Cultural diffusion- a person using something from another culture (Middle Eastern lady wearing Levi jeans)

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Stanley Holland
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1 First Semester Review: Location-absolute and relative Region vs. place Human Environment Interaction Technology and its impact Continents and Hemispheres Tsunami -giant wave that starts with an earthquake at the bottom of the ocean El Nino -changes in climate patterns Volcanoes and the Ring of Fire Birth rate & Death rate (Life Expectancy) Standard of living -how well people live Literacy rate- the percentage of people who can read and write in a country Population density- how crowded a country is Settlement patterns -people tend to settle near water, good resources, and climate Urban (city) vs. rural (country) Push factors (reasons people leave a country; war, famine, unemployment) & Pull factors (reasons people come to a country;peace, job opportunities, affordable housing) Transportation corridor vs. barrier Migration : emigrate (going out of a country) vs. immigrate (coming into a country) Cultural diffusion- a person using something from another culture (Middle Eastern lady wearing Levi jeans) Multiculturalism -many cultures/diversity Government: limited vs. unlimited (See below) Economic activity levels -agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale, retail, services (also see below) Resources: renewable vs. nonrenewable Trade: imports (goods coming into the country) vs. exports (goods going out of the country) Developed vs. developing Landforms of North America -Rocky Mountains, Great Plains Water -Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico, and St. Lawrence Seaway Civilian/civic duties -responsibilities and rights (voting and jury duty) Quantum Learning: Arctic Circle. Three Branches of Government Voting, it s your right, it s your responsibility! Transportation barriers are mountains. Transportation corridors are roads, rivers,.. Gold, glory, god. (Motives of Exploration) Types of maps -Political, physical, resource Items on a map -Title, orientation, date, author, legend Culture -beliefs, laws, customs, art, and ways of living that a group of people share

2 «Constitutional Monarchy «Democracy ü Totalitarian * monarch with symbolic power * rule by representatives electe people * individual rights protected * rule by the people * individual rights protected * a dictator or a small group of control all aspects of people s l ü A type of dictatorship «A type of democracy TYPES OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS Governments can be placed into two categories: Limited and Unlimited Limited Government : Everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed, or inherited positions. Unlimited Government: Control is placed solely with the ruler and his/her appointees, and there are no limits imposed on his/her authority. Political System Characteristics Type of Government ü Communist ü Dictatorship Oligarchy «Republic Monarchy * the government owns all property and makes nearly all decisions for the citizens. * rule by an individual (often a tyrant) * rule by few (often a family) * president is elected * laws are made by Congress which represent all the people * rule by one (right to rule usually inherited)

3 Three Types of Economic Systems Each country has an economic system, or a way to make decisions about how to use the resources of that country. There are three main types of economic systems in the world today market economies, command economies, and traditional economies. Goods and Services Suppose you want a CD recording just released by your favorite music group. To earn the money to pay for it, you might rake your neighbor s leaves or baby-sit her child for a few hours. The CD is a good. A good is any object you can buy to satisfy a want. Raking leaves or babysitting is a service you provide. A service is an action that meets a want. Your neighbor buys your service to meet her want. What to Buy People constantly decide which goods and services to buy. They usually satisfy basic needs such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, childcare, and medical treatment first. If there is money left over, they might choose to spend it on music CD s, in-line skates, a computer game, or a vacation. A government must also make decisions. Tax dollars must be set aside to pay for police and fire protection, schools, roads, and military forces. Once these expenses have been determined, other choices can be made. The Free Enterprise or Market Economy In the United States, citizens and businesses make most economic decisions. The government plays a limited role. It does not decide what goods or how many goods are produced. It does not set prices for goods or services or tell people where to work. These are qualities of a free enterprise/market economy. In a free enterprise economy business owners compete with each other in the market place with little or no interference from the government. Other nations such as Canada, many countries in Western

4 Europe, and Japan, also have market economies. Supply and Demand In a market economy, consumers the people who buy goods and services- help decide what will be produced. Prices affect how products are distributed to consumers. Supply and demand explain how much consumers are willing to pay for a good and how much the seller decides to charge for it. The number of a certain good offered at each price is the supply. The number of a certain good that people will buy at each price is the demand. Competition In a market economy, many businesses produce similar goods and services. There is competition to attract consumers. Competition is the rivalry between businesses to sell goods to consumers to make the greatest profit. To achieve these goals, a company may offer a better product, manufacture it more cheaply, or sell it at a better price. Command Economy In a command economy, the government makes most of the economic decisions. It controls both farms and factories. People and businesses in a command economy are not free to make their own decisions. The government decides what goods are produced, how many of which goods are produced, and also at what price all goods will be sold. The government also decides how much the workers will earn. This type of economic system often leads to less than enough or too much of different goods. Command economies usually are found in countries with dictatorships or countries such as North Korea and Cuba with communist governments. Traditional Economy In a traditional economy, economic decisions are based on custom or habit. Life changes little for people living in a traditional economy. People do the same kinds of work that their families have been doing for many generations. Most people practice subsistence farming. Subsistence farming is only hunting for or growing enough food for yourself and your family. Because of this, they are not able to buy better tools to improve their way of farming. They must work as they always have. People in traditional economies also make their own clothes and build their own homes. If they produce more than what they need, the extra can be traded for other goods. India

5 has features of both market and traditional economies. The Global Economy The world relies on a global economic system. Valuable resources such as oil and iron are not spread evenly between countries. One country might be rich in many resources, while another might be rich in only one resource. Therefore, the people of the world must trade with one another to meet their needs. This is called economic interdependence. Because of economic interdependence, a hurricane that destroys the banana crop in Costa Rica will cause banana prices in the USA to rise. Also, if the oil producing countries of the Middle East decrease the supply of oil on the world market, the price of gasoline will increase. Adapted from Harcourt Horizons, 2003; Globe Fearon Global Studies, 1997; and McDougal Littel Geography and Culture, 2003.

Chapter 3 Notes Earth s Human and Cultural Geography

Chapter 3 Notes Earth s Human and Cultural Geography Section 1: World Population Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Earth s surface. Although the world s population is