Index. Copyrighted Material

Transcription

1 A2 countries 14 recruitment of nationals from 20 A8 countries 13 14, 15 as reason for migration decision 46 recruitment of nationals from 20 Achebe, Chinua 137 8, 139 Acker, Joan 97, 99 adult social care, UK 5, 24, 80, 118, 169, 177, 178 ageing populations 1 and social care 2, 177 agency (human) 12, 26, 39, 43, 64, 144 agencies (organizations); see also care agencies and recruitment migrant workers 20, 81 Anderson, Bridget 81, 84, 100, 117, 126 7, 134, 178, 179 Anthias, Floya 123, 125, 127 asylum/asylum seekers as official immigration category 13 and Norwegian introductory programme 14, 58, 71 as reason for immigration 47 assistance ; see care, concept of, versus assistance; personal assistance/ personal assistants au pair , Becker, Howard and Strauss, Anselm 66, 67, 89 Bertaux, Daniel and Thompson, Paul 12, 35, 64, 65, 95 BPA (Brukerstyrt Personlig Assistanse user controlled personal assistance, Norway) 17, 19, 20 21, 175, 176, 179 BPA users 17 and access to work as personal assistant 78 Index and Conservative Solberg-led government 175 and home nursing services 85 and migrants in this work 18 Brannen, Julia 12, 41, 42 breadwinner role 76, 100, 102, 106, 107, , 120 Britain/British see United Kingdom (UK) Cangiano, Alessio et al. 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 83 care, concept of 6, 8 9, 10, 159, 169, 170 versus assistance 9 10, 120, 149, 156, 159, 161; see also care work/ workers, traditional/untraditional care agencies (UK) 19, 20, 23, 24, 32, 38, 80, 81, 82, 91, 92, 115, 118, 171, and training 24, 90, 93, 167, 170 Care Certificate 2, 24, 90, 167, 172 Care Qualification Framework Training 24 Care Quality Commission (CQC) (UK) 23 4, 90, 115, 118, 167, 168 care work/care workers and gendered pathways and profiles and low-status 2, 21, 26, 39, 71 2 recruitment by agencies see agencies (organizations), and recruitment migrant workers and relationships with care users see care worker/personal assistant relationships with care users and self-employment 21, 37, 38, 89 92, 148, strategies to meet care work challenges 64, 86 94, 148, 149, , 152, 171

2 210 as subordinate role 9, 26, 98, 102 3, 112, 115, 116, 118, 122, 150, 167, 170 support for 23 4, 115, 167 traditional/untraditional 5, 6, 9, 120, 152 3, 159, 161; see also care, concept of, versus assistance and training see training (for care workers/personal assistants) wages 22, 23, 90, 117, 147, 148, 171 working conditions 22, 24, 25, 114, 115, , 121, 148, 150, 151, 152, 158, 169, 171 care worker/personal assistant relationships with care users companionship relationship , 151, 152, , 169, 171 master-servant relationship 149, 150, 151, 152, 166 8, 170, 171 professional friendship relationship 27, 149, 150, 151, 152 6, 165, 169, 170, 171 as subordinate role 26, 98, 102, 103, 112, 115, 116, 118, 122, 150, 167, 170 typologies 27, 149, 151, 152, 169, 171 see also strategies to meet care work challenges cash-for-care 5, 6, 9, 10, 16, 47, 148, Norway UK circular migration 8, 44, 54, 56, 57, 62, 89 see also settlement citizenship active/new 8 9, 16 versus belonging City University London 31 class see social class Coalition government (UK) 19, 174, 177, 178 and David Cameron s big society 176 Community Care (Direct Payments Act 1996 [UK]) 19 comparative perspective 11 12, 95, 148 see also cross-national analyses context, impact of 1, 11 12, 41 gender equality Migrant Care Workers social care 2, 4, 25, 27, 67, 78, 79, 82, 83 5, 95 welfare regimes 11 control (user) see user control Crenshaw, Kimberley 13, 102 criminal records bureau (CRB) check 24 5, 92 critical perspective 10 cross-national analyses 11, 12, 180 cultural difference negotiation 27, dislocation (Norwegian) 127, , 134, 144, 145 translocation (British) 127, 134, 145 citizenship versus belonging cultural negotiations public versus family care data collection methods 29 33, 34, 37 interviews interview guide 34 recruitment interviewees/study participants selection criteria interviewees/study participants 29 deskilling 64, 66, 72 6 Department of Health (DH), UK 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 32, 79, 86, 92, 148, 167, 169, 171, 177 DH (UK) see Department of Health (DH), UK Dilnot Commission 177 direct payments 19, 117, 147, 158, 174, 175, 176 see also support organizations number users UK 18, 19 users as employers 21, 117, 169 see also employer (user as) dirty work 3, 10, 84 5 disabled people 1, 2, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 177, 180 see also independence, Independent Living Movement discrimination 24, 101, 102, 103, , 121, 122; see also harassment, sexual harassment and male care workers , 122

3 East and Central European migrants 14, 24, 48, 54, 59, 110, 143 educational qualifications see qualifications Elder, Glen H. Jr. 12, 41 Elder, Glen H. Jr. and Giele, Janet Z. 43 Elder, Joseph, W. 11 Elliott, Brian 65, 74, 127 employer (user as) 5, 17, 21, 32, 117, 118, 148, 152, 168, 169, 175, 178 see also manager (user as) versus manager (user as) employers (of care workers/personal assistants) in Norway 17, 152, 38, and migrant workers 18 in UK 19 20, 38, 147 8, empowerment see user empowerment English language see language, English as role in migratory decision Equality Act 2010 (Great Britain) 101 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 11, 14, 15, 100, 107 ethics of study ethnicity 6, 13, 26, 61, 102, 103, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 180, 181 European Economic Area (EEA)/European Union (EU) 14, 15 EEA/EU versus non-eea/eu 15, 177 and study participants 16, 35, 36, 46 7, 54 and Norway 14, 15, 45 feminist approach 4, 13, 97 9 feminization of migration 3, 9 10 flexibility of work 5, 66, 149, 151, 152 friendship see also care worker/personal assistant relationships with care users, professional friendship, companionship in Norway in UK gender 6 7, 9 10, 13, 26, 35, and attitudes to care work 52 and care work 98, 99 concept of and discrimination 102, , 121, 122 Index 211 equality 45 legislation 101 2, 103 and gendered downwards movement 71 2, 76 and life projects and pathways to care work the female care oriented care worker the male family oriented care worker the female career oriented care worker the male autonomist oriented care worker of study participants 36, and subordination 9, 26, 99, 102, 103, 112, 115, 118, 122 and untraditional roles 100, 102, 103, 114, 115, 122 Gender Equality Act, Norway, Giele, Janet Z. see Elder, Glen H. Jr. fand Giele, Janet Z. global/globalization processes 4, 6, 10 care market 99 global care chains 4, 125, 180 global cross of independence 5, 27, 173, 174, 177 global women 3, 4 migration 1, 4, 6, 10, 127, 182 Gullestad, Marianne 45, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 144, 179 harassment ; see also discrimination; sexual harassment Harding, Sandra 97, 98, 99 Health and Social Care Act 2008 (UK) 23, 90 Himmelweit, Susan see Land, Hilary and Himmelweit, Susan Hirschman, Albert 150, 171 Hochschild, Arlie 3, 4, 180 Homans, George 42 home-based care 9, 20, 24, 29, 32, 65, 78, 99, 102, 120, 122, 181; see also care work/care workers home care agencies see care agencies

4 212 home care workers, Unison survey of 23, 168; see also care work/care workers housing 74, 94 Hughes, Everett 63, 77, 84, 86 Human Development Index 101 Hussein, Shereen 2, 9, 18, 22, 50, 73, 77, 171, 177 identity as care worker 149 and gender 98, 99 home country (belonging to) versus citizenship as professional 112 IFF (research) 20, 22, 83, 180 immigrants/immigration 6, 11; see also migrants/migration attitudes to 179 categories 13, 45 6 number immigrants Norway 7 UK 7 policies Norwegian 13 14, 15, 47, 76 UK 15 16, 126 7, 177 and social care 174, Immigration Act 2008 (Norway) 14 independence global cross of independence 5, 27, 173, 174, 177 of migrant care workers 5, 27, 173, 180 mutual 180, 182 of social care users 5, 16, 27, 32, 154, 170, 173, 174, 176, 180, 181 Independent Living Movement 16 ideology 24, 149, 153, 154, 169, 171 intersectionality 6, 12 13, 26, 102, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 166, 180, 181 interviewees see study participants intimate work 26, 83, 84 5, 159, 181 Isaksen, Lise 3, 4, 100, 107, 125 King s College London ix, 11, 30 Land, Hilary and Himmelweit, Susan 18, 20, 32, 86, 90, 117, 118, 122, 176 Migrant Care Workers language English, role in migration decision 53 4 Norwegian language trouble 64, 66, 87 9, 106, 111, 118, 120, 128, 131, 132 liberal welfare regime (UK) 11, 15 life course perspective 6, 12, 13, 25, 35, 41 4, 64 5, 174, 180, 181 life-story approach see study methods, lifestory approach life projects 3, 5, 34, 58 61, 180, 181 life trajectories decision processes and turning points 43 Norwegian settlement 25, 43 4, 57 8, 60 61, 132 UK circular migration 25, 44, 54 7, 61 2, Lillehammer University College, Norway ix, 30 live-in work 20, 23, 27, 38, 81, 82, 84, 85, 117, 151 local authorities (UK) 5, 19, 21, 23, 117, 118, 158 love as reason for migration 46 7, 60, 72, 110, 132, Lupton, Ben 99, 119 male care workers and breadwinner role see breadwinner role and construction care worker masculinity , 122 and cultural attitudes to care work 121 and discrimination and gendered downwards movement 71 72, 76 gendered pathways and profiles 102 male family oriented care worker male autonomist oriented care worker , 165 as masculinized adventurers 52 3 manager (user as) 118, 122, 148, 150, 168, 169, 175; see also employer (user as)

5 Mandela, Nelson 1, 173 Marx, Karl 10, 65, 67 masculinity 26, 99, 103, , , 122 medical tasks 83, 86, 168, 181; see also intimate work Meltzer Research Fund ix methods see study methods middle-class background (of study participants) 26, 67 72, 112, 119, 181, migrants/migration and care literature 3 5 circular 8, 44, 54, 56, 57, 62, 89 concept of 6 definitions of 6 7 historical change in 1 2 motivations for migration 1, 25 6, 181; see also Norway/Norwegian, reasons study participants immigrated to; UK, reasons for study participants choosing UK, reasons study participants immigrated to new 4, 8, 27, super circulation 44 temporary see circular migration transnational migrants 8 and victim perspective 3 5, 42 3, 180 and world population 1 Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) (UK) 15, 16 Migration Observatory 6 Mills, C. Wright 12, 41 municipalities (Norway) 44 5 as employers of personal assistants 17, 22, 38, 148, 152, 153, 169, and migrant workers 18 as social care service/bpa providers 17, 24, 85, 152, 175, 178 as training course providers 18, 24, 76, national minimum wage (UK) 22 3, 73, 117, 147, 178 Nationality Act 2006 (Norway) 14 National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) (UK) 24, 74, 90, 92, 93, 170 Index 213 new migrant 4, 8, 27, Nilsen, Ann 12, 34, 41, 42, 43 Norway/Norwegian 44 6 cash-for-care 17, 152, 175, 176; see also BPA (Brukerstyrt Personlig Assistanse user controlled personal assistance, Norway) categorization of immigrants 13, 45 6 definition of immigrant 6 7 and EEA/EU 14, 15, 35, 36, 45, 46 eligibility citizenship 14 Environment Act , 157 and friendship see friendship and gender equality 45, 65, 101, 103, 115, 121 2, 132 Health and Social Care Act , 25 home country of immigrants 14 Immigration Act immigration policies 13 14, 15, 47, 76 introductory course for asylum seekers 14, 58, 71 Nationality Act number of immigrants 7, 128 personal assistants see BPA (Brukerstyrt Personlig Assistanse user controlled personal assistance, Norway); personal assistance/ personal assistants reasons study participants immigrated to asylum 13, 16, 47 economic/work 46, 110 love 46 7, 60, 72, 110, 132 regulation of working life/labour market 14, 22, 115, 121, 132, 152, 156, 157 8, 169, 171, 178 settlement in 25, 43 4, 57 8, 60 1, 132 as social democratic state 11, 14, 45 Social Services Act study care workers/participants see study methods; study participants training courses for unskilled people 76, 111 unemployment rate 45 Norwegian Welfare and Labour administration (NAV) courses 76, 111

6 214 NVQs see National Vocational Qualifications OECD countries 100 older people 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14 15, 19, 21, 24, 27, 117, 142 3, 145, 167, 171, 173, 177, 180; see also independence; Independent Living Movement Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar 3, 4, 44, 54, 62, 89, 127 personal assistance/personal assistants see also BPA (Brukerstyrt Personlig Assistanse user controlled personal assistance, Norway); care work/care workers access to personal assistance work Norway 77 8, 82 UK chores Norway 82 3 UK 83 6 hours of work Norway 38, 83, 85, 151, 152, 171 UK 23, 24, 38, 83, 151, 152, 171; see also zero hours contracts and intimate work see intimate work training for 167; see also training (for care workers/personal assistants) versus care work 9 10, 120, 149, 156, 159, 161 personal budgets 18 19, 20 21, 158, 174, 176 personalization policies 6, 10, 15, 16, 17, 79, 80 81, 161, 169, 176, 189, private sector involvement in social care 15, 21, 78, 79, 80 1, 82 qualifications see also training for care work, Norway 76, 78, 88 for care work, UK, 24, 92, 93 improving qualifications in host country 111, 167 lack recognition home country qualifications 75, 92, 111 Migrant Care Workers and lack requirement for care work 2, 78, 88, 111 and personal assistant role 167, , 171 2, 181 refugees see asylum/asylum seekers regulation of care, UK and care agencies see Care Quality Commission (CQC) (UK) and direct employment (by user) 23, 115, 117, 171, 178 regulation of working life/labour market, Norway 14, 22, 115, 121, 132, 152, 156, 157 8, 169, 171, 178 risk see also vulnerable employment for care workers/personal assistants 21, 25, 51 2, 81 for users 25 self-employment (of care workers/personal assistants) 21, 37, 38, 89 92, 148, self-funding (of social care) 5, 18, 20, 21, 177 Schutz, Alfred 125 6, 127, 132, 139, Sennett, Richard 66, 180 settlement Norway 25, 43 4, 57 8, 60 1, 132 UK 58, 60 versus temporary migration 8, 44, 62 sexual harassment 26, 115, , 119, 121; see also discrimination; harassment Shutes, Isabel 2, 147, 151, 171 Simmel, George 123 4, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134, skills see also deskilling; training (for care workers/personal assistants) development through care work 86 of male care workers 120 need for recognition skills in care work 122, 181 social care services see also care work/ care workers; cash-for-care; personalization future of and immigration policies 177 9

7 and migrant workers 22 social care workers see care work/care workers social class 13, 65, 112 background of study participants 26, 67 72, 112, 119, 181, subjective reflections on social democratic welfare regime (Norway) 11, 14, 45 social mobility 26, 63; see also strategies to meet care work challenges downwards 26, 65 7, 73 4, 94 and deskilling 75 6 gendered downwards mobility 71 2, 76 and language trouble 87 8 subjective experience of downwards mobility 26, 66, 75, 77, 82, 84 6, 94 5 research 63 5 sociological imagination 12, 41 Sorokin, Pitirim 63 stranger, role of 123 8, , 135 6, 139, 143 4, 173 strategies to meet care work challenges 86 7, career escalator 89, 924 coping with troubling language 87 9 exit, voice and loyalty, 148, 149, 150 2, 156 8, 166 8, 171 self-employment 89 92, 148 Strauss, Anselm see Becker, Howard and Strauss, Anselm study methods data analysis 39 and ethics interviews dates 33 duration 34 locations 33 4 interview guide 34 life-story approach 12, 29, 34, 37, 39, 42, 64 recruitment of interviewees/study participants selection criteria interviewees/study participants 7, 29, 35 Index 215 study participants age at interview care worker/personal assistant experience 17, 19 20, 29, 35, 38, 82, 179, educational qualifications 70 gender 36, home country 36, reasons for immigration 184 9; see also Norway/Norwegian, reasons study participants immigrated to; UK, reasons for study participants choosing UK, reasons study participants immigrated to social class background 67 72, terminology 19 20, 34 5 super circulation 44, 53 4 support organizations 19, 148 Thatcher, Margaret, government of 15, 48 Thompson, Paul see Bertaux, Daniel and Thompson, Paul traditional care 5, 9, 152 4, 179; see also care, concept of, versus assistance; care work/care workers, traditional/ untraditional training (for care workers/personal assistants) need for more focused and relevant training 169, 181 Norway 18 UK 24, 90, 93, 118, 167 8, 170 Uloba (user cooperative, Norway) 17, 18, 24, 169, 171 union membership personal assistants 22 Unison (trade union, UK) 21, 23, 117, United Kingdom 47 8 and British Empire 15, 48, 54 cash-for-care 19, 147 8, 175, 176; see also direct payments; personal budgets and circular migration 44, 54, 57, 61, 62, 89 and Commonwealth of Nations 15, 48 Community Care (Direct Payments) Act

8 216 definition of immigrant 7 eligibility citizenship 16, 134 and friendship see friendship and gender equality 101, 103, 115, Health and Social Care Act , 90 home country of immigrants 16 immigration policies 15 16, number of immigrants 7 personal assistants see personal assistance/personal assistants reasons for study participants choosing UK 44, 48 completing a mission 54 7 historical ties language 53 4 seeing the world/dream of travelling reasons study participants immigrated to study care workers/participants see study methods; study participants and unemployment rate 48 United Nations, definition of migration 7 University of Bergen ix, 33 user-as-manager 118, 122, 148, 150, 168, 169, 175; see also employer (user as) versus employer (user as) 148 user control 9, 16, 19, 147, 148, 152, 156, 158, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175 Migrant Care Workers user empowerment 8, 147, 148 voluntary work 18, 20 21, 38, 74, 94 vulnerable employment 21, 24, 25, 39, 81, 103, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121 2, 156, 163, 170, 171 wages (of care workers/personal assistants) 22, 23, 90, 117, 147, 148, 171 websites and recruitment care workers/personal assistants 80 81, 92, 104 Williams, Fiona 3, 4 women see also gender and participation in the labour market 9, 100 women s work and male care workers 71, 76 working-class background (of study participants) 70 71, 72, , 122, working conditions of care workers/ personal assistants 22, 24, 25, 114, 115, , 121, 148, 150, 151, 152, 158, 169, 171 Working Environment Act (Norway) 22, 157 Yeates, Nicola 3, 4, 22, 125 zero hours contracts 23, 24, 76