question from this Section. (a) Study Figure 7a, which contains information about a particular global threat. Global Warming is the greatest threat to the world. Global temperatures have risen by 0.6 C over the past 100 years. Further rises are forecast. This threat may be made worse by the US Government s delay in signing up to the Kyoto Agreement. Many countries are cutting their emissions of greenhouse gases. The US contributes 20% of this pollution. Figure 7a (i) What has been happening to average world temperatures since early in the last century? (ii) What term is used to describe this temperature change? (iii) Name one greenhouse gas. *M23045A01932* 19 Turn over

20 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 20 (iv) Choose words from the box to complete the passage below. climate change earthquakes decreasing increasing The amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere is.... This may be strengthening the greenhouse effect and causing global warming. Global warming may cause.... (b) Study Figure 7b, which shows how the greenhouse effect works. atmosphere Earth Figure 7b (i) What is the greenhouse effect? 20 *M23045A02032*

21 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 21 (ii) Explain how the increase in greenhouse gases may be warming the atmosphere. (3) (c) Study Figure 7c, which is about deforestation. This is causing the greenhouse effect to become stronger. Cutting down trees for timber Burning remaining trees Figure 7c (i) Explain why deforestation is a cause of a stronger greenhouse effect. (3) *M23045A02132* 21 Turn over

22 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 22 (ii) Give one other cause of a stronger greenhouse effect. (d) Describe how the Kyoto Agreement aims to slow down global warming. Explain why the USA s lack of support for the agreement is such a serious problem (6) Q7 (Total 20 marks) 22 *M23045A02232*

23 G144738_M23045A.qxd 22/03/ :52 Page Globalisation (a) Study Figure 8a, which shows the movement of jobs from the UK (United Kingdom) to China and India. This is an example of globalisation. Figure 8a also contains information about the GNP (Gross National Product) of China and India. Tropic of Cancer Shift of manufacturing jobs Shift of service sector jobs Exports and share of world trade doubled in past 5 years GNP growing 7 to 9% per year Equator Tropic of Capricorn Value of exports of IT services increased by 4 times in past five years GNP growing 5 to 8% per year Figure 8a (i) Use the words from the box to complete the paragraph below: an export boom factories GNP ICT services nine production imports eight Many British companies now locate part of their... and... work abroad. The... of China and the offices of India threaten some British workers jobs. These shifts are helping to cause... in China and India. In China, for example, GNPs are rising between seven and... % per year. (5) (ii) What term is used to describe the movement of manufacturing to countries like China? *M23045A02332* 23 Turn over

24 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 24 (iii) Suggest how the movements shown in Figure 8a may change the trade patterns of China and India. (4) (b) New service sector jobs in India are often located in business parks outside the main cities. Texas Instruments, a transnational ICT company, is located in the Information Technology Park, Bangalore, India (Figure 8b). Main features of the Information Technology Park: Space for offices, shops, homes, parks 18 km east of Bangalore 20 minutes from airport Modern buildings, power supply, communications Designed for technology-orientated companies, including large transnational companies India s first science park Figure 8b (i) What is a TNC (transnational company)? 24 *M23045A02432*

25 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 25 (ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage that TNCs bring to countries like India. Advantage... Disadvantage... (iii) Explain why TNCs choose to locate part of their business in countries like India. (6) Q8 (Total 20 marks) *M23045A02532* 25 Turn over

26 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page Human Welfare (a) Study Figure 9a, which gives two human welfare indicators for countries around the Mediterranean Sea. France Italy km Black Sea Spain Atlantic Ocean Greece Turkey Morocco Algeria Tunisia Mediterranean Sea Lebanon Israel Syria N Key Human welfare divide Libya Egypt Human welfare indicator Country Health: number of patients per doctor Literacy: adult literacy rate (%) Spain France Italy Greece Turkey Syria Lebanon Israel Egypt Lybia Tunisia Algeria Morocco Figure 9a (i) Which country has: 1. the most patients per doctor? the highest adult literacy rate? *M23045A02632*

27 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 27 (ii) What does the adult literacy rate measure? (iii) Suggest why the human welfare divide line has been drawn between countries north of the Mediterranean Sea and those to the south and east. (iv) Name one country which might appear to belong on the other side of the divide. (b) For a named country, describe how human welfare varies between its regions. Named country (4) *M23045A02732* 27 Turn over

28 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 28 (c) Study Figure 9b, which shows some responses to the difficulties caused by flooding and debt in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). Figure 9b (i) Give three examples of international aid (3) 28 *M23045A02832*

29 G144738_M23045A.qxd 10/03/ :28 Page 29 (ii) Describe the work of two contrasting organisations providing international aid. 1. Named organisation Named organisation... (6) Q9 (Total 20 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 20 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER: 110 MARKS END *M23045A02932* 29

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