Q.1) What do you mean by tourism? Write a note on travel in prehistoric time?

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1 Travel & tourism Technology Model Question (Unit-1 & 2) Q.1) What do you mean by tourism? Write a note on travel in prehistoric time? A/s) Tourism is a component of hospitality industry. The word travel is derived from the French word travail, which means hardship. In past transportation was far more primitive than today & travelling was difficult. Far from being a pleasure, travel involved great hardship & risk. Tourism is then broken down into six categories according to the purpose of the trip:- Leisure, recreations & holidays Visiting friends & relatives Business & professionals Health treatment Religion / pilgrimages & others Travels by the nomads in the earlier days have now returned into the world s most flourishing industry, namely tourism. History reveals the harsh realities of travel in ancient times & civilizations. The search for basic necessities of life water, food, shelter & safety kept early hunters constantly on the move from one settlement to another. In the absence of any organized roads, people traveled by foot or animal s back over open fields, forests facing great dangers. Movement across the land was a virtual adventure that required caution & skill. Travel in Prehistoric Times : - Paleolithic Age (30,000 B C) suggest that all human activity as also movements revolved upon day-to-day survival. Gradually, when the regions were explored, fire was discovered and tools were made, people were able to settle down in shelters. This resulted in increased activity in travel. The ability to make use of tools and built shelters enabled prehistoric man to travel to new hunting grounds even in very extreme and inhospitable weather. During the Neolithic Age, which began about 10,000 BC., primitive people settled in more permanent regions and formed themselves into some kind of agriculture communities. The element of travel in humans can thus be traced to the beginning of time. Several innovations in the field of transport changed the very nature of travel. In Egypt, sailing vessels were built. This resulted in conscious travel in order to explore and see the world. The invention of wheel and money by the Sumerians (Babylonia) around 3500 B. C. marks the beginning of modern era of travel. All the above factors and inventions greatly affected travel. The money invented by the Sumerians was used by them in their various business and travel dealings. Many traders

2 could pay for transportation as well as accommodation either with money. The earliest forms of leisure tourism can be traced to Babylonian and Egyptian empires. A museum of historic antiquities was opened to public. They held many religious festivals attracting not only the devotes, but also who come to see the building architecture and sculptures. By the fifth century B.C, Athens had become an important destination for travellers. Innkeepers of this period were unfriendly. It was under the Roman Empire the international travel first became important. It is, at this stage the growth of travel bureaucracy developed. An exit permit was required to leave many seaports and charge was paid for this service. Domestic tourism also flourished within the Roman Empire s heartland. Second homes were built by the wealthy within easy traveling distance. The rapid improvement in communications, which coincided with the Roman conquests, aided the growth of travel. Early travel in the Orient, particularly in India and China, was also largely based on trade and commerce. Travel to the Orient, especially to India, was undertaken by travellers from all over the world. China and India enjoy the reputation of being countries of fabulous wealth. India attract a series of invaders starting with Alexander. Many foreigners, Arabs and Europeans alike, came to India to establish trading posts.

3 Q.2) Explain travel in middle ages & grand tour? A/s) After the collapse of the Roman Empire and the onset of dark ages, travel became less attractive, more dangerous, difficult and synonymous with travail (a painful and laborious effort, and the origin of the world). The result was that most pleasure travel was undertaken close to home but international travel was available in a small scale. Adventurers sought fame and fortune through travel, and merchants travelled extensively to seek new trade opportunities. Holidays played an important role in the life of the public and from earliest times religion provided the framework within which leisure was spent. To perform a religious duty, pilgrimages would be undertaken to places of worship. Before the 6th century, those who sought to travel have 3 modes in which to do so; they could ride a horse or they could be carried on a litter or a carrier s wagon. The journey was unsafe because highwaymen abounded on the major routes posing a threat of wayfarers. The development of stage coach was great advance for travel. In the 18th century, the introduction of turnpike roads, for which tolls were charged, added to the development of travel in UK and USA. Travel of some distance requires accommodation. By 1820s, the horse drawn omnibus was a common sight in London and Paris. The Grand Tour: From the early 17th century, a new form of tourism developed as a direct outcome of the freedom and quest for learning heralded by the renaissance. Under the reign of Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions at court were encouraged to travel to the continent to finish their education. This practice was soon adopted by others in the upper sections of the society and it eventually became customary for education of gentleman to be completed by a Grand Tour of the major cultural centres of Europe accompanied by a tutor and often lasting for 3 to 5 years or more. The Grand Tour gave further boost to the educational tours.

4 Q.3) What is tourism Legislation? Write the basic concept of tourism legislation? A/s) The World Tourism Organization has started the tourism legislation information services on its web site. By 1998, its documentation centre had collected more than 2000 items of laws and regulations governing the main aim as a tourism industry in order to regulate, permit, promote, empower or ban the commercial / leisure activities of both service providers as well as tourists. There are also laws to recognize the rights of the tourists as well as contract laws to determine the relations within the industry segments. In fact, travel and accommodation were two sectors where legislation has been there for a long time, but new and new areas that require to be incorporated under tourism legislation have emerged and there has been a demand for comprehensive tourism legislation. Tourism Legislation: According to Ronald A Kaiser (Travel and tourism law, 1994), Tourism law creates and defines seven basic concepts: 1. Travel is a legal right 2. Reliable and safe transportation must be readily available. 3. Safe and adequate accommodations must await for the travellers. 4. All travellers should have access to such accommodations. 5. Travel and accommodation cost must be reasonable. 6. Regulation of the travel and tourism industry is necessary and 7. Redressal mechanism for transgressions of rights and regulations is necessary.

5 Q.4) What are the functional areas of Tourism Legislation? A/s) Tourism law would seek to define in clear and unambiguous terms the rights and responsibilities of the various segments of tourism vis-à-vis the user as well as the service provider. Till date, the types of the tourism legislation that have been created or introduced in various countries can be classified into the functional areas those related to: 1. the protection of tourists. 2. boarder controls 3. quality of service 4. protection of environment 5. conservation of historical sites and monuments 6. economic development 7. determining the relationship of various segments of the tourism industry, etc. Another way in which we can categorize tourism legislations is to arrange their legislations industry wise i.e., legislations related to hotel, aviation and travel industries respectively.

6 Q.5) Define VISA? What is the information required from client factor VISA requirements? A/s) A visa is an entry in a passport or other travel document made by an official of a government, indicating that the bearer has been granted authority to enter or re-enter the country concerned. It usually specifies the authorized length of stay, the period of validity and the number of entries allowed during the period. once a visa has been issued, then entry into the country should be granted. Travel agents should be aware, however, that the final decision regarding entry into any country remains with the immigration officials at the entry point. The responsibility of travel agents is to supply up-to-date and accurate information. Some agents offer a visa service, in which case the agency will obtain detailed information from the client and probably charge a fee for this service. Most agents, however, will be in a position to offer advice only and therefore the quality of this advice is extremely important, as the client will act on it to obtain the correct travel visas. An agent cannot assume that a traveller, no matter how well travelled he or she may be, knows the regulations. Agents should collect the following information from the client in order to check visa requirements Country of origin (where journey begins) Any stopover or transfer points on route Country of destination Country of final destination (will the traveller return to the country of origin and a re-entry permit be needed?) What passport the client is travelling on The Agent will then consult the Travel Information Manual (TIM), which is produced in book form on a monthly basis. Alternatively, TIM can be accessed via a computer reservation system (CRS). TIM is updated each month and provides airlines, agents and others working within the air transport industry with a valuable source of information relating to government requirements for international travel. TIM also provides travel agents with many of

7 the answers to their client s questions on the subjects listed below: Passport Visa Currency Health Airport tax Customs

8 Q.6) Explain different types of VISA? A/s) Visa Type Visitor visa Transit visa Transit without visa Explanation Also referred to as entry permit, entry visa, business visa or travel pass. It provides right of entry to another country, subject to satisfying immigration authorities at the point of entry. The usual conditions for obtaining a visitor s visa include: proof of holding sufficient funds for the length of stay and proof of prepaid onward travel. Some countries ask for the proof of funds and onward tickets before issuing the visa. The agent can provide a letter stating what travel arrangements have been reserved. Provides right of entry into another country purely for the purpose of making travel connections onward to a third country. Regulations related to transit vary from country to country and should be checked. For example, one country may stipulate that passengers who transit within eight hours, for example, do not need a visa. Whereas another country may require a passenger to obtain a transit visa even if they arrive and leave all within a four-hour period. The rule for agents is simply this, always check transit regulations in TIM. Many countries have made agreements that allow other (TWOV) nationals to transit their country without the need to obtain a visa. The period of validity of a TWOV will vary from one country to another. You will find the specific regulations regarding how long a passenger is permitted to stay (in transit) and how many times a passenger may enter a country using the TWOV system, in the (transit) visa text in TIM. Re-entry permits Where necessary these permits entitle travellers to return to their country of domicile. Exit permits They entitle travellers to leave a country. These permits may be necessary for citizens to leave their own country of domicile. Exit permits may be required by foreign nationals or by expatriates to leave a country through which they had been travelling. Schengen visa 4 types of Schengen visas A: Airport transit visa B: Transit visa C: Sport period visa (3 months) D: Long period national visa (valid in country of issue only) Schengen states comprise: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Created in 1995, the Schengen is an agreement between several member states of the European Union (EU), and effectively creates a borderless region known as the Schengen Area. The Schengen Agreement removes immigration controls for travel within and between these countries.

9 Q.7) Write a note on characteristics of Tourism? A/s) Characteristics that make services so different from products are: - Intangibility Inseparability Heterogeneity Persishability Ownership 1) Intangibility: - In tourism we buy a tour package are basically buying a dream. We cannot touch it, feel it, or smell it. When you by a package or any tourism product you can only develop an industry picture what we are going to see at the destination. However the most services in reality are a combination of products and services having both tangible and intangible, physical amenities offered etc. can be seen and felt by a guest but services attached with the room service, laundry, food & beverage, back office etc.. are tangible aspects of tourism services. The intangible features of services are: - a) Services cannot be touched b) Standardization is not possible c) There is no ownership d) Service cannot be patented e) There are no inventories of services f) Middlemen role are different g) Production and consumption are inseparable 2) Inseparability: - In case of consumer product service can be separated. In case of tourism service cannot be separated from the person or firm providing it. A service is provided by a person who posses a particular skill by using equipment to handle a tangible product or by allowing access to or use of a physical infrastructure. 3) Heterogeneity: - In tourism services human serves to human. The human element is very much in providing and rendering services & this makes standardization a very difficult task to achieve. A restaurant chef who cooks best cuisines in best possible manner with full attention

10 but every time same chef may behaved differently while preparing same cuisine or while presenting it. 4) Perish ability: - Services in tourism and hospitality industry cannot be stored because they are perishable. An unoccupied air craft seat or a vacant room in hotel are irreparable loss because all these are perishable services. 5) Ownership: - When we buy a product we become its owner but in case of tourism you do not become owner but you only pay for it use but you never own it. For eg. If u book a ticket in airline you only paid for its services but do not become its owner.

11 Q.8) Explain different constituents of Tourism? A/s) It may be noted that the tourist industry represents a small part of the hotel Leisure industry. It is generally viewed that tourism industry is a complex industry of many segments ranging from a giant airlines and huge hotels. The tourist industry comprises the following aspects. 1. Accommodation and catering: This is one of the most important segments of the tourist service needed at the destination. The various types of accommodation facilities used by the tourists are hotels, supplementary accommodation, stay with friends and relatives and other private accommodation or their own means of accommodation like caravans and tents. 2. Transportation: Tourists require transport in order to visit the different tourist places throughout the country. It is the primary service needed by tourist in order to reach the destination. The passenger transport may be categorized as public, private, inland and international air and surface transportation. 3. Tourist attraction: Indian tourism has so far been mainly based on culture. Due to the changes in the outlook of the tourists, there is an urgent need for the pleasure tourism. India has attraction such as Nature, man made, and it satisfies all aspirations of tourists by meeting their demands of various focus of tourism, i.e., adventure, beach, sports, rural, ethnic, culture, religion, crafts etc. 4. Entertainment: Development of various entertainment forms such as provision of restaurants, music and dance, theatres and shopping is an integral part of the tourism industry. In addition to monuments and memorials, arts and crafts, fairs and festivals etc. the tourists are also interested in a variety of entertainment. 5. Facilities: It includes those procedures, which either help or hinder tourists within the country including all the regulations they have

12 Q.9) to comply with a departure. The easier the destination country makes it for the tourists to arrive, move around freely and depart comfortably, the better are its chances of attracting tourist. Explain the Interrelationship between travel & tourism Industry? A/s) The sole idea of travelling is aimed at deriving pleasure out of the whole experience, for any kind of traveller. A trip does not involve only the experience of a good flight or a pleasant train journey, but it also includes a variety of experiences like a good local car ride, delicious food during the journey, comfortable stay in the hotel, getting good bargain while shoppingetc. These examples show the inter-relationships that the travel and tourism industry share with each other. In order to give a pleasant experience for the traveller, each related element must work well in co-ordination with each other. Business related to travel industry has a mutual dependence on one another. If a traveller, who undertakes a long journey, finds his hotel room not suitable or the restaurant food useless, his travelling experience will turn unpleasant. For a trip to be successful, all parts of it must prove to be pleasant. If the hotel stay becomes uncomfortable, the joy of the journey, though being pleasant, will turn to be like less than perfect. If the hotel room is quite comfortable, but the food of the restaurant is not good, this could add to the unpleasantness of a traveller. Even if all basic things fall in places, but the traveller couldn t have good shopping, the experience could still be negative. The basic idea is that the trip will be successful, only if the different elements that make parts of it are well interrelated and work in great co-ordination. It is because of this fact, that most travel operators and owners of hospitality enterprises take great care of this interrelationships and try to offer such package tours, that all the elements coordinate well with one another.

13 Q.10) Explain significance of tourism industry? A/s) Tourism is a multi faced multi dimensional activity with a large number of consequences on society, culture, environment & economical conditions of a country or region. Impacts of tourism vary according to the types of visitors attracted to an area & their activities while they are at the destinations. The impact of tourism on any destinations will be determined by a wide variety of factors: - the volume of tourist arrivals the type of tourism activity the difference in socio-cultural between the hosts & guest the structure of host community the fragility of local environment Economic Impact: - Being the largest growing industry in the world tourism has a great impact on economy of every country. Job generation, foreign exchange, development of infrastructure etc. are all positive economic impacts. The Economic Benefits of Tourism: A range of tourism economic benefits are identified and the very important among them are as invisible export government revenue employment Investment & developments

14 Income Social Impact: - The socio-cultural impact of tourism is responsible for developing tourism in the third world. Any influx of tourism, will make some impact on a region, but extent of its development on many factors. In comparison with developing & undeveloped countries & the types of impacts are also different to some extent. For many tourism is in fact a bridge between people, fostering communication, mutual understanding & a desirable redistribution of wealth. Positive cultural Impact: A preservation & restoration of art & art forms: Cultural features are always an important category of attractions from the tourism. Tourism created a great demand for souvenirs. Apart from this the indigenous arts & crafts forms will add value to attraction. Preservation & maintenance of monuments, historical sites etc. : The traditional remain an important kind of attraction in cultural tourism. In Indian tourism a large number of historic buildings monuments & sites play an important role. This significant positive cultural impact of tourism conveys about the grand cultural heritage of the nation.