TABLE OF CONTENTS. Abbreviations

Transcription

1 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations XV One Introduction Sjaak Nouwt, Berend R. de Vries The Research Project Reasonable Expectations of Privacy Contents of the Book 4 Two A General Survey of Video Surveillance Law in the United States Robert Gellman Introduction Government Video Surveillance: Constitutional Limitations Government Video Surveillance: Statutory Limitations Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Privacy Act of General regulation of law enforcement surveillance Other Statutory Regulation of Video Surveillance Video voyeurism Granny cams, nanny cams, and other state camera surveillance statutes Racial profiling Privacy torts Conclusion 35 Three Privacy and Data Protection in the Workplace: the US Case David J. Phillips Introduction Practices Legal Regimes Constitutional law Statutory law Federal statutes Electronic Communication Privacy Act National Labor Relations Act Americans with Disabilities Act Employee Polygraph Protection Act Federal drug testing regulations State regulation 46

2 VIII table of contents Drug testing Lie detectors and polygraphs Workplace monitoring Offsite monitoring References Tort law Cases Electronic monitoring and computer searches Visual monitoring, searches, and videotapes Drug tests Comments 58 Four Video Surveillance and Privacy Protection Law in Canada Colin J. Bennett, Robin M. Bayley Introduction: The Development of Video Surveillance Practices in Canada The Evolution and State of Privacy Law in Canada Constitutional Law Cases Federal Statutory Law Cases The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) The Federal Privacy Act Provincial Statutory Law Cases The Quebec Act respecting access to public documents and the protection of personal information The Alberta Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIP Act) The British Columbia Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act Provincial Civil Law Cases Conclusion 85 Annex I 88 Annex II 89 Five Switching Off the Surveillance Society? Legal Regulation of CCTV in the United Kingdom Lilian Edwards Introduction Data Protection Law and CCTV Personal data Processing by automatic means How does the data protection regime regulate CCTV? CCTV in the workplace Common Law Rights of Privacy and Breach of Confidence, and the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8 107

3 table of contents IX 5.4 Law of Evidence and Admissibility Rules Conclusions 112 Six Camera Surveillance in the Netherlands Sjaak Nouwt, Berend R. de Vries, Dorus van der Burgt Introduction General Legal Framework Historical perspective The Personal Data Protection Act Other applicable legislation Camera Surveillance in Public Places Introduction Observation by the police Prevention of public disorder within municipal boundaries Observation by private parties in public places Camera Surveillance in Private Places Introduction The workplace Camera surveillance in non-contractual relationships Conclusion 136 Seven Privacy and Data Protection in the Workplace: the Netherlands Frank Hendrickx Introduction Approaching Employment Privacy Personnel Files and Data Processing General aspects Disclosure of data to third parties Sick employees and medical data Monitoring the absence of sick workers Discriminatory behaviour towards sick workers Sick and healthy workers Conclusions Monitoring and Surveillance Telephone monitoring Camera surveillance Monitoring the internet and Privacy language Employment language Relevance of policies Mixed language Conclusions Observations Concerning Off-duty Conduct Concluding Remarks 163

4 X table of contents Eight Camera Surveillance and Workplace Privacy in Belgium Paul de Hert, Mieke Loncke Introduction Camera Surveillance General remarks The Belgian Privacy Commission opinions The Collective Labour Agreement No. 68 of 16 June Background The basic provisions of the agreement Comments No legal framework The abstract or absent status of data protection Judges prefer balancing Workplace Privacy General remarks The post-niemietz period The Belgian Privacy Commission s opinion No. 3/2000 of 3 April Background The main principles The Collective Labour Agreement No. 81 of 26 April Background The agreement in detail The new realities of the workplace Recognition of the horizontal effect of the European Convention on Human Rights Acceptance by the Court of Cassation The requirement of proportionality Recognition of collective labour law as an instrument to protect privacy A new role for collective labour laws A new role for the National Labour Council Concluding Remarks 195 Annex I 197 Annex II 203 Nine Privacy and Data Protection at the Workplace in Germany Thomas Hoeren, Sonja Eustergerling Historical Development of Data Protection in Germany Introduction The development of data protection Formation of the Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) Data privacy as a constitutional civil right Volkszählungsurteil 213

5 table of contents XI The legislation within the federal state The Legal Basis of and Restrictions on Data Protection in the Workplace Constitutional basic principles Allgemeines Persönlichkeitsrecht the constitutional right to freely develop one s personality Menschenwürde human dignity Fernmeldegeheimnis secrecy of telecommunications General legal principles Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) Federal Data Protection Act Landesdatenschutzgesetze (LDSG) State Data Protection Acts Information- and telecommunications acts Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG) Works Council Constitution Act Fiduciary duty of the employer deriving from Article 611 BGB Criminal issues Agreements Employer/works council agreement; collective labour agreements Consent Data Privacy at the Application Stage Questions which are allowed to be asked Medical and psychological examinations Data collection with respect to third persons Data Protection in the Course of Employment Surveillance of telecommunications Video surveillance Genome analyses Employer/works council agreements; the right of co-determination Special Rules for the Civil Service Data Protection after the Termination of the Employment Conclusion 242 Annex 245 Ten Privacy and Data Protection at the Workplace in Hungary Máté D. Szabó, Iván Székely The Change of the Political System and the New Informational Rights Specific Features in the Implementation of Privacy Rights in Hungary The Presentation of Cases Employee selection Data processing by head-hunting firms 257

6 XII table of contents The use of lie detectors Psychological tests Medical examination of job applicants Monitoring employees during work Private s and files Using the Internet The use of telephones at work Global Positioning System as an instrument for checking on employees CCTV at work CCTV in the Commissioner s office Investigations by employers The use of personality tests in the course of the investigation The use of polygraphs in investigations at work Other cases affecting employees privacy rights Investigating the political past Freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and data protection A General Assessment of Privacy Rights in the Workplace 278 Eleven Personal Data Protection in the Workplace in Italy Giusella Finocchiaro Introduction General Principles The right to the protection of personal data The principle of simplification and the data minimisation principle Scope of application Information to the data subjects Consent Notification Security measures The data subject s rights Workplace Privacy Protection Issues Code of conduct for the management of employer-employee relationships Collection of data before appointment to a job Video surveillance Telework Consent Right to access personal data Distance monitoring via on-line connections 291

7 table of contents XIII Twelve Video Surveillance and Related Privacy and Data Protection Issues: the Italian Experience Paolo Balboni Introduction Video Surveillance and Related Issues Introduction Legal instruments and specific initiatives taken at the European level Italian law related to video surveillance Italian Decalogue Introduction General principles The lawfulness principle The necessity or data minimisation principle The principle of proportionality The finality principle Duties and obligations Duty to inform Preliminary verification Authorisation Notification Written designation of the subjects involved in data processing Security measures Retention of images Data subject s rights Breach of rules and related sanctions Video Surveillance in the Workplace Legal grounds for privacy protection The specific rules set out in Decalogue Conclusions 319 Thirteen Analysis of the Country Reports Sjaak Nouwt, Berend R. de Vries, Roel Loermans Introduction Analysis of Camera Surveillance Does legislation matter? The United States Canada The European countries Conclusion The importance of case law The United States Canada Europe 334

8 XIV table of contents Conclusion Future challenges Analysis of Workplace Privacy Does legislation matter? The United States Europe The importance of case law Future challenges General Conclusions Reasonable expectations of privacy? Different contexts and content The reasonable expectation of privacy v. the right to privacy Conclusion 356 About the editors and authors 359